Inhibition of progesterone receptor activity in recombinant yeast by soot from fossil fuel combustion emissions and air particulate materials

Numerous environmental pollutants have been detected for estrogenic activity by interacting with the estrogen receptor, but little information is available about their interactions with the progesterone receptor. In this study, emission samples generated by fossil fuel combustion (FFC) and air particulate material (APM) collected from an urban location near a traffic line in a big city of China were evaluated to interact with the human progesterone receptor (hPR) signaling pathway by examining their ability to interact with the activity of hPR expressed in yeast. The results showed that the soot of a petroleum-fired vehicle possessed the most potent anti-progesteronic activity, that of coal-fired stove and diesel fired agrimotor emissions took the second place, and soot samples of coal-fired heating work and electric power station had lesser progesterone inhibition activity. The anti-progesteronic activity of APM was between that of soot from petroleum-fired vehicle and soot from coal-fired establishments and diesel fired agrimotor. Since there was no other large pollution source near the APM sampling sites, the endocrine disrupters were most likely from vehicle emissions, tire attrition and house heating sources. The correlation analysis showed that a strong relationship existed between estrogenic activity and anti-progesteronic activity in emissions of fossil fuel combustion. The discoveries that some environmental pollutants with estrogenic activity can also inhibit OR activity indicate that further studies are required to investigate potential mechanisms for the reported estrogenic activities of these pollutants. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Species richness in a riparian plant community along the banks of the Xiangxi River, the Three Gorges region

The distribution of vascular plant species richness along an altitudinal gradient and their relationships with environmental variables, including slope, aspect, bank (flooding) height, and river width of the Xiangxi River, Hubei Province, were examined. Total vascular plant species richness changed with elevation: it increased at lower elevations, reached a maximum in the midreaches and decreased thereafter. In particular, tree and herbaceous species richness were related to altitude. Correlation analysis (Kendall's tau) between species richness and environmental variables indicated that the change in species richness in the riparian zone was determined by riparian environmental factors and characteristics of regional vegetation distribution along the altitudinal gradient. The low species richness at lower elevations resulted from seasonal flooding and human activities - agriculture and fuel collection - and the higher. Species richness ill (he midreaches reflected transitional zones ill natural vegetation types that had had little disturbance. These results oil species distribution in the riparian community could he utilized as a reference for restoration efforts to improve water quality of the emerging reservoir resulting from the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Dam project.

Application and validation of a new biotic index using data from several water systems

Protozoans of Lake Donghu were collected from five stations using the PFU method. The sampling was conducted for one year and two times a month. The aim of this research was to test the applicability of a new protozoa biotic index, species pollution value (SPV) and community pollution value (CPV), established by the authors using data from the River Hanjiang. Each station's CPV was calculated from the SPV and the correlation analysis between the CPV and the comprehensive chemical index of stations I, II, III showed a significant correlation between them. The pollution status of the five stations was correctly evaluated by the CPV. These results suggested that the biotic index could be applied in water systems other than the River Hanjiang. The SPV of some protozoa species in Lake Donghu, not observed in the River Hanjiang were established. In order to further test the applicability of the biotic index, protozoan and chemistry data from the Rivers Torrente Stirone and Parma of Italy were used. The results showed that the CPV for the two rivers had a close relationship with the chemical water quality, which indicated that the biotic index could be applied in other parts of the world for the monitoring and estimating of water quality. Since the results of testing and verifying the biotic index in some other water systems in China were also satisfactory, this indicated that the biotic index has an extensive suitability for freshwater ecosystems. As long as more than 50% of the species in a sample have a SPV, the CPV calculated from the SPV is reliable for monitoring and evaluating water quality.

求和生成器的相关性分析

J.Dj,Golic运用线性序列电路逼进的方法来分析具有任意个输入的求和生成器,他猜想可以通过这种方法来获得所有具有最大相关系数的输入和输出线性函数对,但是他未给出证明。利用Walsh变换技术证明了当n是偶数的时候这个猜想成立。另外,还研究了求和生成器的相关系数总和,发现它与带1比特组合器的相关系数总和非常类似。

陕西省米脂县耕地动态变化与粮食安全研究

根据米脂县1990—2007年粮食生产的相关数据,对该县耕地、人口和粮食生产动态变化以及粮食总产与其影响因素进行了灰色关联度分析。结果表明,退耕还林还草工程是耕地总面积迅速减少的主要原因;提高粮食单产保障粮食总产是实现粮食安全的最关键因子;持续增长的人口造成耕地的承载压力越来越大,并对该区实现粮食安全提出了更大的挑战。最后,根据分析结果提出了增加科技投入,提高单产,保护耕地,挖掘耕地潜力等措施以保障该区域的粮食安全,为政府部门制定相关粮食安全政策提供科学的理论依据。

环境因素影响草地柠条生长的主成分及典型相关分析

Principal Component and Canonical Correlation Analysis of the Environmental Factors Influencing the Growth of Caragana korshinskii Kom. in Grassland

