L'intégration d'un discours de la conservation à la pratique urbanistique québécoise: réflexions sur la période 1960-2006

Depuis quelques années, l’urbanisme tend à considérer de plus en plus la question patrimoniale. Au Québec, c’est suite à l’adoption, en 1980, de la Loi sur l’aménagement et l’urbanisme que fut formellement introduite la donne patrimoniale dans la pratique urbanistique. Bien que cette pratique tente aujourd’hui de poser la conservation du patrimoine bâti comme l’une de ses préoccupations, elle ne parvient pas à l’assumer complètement. En nous basant sur la définition du patrimoine urbain telle que proposée par Gustavo Giovannoni, nous voulons, par cette étude, amorcer une réflexion sur les enjeux d’une approche urbanistique du patrimoine urbain. Nous proposons dans un premier temps un survol de l’évolution de la notion de patrimoine urbain. Cette évolution est mise en relation avec la constitution d’un regard sur le patrimoine bâti québécois. Nous analysons, par la suite, trois moments clés dans la constitution d’un tel regard. La mise en contexte de la naissance de l’urbanisme québécois constitue, quant à elle, le troisième et avant-dernier volet de notre réflexion. À la lumière de cette analyse, nous considérons que le regard de l’urbaniste, posé sur le patrimoine bâti, témoigne encore aujourd’hui d’un désintérêt pour la forme. L’abandon du domaine du physico-spatial au profit d’une gestion rationnelle de la ville a engendré une méconnaissance des processus de constitution des ensembles bâtis et du rôle des formes spécialisées polarisantes. Une véritable approche urbanistique du patrimoine bâti ne saurait passer que par la reconnaissance des processus morphogénétiques des ensembles urbains anciens et de leur inscription dans la ville contemporaine.

La conservation du patrimoine urbain, catalyseur du renouvellement des pratiques urbanistiques? : une réflexion théorique sur l'appropriation de la notion de patrimoine urbain par l'urbanisme

Cette thèse questionne l’apport de la conservation du patrimoine urbain à l’urbanisme. Il y est avancé que l’association entre la conservation du patrimoine urbain et l'urbanisme, dans leur cadre conceptuel actuel, plutôt que d’être le catalyseur du renouvellement de l’urbanisme, a perpétué une appréhension fragmentée et une atomisation de l'établissement, consacrant ainsi le paradigme fonctionnaliste, qui conditionne encore largement les pratiques urbanistiques contemporaines, au Québec notamment. En effet, bien que depuis les années 1960 la conservation du patrimoine soit présentée comme le fil rouge dans le redéploiement de la compétence d’édifier, plusieurs études soulignent les résultats mitigés de nombreuses expériences de conservation ainsi qu’une contribution limitée relativement à la formulation des projets urbains. Plus particulièrement, malgré la reconnaissance de l’intérêt de la patrimonialisation et de la fécondité potentielle de l’idée de patrimoine en général, l’urbanisme n’est pas parvenu à en définir les termes de la contribution, tant au plan conceptuel que processuel, en regard de sa propre projectualité. De ce fait, il ne réussit pas à affranchir la réflexion patrimoniale du registre de la conservation afin de se l’approprier véritablement. Cette thèse explique les causes de cette incapacité à partir d’une analyse des conditions de l’appropriation de la notion de patrimoine urbain mises de l’avant par l’approche giovannonienne. Celle-ci, fondamentalement urbanistique, propose une conception du patrimoine urbain qui s’émancipe du monument historique et du registre de la conservation. Indissociable d’une projectualité urbanistique, l’intérêt pour le patrimoine urbain de Giovannoni relève d’une reconnaissance du déjà là qui fonde des modalités de prises en charge de l’existant. Celles-ci posent les bases d’un renouvellement de la manière de penser l’urbanisme. La notion giovannonienne de patrimoine urbain, qui réfère à l’ensemble urbain patrimonial, devient l’élément de base d’une analyse morphologique urbanistique qui permet de conceptualiser l’agglomération contemporaine comme ensemble marqué par les ruptures et les discontinuités. Prenant appui sur une démarche dialogique, l’approche giovannonienne relève d’une mise en tension des singularités et d’une appréhension conjointe des différentes registres, ceux des formes et des forces, de l’existant et du souhaité, du penser et du faire. Giovannoni dépasse ainsi l’opposition entre continuité et rupture portée par les pratiques afin de penser l’articulation du nouveau à l’ancien. La confrontation de l’approche giovannonienne aux différentes perspectives qui ont marqué l’urbanisme moderne, montre que ces modalités de prise en charge de l’existant sont conditionnelles à l’accomplissement des promesses de la considération du patrimoine urbain. Autrement, l’association de la conservation du patrimoine urbain et de l’urbanisme culmine dans une double assimilation : l’assimilation du patrimoine urbain au monument historique d’architecture conduit à confondre projet d’urbanisme et projet de conservation.

