Asymmetric output gap effects in Phillips Curve and mark-up pricing models: evidence for the US and the UK

A number of studies have found an asymmetric response of consumer price index inflation to the output gap in the US in simple Phillips curve models. We consider whether there are similar asymmetries in mark-up pricing models, that is, whether the mark-up over producers' costs also depends upon the sign of the (adjusted) output gap. The robustness of our findings to the price series is assessed, and also whether price-output responses in the UK are asymmetric.

Mark Casson: the Entrepreneur at 30 -continued relevance?

Mark Casson's The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory (1982) has become one of the most influential books in the field of entrepreneurship. For the first time, this article outlines its origins and summarizes its main themes. The article goes on to show how Casson's subsequent research has closely followed the research agenda he set for himself in The Entrepreneur and illustrates the continuing challenge his work presents to entrepreneurship scholars. The article is based on an interview the authors conducted with Mark Casson on the thirtieth anniversary of the book's publication. Copyright © 2014 Strategic Management Society.

Mushrooms and taphonomy: the fungi that mark woodland graves

Two closely related chemoecological groups of fungi, the ammonia fungi and the postputrefaction fungi, have been associated with the decomposition by-products of cadavers. Sporocarps have been observed in disparate woodlands across the world and often mark sites of graves. These groups of fungi provide visible markers of the sites of cadaver decomposition and follow repeated patterns of successional change as apparent decomposition proceeds. We suggest these phenomena may become a useful tool for crime scene investigation, forensic archaeology and forensic taphonomy.

Ståndortsindex och produktion för björk och gran på samma mark

På 11 lokaler där björk och gran vuxit i bestånd intill varandra på likartad mark uppskattades ståndortsindex (SI) för gran och björk med hjälp av brösthöjdsålder och höjd på övrehöjdsträd. På 22 lokaler (11 verkliga, 11 simulerade) uppskattades SI för gran och björk med hjälp av ståndortsegenskaper. Sambandet mellan SI för gran och för vårtbjörk sammanfattas i en tabell där SI G24 motsvarar B23 och SI G36 motsvarar B26. Marker där vårtbjörken kan konkurrera med granen i produktion bör vara friska lågörttyper med markvattenklass S eller K. Hög höjd över havet och nordliga breddgrader har också mer negativ påverkan på björkens än på granens tillväxt. På breddgrad 60-61 ºN  upp till 100 m över havet uppskattas då SI för björk till B24-26 och för gran till G25-27. På de lägre boniteterna (B23/G24) beräknas volymsproduktionen vara likvärdig för vårtbjörk och gran, medan på de högre boniteterna (B26/G36) beräknas granens medelvolyms-produktion vara upp mot dubbelt så hög som för vårtbjörk. Vårtbjörkens torrsubstansproduktion beräknas däremot överstiga den för gran på de lägre boniteterna och uppgå till ca 80% av granens torrsubstansproduktion på de högre boniteterna.  Materialet i studien är begränsat och försiktighet bör iakttagas vid generaliseringar.

Mark-aided distributed filtering by using neural network for DDoS defense

Currently Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have been identified as one of the most serious problems on the Internet. The aim of DDoS attacks is to prevent legitimate users from accessing desired resources, such as network bandwidth. Hence the immediate task of DDoS defense is to provide as much resources as possible to legitimate users when there is an attack. Unfortunately most current defense approaches can not efficiently detect and filter out attack traffic. Our approach is to find the network anomalies by using neural network, deploy the system at distributed routers, identify the attack packets, and then filter them. The marks in the IP header that are generated by a group of IP traceback schemes, Deterministic Packet Marking (DPM)/Flexible Deterministic Packet Marking (FDPM), assist this process of identifying attack packets. The experimental results show that this approach can be used to defend against both intensive and subtle DDoS attacks, and can catch DDoS attacks’ characteristic of starting from multiple sources to a single victim. According to results, we find the marks in IP headers can enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of detection, thus improve the legitimate traffic throughput and reduce attack traffic throughput. Therefore, it can perform well in filtering DDoS attack traffic precisely and effectively.