黄土高原子午岭地区植被恢复过程中的土壤质量评价

选择黄土高原子午岭地区植被自然恢复1~140 a不同年限的阳坡坡地为研究对象,通过相关性分析筛选土壤表层(0~20 cm)16项表征土壤物理、化学、生物学性质的指标,运用主成分分析计算土壤质量综合指数,评价子午岭地区植被恢复过程对土壤质量的影响。结果表明:土壤总孔隙度、平均重量直径(MWD)、有机质质量分数、速效磷质量分数、蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、真菌数量、微生物总量构成土壤质量评价指标体系;土壤质量综合指数随植被恢复年限的增加而增加;植被自然恢复1~140 a间,土壤质量综合指数变化范围为0.155 9~0.850 9,较裸露休闲地增加4.2~27.5倍;根据土壤质量综合指数变化规律,可将140 a植被恢复过程中的土壤质量演变过程分为3个阶段,即植被恢复初期(1~20 a)的土壤质量综合指数呈快速增长,植被恢复中期(20~40 a)的土壤质量综合指数呈波动性增长,植被恢复后期(40~140 a)的土壤质量综合指数呈稳定增长。植被演替过程中不同植被生活型土壤质量综合指数表现为乔木林地>灌木林地>草地。

黄土旱塬Hybrid-Maize模型适应性及春玉米生产潜力估算

通过对Hybrid-Maize玉米高产模型进行田间验证,应用该模型对黄土旱塬春玉米生产潜力进行初步估算。结果表明,Hybrid-Maize模型在黄土旱塬表现出较好模拟效果,总生物量、秸秆生物量和籽粒产量模拟值与实测值间具有极显著线性相关性,其决定系数分别为0.9469、0.8164和0.9650,回归系数分别为1.0198、0.9787和1.1844,接近于1。黄土旱塬区多年光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力因品种不同有所差别,对多年平均光温籽粒和总生物量生产潜力,紧凑型玉米品种分别为13.25和22.45t/hm2,平展型玉米品种分别为12.32和20.62t/hm2,年际变化小;对多年平均气候籽粒和总生物量生产潜力,紧凑型玉米品种分别为11.97和19.94t/hm2,平展型玉米品种分别为11.37和18.63t/hm2,年际波动大。在黄土旱塬区,玉米产量潜力挖掘的主要途径应集中在提高密度和水分限制条件下,Hybrid-Maize玉米模型在指导玉米高产栽培上具有较好应用。

A linkage map of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on AFLP and microsatellite markers

P>Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important fish for aquaculture, but genomics of this species is still in its infancy. In this study, a linkage map of common carp based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite (SSR) markers has been generated using gynogenetic haploids. Of 926 markers genotyped, 151 (149 AFLPs, two SSRs) were distorted and eliminated from the linkage analyses. A total of 699 AFLP and 20 microsatellite (SSR) markers were assigned to the map, which comprised 64 linkage groups and covered 5506.9 cM Kosambi, with an average interval distance of 7.66 cM Kosambi. The normality tests on interval map distances showed a non-normal marker distribution. Visual inspection of the map distance distribution histogram showed a cluster of interval map distances on the left side of the chart, which suggested the occurrence of AFLP marker clusters. On the other hand, the lack of an obvious cluster on the right side showed that there were a few big gaps which need more markers to bridge. The correlation analysis showed a highly significant relatedness between the length of linkage group and the number of markers, indicating that the AFLP markers in this map were randomly distributed among different linkage groups. This study is helpful for research into the common carp genome and for further studies of genetics and marker-assisted breeding in this species.