Pour une approche urbanistique de la conservation et de la mise en valeur du patrimoine bâti : l’expérience du canal de Lachine à Montréal

Thèse réalisée dans le cadre d'une cotutelle avec l'Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III

Big Decisions and Sparse Data: Adapting Scientific Publishing to the Needs of Practical Conservation

The biggest challenge in conservation biology is breaking down the gap between research and practical management. A major obstacle is the fact that many researchers are unwilling to tackle projects likely to produce sparse or messy data because the results would be difficult to publish in refereed journals. The obvious solution to sparse data is to build up results from multiple studies. Consequently, we suggest that there needs to be greater emphasis in conservation biology on publishing papers that can be built on by subsequent research rather than on papers that produce clear results individually. This building approach requires: (1) a stronger theoretical framework, in which researchers attempt to anticipate models that will be relevant in future studies and incorporate expected differences among studies into those models; (2) use of modern methods for model selection and multi-model inference, and publication of parameter estimates under a range of plausible models; (3) explicit incorporation of prior information into each case study; and (4) planning management treatments in an adaptive framework that considers treatments applied in other studies. We encourage journals to publish papers that promote this building approach rather than expecting papers to conform to traditional standards of rigor as stand-alone papers, and believe that this shift in publishing philosophy would better encourage researchers to tackle the most urgent conservation problems.

Nature protection in Greece: an appraisal of the factors shaping integrative conservation and policy effectiveness

The proliferation of designated areas following the implementation of Natura 2000 in Greece has initiated changes in the protected area design and conservation policy making aiming at delivering action for biodiversity and integrative planning on a wider landscape. Following the sustainability concept, an integrative approach cannot realistically take place simply by extending the protected area and designations. The paper addresses public involvement and inter-sectoral coordination as major procedural elements of integrative management and evaluates the nature and strength of their negative or positive influences on the fulfillment of an integrative vision of nature conservation. A review of the history of protected areas and administration developments in Greece provide useful input in the research. The analysis has shown that the selected network of Natura 2000 sites has been superimposed upon the existing system and resulted in duplication of administrative effort and related legislation. As a result the overall picture of protected areas in the country appears complex, confusing and fragmented. Major failures to integrated conservation perspective can be traced to structural causes rooted in politico-economic power structures of mainstream policy and in a rather limited political commitment to conservation. It is concluded that greater realisation. of integrated conservation in Greece necessitates policy reforms related mainly to sectoral legal frameworks to promote environmentalism as well as an increased effort by the managing authorities to facilitate a broader framework of public dialogue and give local communities incentives to sustainably benefit from protected areas. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Urban conservation areas and sustainable development: exploring the relationship

With increasing emphasis being placed on concentrating development in urban areas and improving the quality of life in British cities and towns, the importance of accommodating necessary development without compromising the valued heritage and architectural quality of urban areas is now becoming central to sustainable urban development. Urban conservation policy and practice has the potential to contribute to this and other aspects of sustainability. This paper explores this contribution and develops an analytical framework which draws out the key linkages between conservation area policy and sustainable development. The framework is then used to research the potential and actual contribution of urban conservation policy and practice in England, using a selective survey and two case studies (i.e. Winchester and Basingstoke). The main conclusions from the research are that: Conservation area policy can make a significant contribution to the principles of sustainable development; Most local planning authorities in England have not fully woken-up to this potential and have not developed policies or practices to address it; and Urban conservation policy needs to develop a more proactive approach in which local planning authorities actively guide and encourage new development with regard to use, design, layout, methods of construction, materials and energy efficiency.

Comparative analysis of microsatellite variability in five macaw species (Psittaciformes, Psittacidae): application for conservation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Site Selection for Restoration Planning: A Protocol With Landscape and Legislation Based Alternatives

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Vereda and Murundu wetlands and changes in Brazilian environmental laws: challenges to conservation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mapping for environmental planning the basin of Córrego Rico, São Paulo

The landuse is usually an human phenomenon that occurs over the years, due to population increase. The territorial knowledge is needed, and is the first step for environmental planning to implement conservation practices on agricultural production system. This study aimed to develop thematic maps as: hydrography, soil, slope, land use, and subbasins to obtain the main geomorphic morphometric data (physical) of the Córrego Rico Watershed. The techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system were used to elaborate the maps and for calculating the geomorphological data, as area, altitude and length of the drainage net, which were submitted to multivariate statistics. The Córrego Rico Watershed has an area of 563 km2 . The predominant slopes were 3-8%, with 55.3% of the total area; and the main use was sugar cane. The soils that predominate in the area are Oxisols towards the Mogi-Guaçú river mouth and Ultisols at the upstream of the basin.

EC94-852 Cash Flow Planning Form

This extension circular covers the following areas of a cash flow planning form: Beginning Cash Balance, Operating Sales (crop and hay, market livestock, livestock product, custom work); Capital Sales (breeding livestock, machinery and equipment); Personal Income (wages, interest); Operating Expenses (car/truck, chemicals, conservation, custom hire, feed purchased, fertilizers and lime, freight and trucking, gasoline, fuel and oil, insurance, labor hired, rents and leases, repairs and maintenance, seeds and plants, storage, warehousing, supplies, taxes, utilities, veterinary, breeding fees and medicine, feeder livestock); Capital Purchases (breeding livestock, machinery and equipment, family living withdrawals, personal investments, income and social security, term loan payments); Net Cash Available (operating loan borrowings, operating loan payments); and Ending Operating Loan Balance. Along with the Cash Flow Planning Form is a Projected Income Statement Form which covers Projected Business Income (operating sales, breeding livestock, estimated cash income adjustments, estimated gross revenues, estimated value of production); Project Business Expenses (cash operating, esimated operating, prepaid and supplies, cash investment in growing crops, accounts payable); Projected Net Income Summary (estimated net income from operations, estimated net business income, estimated net income after taxes, estimated earned net worth change); and a Physical Inventory Flows Worksheet.

