大模场面积光纤激光器拉锥法模式选择

大模场面积(LMA)光纤激光器的光束质量通常比单模光纤激光器的光束质量差。采用光纤拉锥的方法进行模式选择,从而提高大模场直径光纤激光器的光束质量。拉锥区距光纤激光器的输出端约5 mm,纤芯最小为9 μm,约为未拉锥部分纤芯直径26 μm的1/3。实验研究表明,在拉锥后,光纤激光器的光束质量因子M2由3.50减小为1.81,相应的斜率效率由63.6%减小为51.1%。虽然拉锥后最大输出功率减少了约19.8%,但其亮度增大为拉锥前的3倍。

Near infrared broadband emission of bismuth-doped aluminophosphate glass

Near infrared broadband emission characteristics of bismuth-doped aluminophosphate glass have been investigated. Broad infrared emissions peaking at 1210nm, 1173nm and 1300nm were observed when the glass was pumped by 405nm laser diode (LD), 514nm Ar+ laser and 808nm LD, respectively. The full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) are 235nm, 207nm and 300nm for the emissions at 1210nm, 1173nm and 1300nm, respectively. Based on the energy matching conditions, it is suggested that the infrared emission may be ascribed to P-3(1) --> P-3(0) transition of Bi+. The broadband infrared luminescent characteristics of the glasses indicate that they are promising for broadband optical fiber amplifiers and tunable lasers. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America.

Robust Sliding Control of SEIR Epidemic Models

This paper is aimed at designing a robust vaccination strategy capable of eradicating an infectious disease from a population regardless of the potential uncertainty in the parameters defining the disease. For this purpose, a control theoretic approach based on a sliding-mode control law is used. Initially, the controller is designed assuming certain knowledge of an upper-bound of the uncertainty signal. Afterwards, this condition is removed while an adaptive sliding control system is designed. The closed-loop properties are proved mathematically in the nonadaptive and adaptive cases. Furthermore, the usual sign function appearing in the sliding-mode control is substituted by the saturation function in order to prevent chattering. In addition, the properties achieved by the closed-loop system under this variation are also stated and proved analytically. The closed-loop system is able to attain the control objective regardless of the parametric uncertainties of the model and the lack of a priori knowledge on the system.

Linear Chromatic Adaptation Transform Based on Delaunay Triangulation

Computer vision algorithms that use color information require color constant images to operate correctly. Color constancy of the images is usually achieved in two steps: first the illuminant is detected and then image is transformed with the chromatic adaptation transform ( CAT). Existing CAT methods use a single transformation matrix for all the colors of the input image. The method proposed in this paper requires multiple corresponding color pairs between source and target illuminants given by patches of the Macbeth color checker. It uses Delaunay triangulation to divide the color gamut of the input image into small triangles. Each color of the input image is associated with the triangle containing the color point and transformed with a full linear model associated with the triangle. Full linear model is used because diagonal models are known to be inaccurate if channel color matching functions do not have narrow peaks. Objective evaluation showed that the proposed method outperforms existing CAT methods by more than 21%; that is, it performs statistically significantly better than other existing methods.

Low Effort L-i Nuclear Fusion Plasma Control Using Model Predictive Control Laws

One of the main problems of fusion energy is to achieve longer pulse duration by avoiding the premature reaction decay due to plasma instabilities. The control of the plasma inductance arises as an essential tool for the successful operation of tokamak fusion reactors in order to overcome stability issues as well as the new challenges specific to advanced scenarios operation. In this sense, given that advanced tokamaks will suffer from limited power available from noninductive current drive actuators, the transformer primary coil could assist in reducing the power requirements of the noninductive current drive sources needed for current profile control. Therefore, tokamak operation may benefit from advanced control laws beyond the traditionally used PID schemes by reducing instabilities while guaranteeing the tokamak integrity. In this paper, a novel model predictive control (MPC) scheme has been developed and successfully employed to optimize both current and internal inductance of the plasma, which influences the L-H transition timing, the density peaking, and pedestal pressure. Results show that the internal inductance and current profiles can be adequately controlled while maintaining the minimal control action required in tokamak operation.