不同小麦品种（系）中主要矿质元素的含量比较及与品质的关系

采用微波消解、电感耦合高频等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）的方法,对62份不同小麦品种（系）中锌、铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的含量进行了测定。同时利用红外线品质测定仪对主要品质指标粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值进行了测定。结果表明，不同小麦品种（系）中各种矿质元素的含量存在差异，2006年小麦品种中铁含量变幅为18.55-58.19 ug/g，平均为30.83ug/g ，最高与最低的相差39.64ug/g；锌含量变幅为5.70-25.80 ug/g，平均为15.13ug/g ，最高与最低相差20.10ug/g。2008年小麦品种（系）中铁含量变幅为16.68-52.25 ug/g，平均为30.10ug/g，最高与最低相差35.58ug/g；锌含量变幅为12.29-33.47 ug/g，平均为21.11ug/g，最高与最低相差21.18ug/g；钙含量变幅为167.53-348.80ug/g，平均为248.59ug/g，最高与最低相差192.59ug/g；铜含量变幅为2.32-5.83 ug/g，平均为2.98ug/g，最高与最低的相差3.61ug/g；钾含量变幅为1822.71-4414.91 ug/g，平均为2617.87ug/g，最高与最低的相差2634.72ug/g；钠含量变幅为10.25-39.82 ug/g，平均为23.05ug/g，最高与最低的相差29.57ug/g。 两年不同小麦品种（系）中矿质元素的含量分析结果表明：铁、铜、钙、钠和钾含量年际变化不明显,说明小麦对铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的吸收较稳定；锌含量变化较大，可能受环境的影响比较大。分析各矿质元素含量与粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值及元素之间的相关关系，结果表明，锌含量与粗蛋白含量呈极显著正相关关系，相关系数为0.317，与湿面筋含量之间呈显著正相关，相关系数达到0.246；铁含量与粗蛋白含量呈显著的正相关关系，相关系数是0.262；铜、钙、钠和钾含量与粗蛋白含量、湿面筋和沉降值之间存在正相关，但不显著，其中钠与沉降值之间为负相关。表明施锌或铁对提高小麦粗蛋白和湿面筋有显著效应，其余矿质元素有促进作用但不明显。 利用RAPD分子标记技术对川育23、41058、川育20及其父母本进行分析，力图从分子水平找到小麦矿质元素含量之间的差异性，琼脂糖电泳结果表明不同的小麦品种（系）间扩增出了差异条带。 以上研究结果，将对筛选“微量营养强化型”小麦新材料，选育“微量营养强化型”小麦新品种奠定基础。 62 different wheat cultivars was digested with HNO3 in a tightly closed vessel heated under micro-wave,then contents of zinc，iron,copper，calcium，sodium and potassium were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES)．The main indexes of wheat quality such as total protein、wet glu and sedimentation volume were detected by Infratec 1255 Food & Feed Analyzer at the same time.The obtained results showed that variation for all of the mineral elements concentrations among different cultivars were observed .In 2006, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 18.55-58.19 ug/g,the average value was 30.83ug/g,and 39.64ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 5.70-25.8 ug/g,the average value was 15.13ug/g,and 20.10ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one.In 2008, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 16.68-52.25 ug/g,the average value was 30.10ug/g,and 35.58ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 12.29-33.47 ug/g,the average value was 21.11ug/g,and 21.18ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the calcium content was 167.53-348.80ug/g,the average value was 248.59ug/g,and 192.59ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the copper content was 2.32-5.83 ug/g,the average value was 2.98ug/g,and 3.61ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the potassium content was 1822.71-4414.91 ug/g,the average value was 2617.87ug/g,and 2634.72ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the sodium content was 10.25-39.82 ug/g,the average value was 23.05ug/g,and 29.57ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one. Analysis was made on the annual variation of mineral elements content in different Wheat cultivars ,the result shows:there is no obvious difference of iron ,copper ,sodium、calcium and potassium concentrations in wheat cultivars, suggesting the absorption of the iron, copper, sodium、calcium and potassium by wheat are relatively steady ,but zinc concentrations change obviously ,maybe influenced heavily by environment . The correlation between mineral elements 、mineral elements and total protein、mineral elements and sedimentation volume as well as mineral elements and wet glut were analysed in this paper, the result showed that there was significant positive correlation between zinc content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.317), positive correlation between zinc content and wet glu (the correlation coefficient is 0.246), positive correlation between iron content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.262). there was positive but not obvious correlation between the contents of copper, calcium, sodium or potassium and total protein, wet glut or sedimentation volume,among which was negative correlation between sodium and sedimentation volume.It was indicated zinc or iron fertilization has prominent effects in improving the total protein in wheat, the rest mineral elements have Non- obvious facilitation. The study then forecasted the genetic difference of different wheat by the molecular marker of RAPD in order to find differences in molecular level. Chuanyu23、41058、chuanyu20 as well as their male and female parents were analysed by RAPD markers,Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA revealed the appearance of differential bands . The above-mentioned results of this study establish the foundation to screening the new materials of wheat of " strengthening type of micro- nutrition ", and to breeding the new wheat cultivars of" strengthening type of micro- nutrition ".