Assessment of soil erosion and soil conservation practices in Angereb watershed, Ethiopia: Technological and land user context

Soil conservation technologies that fit well to local scale and are acceptable to land users are increasingly needed. To achieve this at small-holder farm level, there is a need for an understanding of specific erosion processes and indicators, the land users’ knowledge and their willingness, ability and possibilities to respond to the respective problems to decide on control options. This study was carried out to assess local erosion and performance of earlier introduced conservation terraces from both technological and land users’ points of view. The study was conducted during July to August 2008 at Angereb watershed on 58 farm plots from three selected case-study catchments. Participatory erosion assessment and evaluation were implemented along with direct field measurement procedures. Our focus was to involve the land users in the action research to explore with them the effectiveness of existing conservation measures against the erosion hazard. Terrace characteristics measured and evaluated against the terrace implementation guideline of Hurni (1986). The long-term consequences of seasonal erosion indicators had often not been known and noticed by farmers. The cause and effect relationships of the erosion indicators and conservation measures have shown the limitations and gaps to be addressed towards sustainable erosion control strategies. Less effective erosion control has been observed and participants have believed the gaps are to be the result of lack of landusers’ genuine participation. The results of both local erosion observation and assessment of conservation efficacy using different aspects show the need to promote approaches for erosion evaluation and planning of interventions by the farmers themselves. This paper describes the importance of human factor involving in the empirical erosion assessment methods towards sustainable soil conservation.

Habitat selection of three cryptic Plecotus bat species in the European Alps reveals contrasting implications for conservation

Assessing the ecological requirements of species coexisting within a community is an essential requisite for developing sound conservation action. A particularly interesting question is what mechanisms govern the stable coexistence of cryptic species within a community, i.e. species that are almost impossible to distinguish. Resource partitioning theory predicts that cryptic species, like other sympatric taxa, will occupy distinct ecological niches. This prediction is widely inferred from eco-morphological studies. A new cryptic long-eared bat species, Plecotus macrobullaris, has been recently discovered in the complex of two other species present in the European Alps, with even evidence for a few mixed colonies. This discovery poses challenges to bat ecologists concerned with planning conservation measures beyond roost protection. We therefore tested whether foraging habitat segregation occurred among the three cryptic Plecotus bat species in Switzerland by radiotracking 24 breeding female bats (8 of each species). We compared habitat features at locations visited by a bat versus random locations within individual home ranges, applying mixed effects logistic regression. Distinct, species-specific habitat preferences were revealed. P. auritus foraged mostly within traditional orchards in roost vicinity, with a marked preference for habitat heterogeneity. P. austriacus foraged up to 4.7 km from the roost, selecting mostly fruit tree plantations, hedges and tree lines. P. macrobullaris preferred patchy deciduous and mixed forests with high vertical heterogeneity in a grassland dominated-matrix. These species-specific habitat preferences should inform future conservation programmes. They highlight the possible need of distinct conservation measures for species that look very much alike.

Assessing the effectiveness of a long-standing rocky intertidal protected area and its contribution to the regional conservation of species, habitats and assemblages

1. The acceptance of reserves as a useful management strategy relies on evidence of their effectiveness in preserving stocks of harvested species and conserving biodiversity. A history of ad hoc decisions in terrestrial and marine protected area planning has meant that many of these areas are contributing inefficiently to conservation goals. The conservation value of existing protected areas should be assessed when planning the placement of additional areas in a reserve network. 2. This study tested (1) the effectiveness of protection for intertidal molluscs of a marine reserve (Bouddi Marine Extension, NSW, Australia) established in 1971, and (2) the contribution of the protected area to the conservation of regional species, assemblages, and habitats. 3. The shell length and population density of one harvested (Cellana tramoserica), and three non-harvested species (Bembicium nanum, Morula marginalba, Nerita atramentosa) of intertidal molluscs were examined in the protected area and two reference locations over two seasons. 4. The heavily collected limpet C. tramoserica was significantly larger in the protected area and was the only species to exhibit a significant difference. No species significantly differed in population density between the protected area and reference locations. 5. Temporally replicated surveys of macro-molluscs at 21 locations over 75km of coastline identified that the existing protected area included 50% of species, two of five assemblage types and 19 of 20 intertidal rocky shore habitats surveyed in the study region. Reservation of a further three rocky reefs would protect a large proportion of species (71%), a representative of each assemblage and all habitat types. 6. Despite originally being selected in the absence of information on regional biodiversity, the protected area is today an effective starting point for expansion to a regional network of intertidal protected areas.