Preliminary observation on culture of Penaeus monodon in low-saline waters

The feasibility of semi-intensive culture of Penaeus monodon in low saline environment was investigated by comparing the growth and production in low (0.16-6.52 ppt) and high (4.60-19.42 ppt) saline areas at two stocking densities (10.5 and 16 individuals/m super(2)). After 135 days of culture, yield of shrimp in low and high stocking densities was 1563.37 kg/ha and 2274 kg/ha, respectively, in low saline ponds, and 1173.00 and 1974.00 kg/ha, respectively in high saline ponds. Food conversion ratio (FCR, 1.31-1.58) and specific growth rate (SGR 21.04-21.19%) were higher in low saline ponds as compared to high saline ponds (FCR, 1.35-1.68; SGR, 19.22-19.88%). Growth of shrimp was satisfactory in low saline ponds even when salinity decreased after 60 days of culture to almost freshwater level (0.16 ppt) indicating the variability of semi-intensive culture of P. monodon in low saline environment.

施肥和降水增加对半干旱草地生产力和温室气体排放的影响

人类活动能显著地改变生态系统的属性和功能。这些变化不仅发生在容易观察的局部层面上，如土壤沙化、植被退化等;还能更深刻地影响到微生物控制的温室气体释放，进而影响大尺度上气候的变化。本论文根据2 年田间试验结果报告了人类干扰（草地退耕和施肥）和降水增加30%对中国北部农牧交错区（内蒙古多伦县）半干旱草地生态系统生产力和温室气体排放的影响。 本研究发现氮是影响该区草地和弃耕地生产力的最重要因子，即使低量的氮肥应用(5 g N y-1)也能使该区草地地上净初级生产力（ANPP）增加36-46%。然而氮对草地生产力影响主要集中在地上部分，对地下净初级生产力（BNPP） 影响比较微弱。单独使用磷肥对ANPP 和BNPP 均无显著影响，氮磷混施对ANPP 有显著正交互作用。增加的降水对草地和弃耕地ANPP 和BNPP 有弱的正效应，增加30%降水使草地对照ANPP 增加9-25%，BNPP 增加12%-17%，弃耕地对照ANPP 增加7%-37%，BNPP 增加36%-37% 。草地和弃耕地对照ANPP 并无显著差别，由于高于弃耕地1-3 倍的BNPP，总体上草地比弃耕地有更高的固碳能力。这个结果也说明草地能更有效地把植物地上部分固定的碳转移到地下，这与草地长期发育积累的丰富地下根系和高根冠比物种组成有关。 水肥处理及土地利用方式也深刻改变了温室气体排放。温带草地和弃耕地CO2 排放（系统呼吸：Re）存在显著季节变化，温度、水分和地上生物量是控制这些变化的主要因子。在气候温暖的6-9 月份，生物量和土壤水分是决定系统呼吸季节变化主要因子，而与温度无明显相关。随着氮肥使用，草地和弃耕地呼吸速率加大，其温度敏感系数Q10 也明显升高，这主要与氮肥使用后增加的地上生物量有关。由于水分促进作用和生物量的弱增长，增加的降水也加大了草地和弃耕地CO2 排放。低的地下生物量和有机碳氮并没有导致弃耕地低的CO2 排放，显示了农垦后土壤结构破坏导致的有机碳分解增加不会在农业弃耕后短期内（5-6 年）停止。 除了对生物量的不敏感性外，中国北部半干旱生态系统N2O 排放表现出与CO2 排放类似的变化规律：水分和温度是N2O 季节变化的主导因子;氮肥使用和降水增加都增加了N2O 排放;N2O 排放在草地对照和弃耕地对照之间没有显著差别。更少的根系对无机氮的竞争导致了弃耕地比草地有更高的N2O 释放因子（单位氮添加所引起N2O 释放）。低的土壤水分（<70% WFPS ）和无机氮都是限制反硝化发生的重要条件，因此硝化可能是草地和弃耕地N2O 的最主要来源。半干旱草地生态系统N2O 排放与CO2 排放之间存在着显著线性关系。 中国北部半干旱草地和弃耕地都起着CH4 汇的生态功能。水分是控制CH4 吸收季节变异的主导变量，土壤空隙水含量（WFPS）与CH4 指数递减方程能解释其变异的64%-83% 。增加的降水导致了土壤水分增加，从而引起甲烷氧化菌所需基质（CH4 和O2）扩散受阻，减小了土壤CH4 吸收功能。施肥并没有抑制CH4 吸收，相反由于施肥后植物速生对土壤水的抽干作用，施肥增加了植物速生期时的CH4 吸收。CH4 吸收对农垦引起的土壤微生物生境结构破坏非常敏感，在农业措施停止5-6 年后的弃耕地，CH4 吸收仍比草地低24%。 本研究初步分析了影响中国北部农牧交错区草地生态系统生产力及温室气体排放的自然环境因子和人为因子，给出了它们之间的定性、定量关系，为科学地管理中国北部草地，充分发挥其生态和经济效益功能提供了有效信息。