同源四倍体与二倍体水稻的遗传差异及产量、品质性状研究

本文以中国科学院成都生物研究所培育的同源四倍体水稻和二倍体水稻为材料，进行遗传差异及产量、品质性状的研究：1、以二倍体水稻为对照，研究了同源四倍体水稻在2004 年和2005 年的结实情况。结果同源四倍体的花粉育性、结实率均不同程度下降，尤其低代材料更是大幅度下降。F 检验表明，同源四倍体不同个体间的各产量性状均差异显著，说明其具有很大的遗传改良潜力。从1996 年到2005 年对部分同源四倍体水稻进行了连续选择改良，T 检验表明经过9 年的选择改良，其结实率显著提高。本文还对同源四倍体水稻各产量性状间的相关性进行了分析,结果结实率与花粉育性、穗着粒数、穗实粒数极显著相关；理论产量与花粉育性、有效穗数、穗着粒数、穗实粒数、结实率及千粒重极显著相关。i2、用(CT)n 微卫星标记和PCR-Acc Ι分子标记对40 份同源四倍体和14 份二倍体水稻Wx 基因进行研究。结果，(CT)n 微卫星标记检测，Wx 基因呈Wx1、Wx2 和Wx3 3 种多态性；PCR-Acc Ι 检测，Wx 基因表现为G-型和T-型。测定稻米直链淀粉含量(AC)、胶稠度(GC)和糊化温度(GT)，并探讨其与Wx 基因的关系，结果，二倍体和同源四倍体水稻均存在：Wx 基因型相同，AC 差异较小，Wx 基因型不同时，AC 差异较大，Wx1 基因型品种AC 最高， Wx2 基因型品种AC 次之，Wx3 基因型品种AC 最低；基因型相同时，同源四倍体AC 低于二倍体；同源四倍体与对应二倍体间，Wx 基因型相同时，AC 差异很小；而Wx 基因型发生变异时，AC 差异很大。同时，进行相关性分析，结果二倍体和四倍体水稻均存在AC、GC 与Wx 基因密切相关；而GT 与Wx 基因相关不显著。综合分析，(CT)n微卫星标记与PCR-Acc Ι 分子标记检测的相关系数为0.842，呈极显著正相关，可以将其结合起来进行同源四倍体新品种的选育和改良。3、利用RAPD 技术，对同源四倍体和二倍体水稻的遗传差异进行分析。17条引物在同源四倍体中扩增出178 条带（PPB＝81.5%），在二倍体中扩增出173条带（PPB＝76.3%）；同源四倍体和二倍体的Shannon 遗传多样性指数分别为0.4848 和0.4679，多态信息量分别为0.3301 和0.3216，遗传距离分别为0.3572和0.3460；同源四倍体与其对应二倍体间遗传距离为0.1914-0.4633，平均为0.2914。表明同源四倍体的遗传多样性高于二倍体，且同源四倍体与其二倍体之间存在较大的遗传差异，这些将为水稻品种改良和新品种选育提供科学依据。上述产量、品质性状及遗传差异分析的结果，不仅有利于加快同源四倍体水稻的遗传改良进程，而且为进一步研究、利用同源四倍体水稻奠定了初步基础。 AbstractStudy on genetic diversity, yield characters and quality traitsof autotetraploid and diploid riceLiu Yuhua (Botany)Directed by Associate Prof. Tu ShengbinIn this study, diploid and autotetraploid rice, which were cultivated in ChengduInstitute of Biology were analyzed in genetic diversity, yield characters and qualitytraits.In the study, 2 diploid and 29 autotetraploid rice(2n=4x=48) materials, including4 preliminary and 25 advanced generation, were investigated for yield characters.Compared with diploid check, the pollen fertility and seed set of autotetraploiddeclined dramatically, especially in preliminary generation. F-test indicated that therewere remarkable differences among different varieties, showing that autotetraploidmaterials had strong potential for improvement. From 1996 to 2005, someautotetraploid rice had been selected and improved. T-test showed that seed setincreased obviously. The relationships among yield characters of autotetraploid ricewere analyzed. Seed set was strongly correlated with pollen fertility, total grainnumber per panicle and productive grain number per panicle; theoretical yield wasstrongly correlated with pollen fertility, productive panicle number per plant, totalgrain number per panicle, productive grain number, seed set and 1000-grain weight.Wx genotypes of 40 autotetraploid rice and 14 diploid rice were tested by usingthe (CT)n microsatellite marker and a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(CAPS) molecular marker named PCR-Acc Ι. Three microsatellite alleles wereproduced, i.e. Wx1, Wx2 and Wx3 both in autotetraploid and in diploid rice.Comparatively, PCR- Acc Ι molecular marker produced two genotypes, G-type andT-type for both autotetraploid and diploid rice. In this study, amylose content (AC), gel of consistency (GC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) of rice grain weremeasured and their relationships with Wx alleles were analyzed. The results showedthat variation of AC between autotetraploid and diploid rice was small when they hadthe same Wx genotype. However, variation of AC turned to be large when the Wxgenotypes were different. Actually, AC met the maximum value in Wx1 varieties andWx2 varieties the middle and Wx3 varieties the minimum. And AC was lower inautotetraploid than in diploid. Correlation analysis was done in this experiment. ACand GC of rice grain were probably controlled by Wx gene or other gene whoselocation was strictly linked to Wx gene, while GT of rice was not. The correlationcoefficient between Wx genotypes which revealed by (CT)n microsatellite marker andPCR-Acc Ι molecular marker was 0.842 with significant level. That revealed aconsistent result between the two types of markers. So it was possible to utilize boththe two types of markers to select and promote germplasm of autotetraploid rice.RAPD molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity betweendiploid and autotetraploid rice. 178 repeatable bands were detected through 17 RAPDprimers with percentage of polymorphic bands was 81.5% in autotetraploid rice while173 repeatable bands were detected with percentage of polymorphic bands was 76.3%in diploid rice. According to the measurement of Shannon index, polymorphicinformation content and genetic distance, genetic diversity of autotetraploid was on ahigher level, genetic variation between autotetraploid and diploid rice was relativelyhigh. All these contributed to the genetic selection and improvement in rice breeding.As mentioned above, the results are not only helpful to promote the process ofrice improvement, but also to confirm the basic for further study of autotetraploid rice.

中国青藏高原青稞抗穗发芽资源评价与α-淀粉酶基因的克隆及表达

穗发芽（PHS，preharvest sprouting）是影响禾本科作物生产的重要的灾害之一。收获时期如遇潮湿天气容易导致穗发芽发生。发生穗发芽的种子内部水解酶（主要是α-淀粉酶）活性急剧升高，胚乳贮藏物质开始降解，造成作物产量和品质严重降低。因此，选育低穗发芽风险的品种是当前作物育种工作中面临的重要任务。 青稞(Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare)主要分布于青藏高原，自古以来就是青藏高原人民的主要粮食。近年来，由于青稞丰富的营养成分和特有的保健品质、在燃料工业中的潜力以及在啤酒酿造工业中的利用前景，在发达国家日趋受到重视，掀起综合研究利用的热潮。我国拥有占全世界2/3 以上的青稞资源，具有发展青稞产业的得天独厚的条件。然而，由于青稞收获期间恰逢青藏高原雨季来临，常有穗发芽灾害发生，使青稞生产损失巨大。目前对青稞穗发芽研究很少，适用于育种的穗发芽抗性材料相对缺乏，不能很好的满足青稞穗发芽抗性育种的需要。本研究以青藏高原青稞为材料，对其穗发芽抗性的评价指标和体系进行构建，同时筛选青稞抗穗发芽品种并对其抗性进行评价，还利用分子生物学手段对青稞穗发芽抗性的分子机理进行了初步探讨。主要研究结果如下： 1. 本试验以来自于我国青藏高原地区的青稞为材料，对休眠性测定的温度范围进行探讨，并对各种穗发芽抗性测定方法的对青稞的适用性进行评测。通过探讨温度对13 个不同基因型的青稞籽粒发芽和休眠性表达的影响，对筛选青稞抗穗发芽资源的温度条件进行探索，并初步分析了其休眠性表达的机理。在10，15，20，25，30℃的黑暗条件下，选用新收获的13 个青稞品种为材料进行籽粒发芽实验，以发芽指数（GI）评价其休眠性。结果发现，不同品种对温度敏感性不同，其中温度不敏感品种，在各温度条件下均表现很低的休眠性；而温度敏感品种，其休眠性表达受低温抑制，受高温诱导。15℃至25℃是进行青稞休眠性鉴定的较适宜的温度范围。通过对供试材料发芽后的α-淀粉酶活性，发现温度对青稞种子的休眠性表达的影响至少在一定程度上表现在对α-淀粉酶活性的调控上。随后，对分别在马尔康和成都进行种植的34 份青稞穗发芽指数（SI），穗发芽率（SR），籽粒发芽指数（GI）和α-淀粉酶活性（AA）进行了测定和分析，发现它们均受基因型×栽培地点的极显著影响，且四个参数之间具有一定相关性。GI 参数由于其变异系数较低，在不同栽培地点稳定性好，且操作简便，是较可靠和理想的穗发芽评价参数。SI 参数可作为辅助，区别籽粒休眠性相似的材料（基因型）或全面评价材料（基因型）的穗发芽抗性特征。AA 参数稳定性较差，并且检测方法复杂，因此不建议在育种及大量材料筛选和评价时使用。此外，青稞穗发芽抗性受环境影响较大，评价时应考虑到尽可能多的抗性影响因素及其在不同栽培条件下的变异。 2. 对来自青藏高原的青稞穗发芽抗性特征及其与其它农艺性状间的关系进行研究。通过测定穗发芽指数（SI）、籽粒发芽指数（GI）和α-淀粉酶活性（AA），表明113 份青稞材料的穗发芽抗性具有显著差异。SI、GI 和AA 参数的变幅分别为1.00~8.86、0.01~0.97 和0.00~2.76，其均值分别为4.72、0.63 和1.22。根据SI 参数，六个基因型，包括‘XQ9-5’，‘XQ33-9’，‘XQ37-5’，‘XQ42-9’，‘XQ45-7’和‘JCL’被鉴定为抗性品种。综合SI、GI 和AA 参数，可以发现青稞的穗发芽抗性机制包含颖壳等穗部结构的抗性和种子自身的抗性（即种子休眠性），且供试材料中未发现较强的胚休眠品种，除‘XQ45-7’外，所有品种在发芽第四天均能检测出α-淀粉酶活性。穗部结构和种子休眠的抗性机制因基因型不同而不同，在穗发芽抗性中可单独作用或共同作用。农家品种和西藏群体分别比栽培品种和四川群体的穗发芽抗性强，而在不同籽粒颜色的青稞中未发现明显差异。相关性检验发现，青稞的穗发芽抗性，主要是种子休眠性，与百粒重、开花期、成熟期、穗长、芒长和剑叶长呈显著负相关关系，与株高相关性不显著。农艺性状可以作为穗发芽抗性材料选育中的辅助指标。本试验为青稞穗发芽抗性育种研究提供了必要的理论基础和可供使用的亲本材料。 3. α-淀粉酶是由多基因家族编码的蛋白质，在植物种子萌发时高度表达，与植物种子的萌发能力密切相关。在大麦种子发芽时，高等电点α-淀粉酶的活性远大于低等电点的α-淀粉酶。为了研究不同穗发芽抗性青稞品种中编码高等电点α-淀粉酶Amy1 基因结构与抗性间的关系，我们以筛选得到的抗性品种‘XQ32-5’（TR1）、‘XQ37-5’（TR2）、‘XQ45-7’（TR3），易感品种‘97-15’（TS1）、‘9657’（TS2）以及强休眠大麦品种‘SAMSON’（SAM）为材料，对其Amy1 基因的编码区序列进行克隆和结构分析，并对它们推导的氨基酸序列进行比较。结果显示，青稞Amy1 基因具有三个外显子、两个内含子，编码区中有13 个核苷酸变异位点，均位于2、3 号外显子，2 个变异位点位于2 号外显子。SAM 和TS1 分别在2 号外显子相应位置有5 个相同的碱基(GAACT)的插入片段。相应α-淀粉酶氨基酸序列推导发现，所有核苷酸变异中有8 个导致相应氨基酸残基的改变，其余位点为同义突变。青稞Amy1 基因编码区序列品种间相似度高达99%以上，部分序列变异可能与其穗发芽抗性有关。随后，我们又通过SYBR Green 荧光定量技术对该基因在不同发芽时间（1d~7d）的相对表达水平进行了差异性检测。结果发现，7 天内不能检测到SAM 的Amy1 基因表达，5 个青稞品种间的Amy1 基因的相对表达量均随着发芽时间延长而上升，但上升方式有所不同。弱抗品种该基因表达更早，转录本增加速率更大，且在4~5 天可达到平台期。发芽7 天中，抗性品种总转录水平明显低于易感品种。本研究结果表明，青稞Amy1 基因的转录水平是与其穗发芽抗性高度相关。 我国青藏高原青稞，尤其是农家品种的穗发芽抗性具有丰富的变异，蕴藏着穗发芽抗性育种的宝贵资源。本研究为青稞穗发芽抗性育种建立了合理抗性评价体系，筛选出可供育种使用的特殊材料，阐明了农艺性状可辅助穗发芽抗性育种，同时还对穗发芽抗性与α-淀粉酶基因的结构和表达关系进行分析，为青稞穗发芽抗性资源筛选奠定了基础。 Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is a serious problem in crop production. It often takes place when encountering damp, cold conditions at harvest time and results in the decrease of grain quality and great loss of yield by triggering the synthesis of endosperm degrading enzymes (mostly the α-amylase). Therefore, PHS is regarded as an important criterion for crop breeding. In order to minimize the risk of PHS, resistant genotypes are highly required. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is the staple food crop in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from of old, where is one of the origin and genetic diversity centers of hulless barley. Recently, interest in hulless barley has been sparked throughout the world due to the demonstrations of its great potential in health food industry and fuel alcohol production. Indeed, hulless barley can also be utilized to produce good quality malt if the appropriate malting conditions are used. In China, overcast and rainy conditions often occur at maturity of hulless barley and cause an adverse on its production and application. PHS resistant genotypes, therefore, are highly required for the hulless barley breeding programs. However, few investigations have been made so far on this issue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to assessment of methods used in testing preharvest sprouting resistance in hulless barley; 2) to evaluate the variability and characteristics of PHS resistance of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China; 3) to select potential parents for PHS resistance breeding; 4) to primarily study on the molecular mechanism of PHS resistance of hulless barley. Our results are as followed: 1. We investigated the temperature effects on seed germination and seed dormancy expression of hulless barley, discussed appropriate temperature range for screening of PHS resistant varieties, and analyzed the mechanism of seed dormancy expression of hulless barley. The dormancy level of 13 hulless barley were evaluated by GI (germination index) values calculating by seed germination tests at temperature of 10，15，20，25，30℃ in darkness. There were great differences in temperature sensitivity among these accessions. The insensitive accessions showed low dormancy at any temperature while the dormancy expression of sensitive accessions could be restrained by low temperature and induced by high temperature. The temperature range of 15℃ to 25℃ was workable for estimating of dormancy level of hulless barley according to our data. Analysis of α-amylase activity showed that the temperature effects on seed germination and the expression of seed dormancy be achieved probable via regulating of α-amylase activity. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in sprouting index (SI), sprouting rate (SR), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) between Maerkang and Chengdu among 34 accessions of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. These PHS sprouting parameters were significantly affected by accession×location, and they had correlation between each other. GI was the most reliable parameter because of its low CV value, good repeatability and simple operation. SI could assist in differentiating between accessions of similar dormancy or overall evaluation of the resistance. AA was bad in repeatability and had relatively complex testing method, therefore, not appropriate for breeding and evaluation and screening of PHS resistant materials. Besides, since PHS resistance of hulless barley was greatly influenced by its growth environment, possibly much influencing factors and variations between cultivated conditions should be considered. 2. In this study, large variation was found among 113 genotypes of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, based on the sprouting index (SI), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) which derived from sprouting test of intact spikes, germination test of threshed seeds and determination of α-amylase activity, respectively. The range of SI, GI and AA was 1.00~8.86, 0.01~0.97 and 0.00~2.76，the mean was 4.72, 0.63 and 1.22 espectively. Six resistant genotypes, including ‘XQ9-5’, ‘XQ33-9’, ‘XQ37-5’, ‘XQ42-9’, ‘XQ45-7’ and ‘JCL’, were identified based on SI. Integrating the three parameters, it was clear that both hulls and seeds involved in PHS resistance in intact spikes of hulless barley and there was no long-existent embryo dormancy found among the test genotypes. All the genotypes, except ‘XQ45-7’, had detectable α-amylase activity on the 4th day after germination. There was PHS resistance imposed by the hull and seed per se and the two factors can act together or independent of each other. Besides, landraces or Tibet hulless barley had a wider variation and relatively more PHS resistance when compared with cultivars or Sichuan hulless barley. No significant difference was found among hulless barley of different seed colors. The correlation analysis showed PHS resistance was negatively related to hundred grain weight, days to flowering, days to maturity, spike length, awn length and flag length but not related to plant height. This study provides essential information and several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. 3. Alpha-amylase isozymes are encoded by a family of multigenes. They highly express in germinating seeds and is closely related to seed germination ability. In barley germinating seeds, the activity of high pI α-amylase is much higher than low pI α-amylase. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between preharvest sprouting resistance of hulless barley and the gene structure of Amy1 gene which encodes high pI α-amylase. The coding region and cDNA of Amy1 gene of three resistant accessions, including ‘XQ32-5’ (TR1), ‘XQ37-5’ (TR2), ‘XQ45-7’ (TR3), two susceptible accessions ‘97-15’ (TS1), ‘9657’ (TS2) and one highly dormant barley accession ‘SAMSON’ (SAM) was cloned. Analysis of their DNA sequences revealed there were three exons and two introns in Amy1 gene. Thirteen variable sites were in exon2 and exon3, 2 variable sites were in intron2. SAM and TS1 had a GAACT insert segment in the same site in intron2. Only 8 variable sites caused the change of amino acid residues. There were 99% of similarity between the tested hulless barley and some of the variable sites might be related with preharvest sprouting resistance. Then, we investigated the expression level of Amy1 gene in the 7-day germination test. Results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the relative expression trends of Amy1 gene were the same but had significant differences in the increase fashion between hulless barleys and no detectable expression was found in SAM. Susceptible accessions had earlier expression and faster increase and reached the maximum on day 4 ~ day 5. Besides, total transcripts level was found lower in resistant accessions than susceptible accessions. This study indicated that α-amylase activity was highly related to the transcription level of Amy1 gene which not correlated to missense mutation sites. In conclusion, hulless barley, especially the landraces from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China possesses high degree of variation in PHS performance, which indicates the potential of Tibetan hulless barley as a good source for breeding of resistance to PHS. This study provides several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. Our results also demonstrate that agronomic traits may be used as assistants for PHS resistance selection in hulless barley. Besides, analysis of high pI α-amylase coding gene Amy1 revealed the relative high expression of was Amy1 one of the mainly reason of different PHS resistance level in hulless barley.

同源四倍体水稻雌配子体发育特性及变异胚囊研究

通过秋水仙素诱导获得同源四倍体水稻10个株系，包括6个恢复系、3个保持系和1个不育系，这些株系具有加倍的染色体组。田间观察表明10个株系具有特殊的农艺性状：茎杆变粗壮、植株颜色加深、叶片变厚、叶宽适度增加、分蘖数减少、有效分蘖的比率下降等。根尖有丝分裂鉴定表明，同源四倍体水稻10个株系具有正常的有丝分裂，观察细胞的染色体数目皆为2n=48。花粉母细胞减数分裂鉴定表明10个株系具有比较理想的减数分裂行为，后期I染色体滞后、末期I微核生成和末期II异常小孢子比率较低，能较好的完成减数分裂过程，其中后期I染色体滞后比率约为10%-20%，末期I微核生成比率约为1%-6%，末期II异常小孢子比率约为1%-8%。这提示，染色体联合和分离不规则导致三价体、单价体 和落后染色体等产生，并进一步导致在后期和末期不均横分离产生异常小孢子，这可能是同源四倍体株系结实率不高的原因之一。 同源四倍体水稻正常胚囊为蓼型，变异胚囊具有多种类型，其比率显著高于二倍体对照，变化范围为39.62%－69.85%。按变异胚囊的结构特点和形成方式，分为四种类型：退化型，结构变异型，无融合生殖型和反足细胞增殖型。退化型胚囊的平均比率为29.17%，包括小胚囊（15.04%）和完全退化胚囊（14.13%），前者仍有较小胚囊腔而后者胚囊腔缺失。结构变异胚囊包括结构缺失、结构重复和位置异常，反映了蓼型胚囊八核七细胞结构的变异，其在各株系的平均比率为18.96%。无融合生殖胚囊发生比率极低，平均比率为1.77%，类型包括反足胚和卵细胞胚。反足细胞增殖胚囊是反足细胞团频繁增殖形成，伴随上述三种变异发生使异常胚囊的多样性进一步增加，其在各株系的平均比率为10.62%。相关分析表明，同源四倍体水稻结实可能主要来自三部分：正常胚囊、正常型小胚囊和反足细胞增殖型胚囊。这三种胚囊具有相对完整的蓼型结构，可能具有较好的育性，其对结实率的贡献程度估计值分别为72.44%、15.12%、12.44%。此外，完全退化型胚囊和位置异常型胚囊对结实率分别表现出显著（-0.66）和极显著（-0.92）的负相关，这表明二者可能是结实性的抑制因素。 Ten autotetraploid strains, which include six restoring lines, three maintaining lines and a sterile line, are derived from artificial induction by colchicine treatments. Variations of agronomical traits are observed which include large organs, sturdy plants, long panicle length and deep leaf color and so on. It has been confirmed that autotetraploid strains exhibit normal chromosome behaviors in mitosis and the chromosome numbers are all 48. Moreover, abnormal chromosome behaviors are investigated in meiosis including univalent, trivalent, quatrivalent, chromosome lagging and microkernel and so on. It evaluates that the percentage of chromosome lagging in anaphase I is about 10%-20%, the percentage of microkernel in telophase I is about 1%-6% and the percentage of abnormal microspore in telophase II is about 1%-8%. In all, abnormal behaviors of chromosomes could induce univalent, trivalent and et al. and subsequently induce infertile microspore. That may be one of the causes of low seed sets in autotetraploid strains. Embryo sacs of autotetraploid strains are formed according to the Polygonum type. However, these strains exhibit variations of abnormal embryo sacs at high frequencies (39.62% - 69.85%). The variations are frequently involved in the spikelets of the main panicles and the first tillers, leading to obvious decreases of the percentages of normal embryo sacs among the strains. Four types of abnormal embryo sacs are classified basing on their different structures and origins: degenerated embryo sac (DES), structure variation (SV), apomixis (Apo) and antipodal cell proliferation (ACP). Embryo sacs of DES (29.17%) exhibit small embryo sacs (15.04%) or no embryo sac (14.13%), the former showing embryo sacs with decreased size and the latter showing no sac. Embryo sacs of AS (18.96%) include three subtypes: structure deletion, structure duplication and location variation, which suggests abnormalities of the eight nuclei, seven celled pattern of the Polygonum type. Embryo sacs of Apo (only 1.77%) include two origins of apomictic embryos: antipodal embryo and egg embryo. Embryo sacs of ACP are observed frequently (10.62%) in autotetraploid strains which subsequently increase the variations of abnormal embryo sacs. It evaluates by the Pearson’s correlation analysis that seed set is probably contributed by three origins of embryo sacs: normal embryo sacs, small embryo sacs (normal pattern) and embryo sacs of ACP. These three origins exhibit comparatively good structure of the Polygonum type and could account for seed set at a percentage of 72.44%, 15.12%, 12.44%, respectively. Moreover, the subtype of no embryo sac (NES) negatively related to seed set at the P>0.01 level (-0.92) and the subtype of location variation (LV) negatively related to seed set at the P>0.05 level (-0.66). Which suggest the two subtypes may have strong stress on seed set.

Constrain intergalactic medium from the SZ effect map

In this paper, we try to detect the SZ effect in the 2MASS DWT clusters and less bound objects in order to constrain the warm-hot intergalactic medium distribution on large scales by cross-correlation analysis. The results of both observed WMAP and mock SZ effect map indicate that the hot gas distributes from inside as well as outside of the high density regions of galaxy clusters, which is consistent with the results of both observation and hydro simulation. Therefore, the DWT measurement of the cross-correlation would be a powerful tool to probe the missing of baryons in the universe.

芝罘西湾COD浓度变化和相关分析的初步探讨

Using the method of the correlation analysis this paper discusses the relations between COD concentration change and the tide in the western Zhi Wu Gulf of Yan Tai. The tropic equation was given. It can be seen that the correlation between the concentration of COD and the tide level is minus in the north of this Bay. However it is positive in the south of this Bay. The concentration of COD in oreases with the increases of mean range of tide. The concentration of COD for flood tide is less than it for ebb current in the north of the Bay and vice verse in the south of the Bay.