Heavy elements in chestnuts

Chestnut fruit (CasChestnuts, Castanea sativa, heavy elements, PIXEtanea sativa Miller) are an important food resource in several countries. Portugal is the third largest European producer, with an average production of 25 thousand tons [1], being mainly produced in the North region of Trás-os-Montes. Earlier studies on chestnuts elemental composition were performed by atomic absorption to detect Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn or by UV-VIS spectrophotometry to detect P [2-3]. In this work the elemental composition of two cultivars (Longal and Judia) of Castanea sativa Miller were studied by means of PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission), using a broad proton beam at CTN-IST, Lisbon. Element identification (from Si to Pb) and quantification (following the method described in [4]) was done. Preliminary results show different composition according with the cultivar, not only in the major and minor elements (as it is described in the bibliography) but also in the trace elements, which includes the presence of Pb and other heavy elements. These preliminary results are part of a wider project that aims to evaluate chestnut fruits decontamination treatment with high energy electron beam and X-rays technology.

If waterbirds are nocturnal are we conserving the right habitats?

Waterbirds are key indicators of wetland health and recent declines in their abundance have renewed focus on conservation of their habitats in Australia. Yet conservation efforts have mostly ignored the identification of habitats used at night. In this study we assessed three common species, Grey Teal (Anas gracilis), Chestnut Teal (Anas castanea) and Australian Wood Duck (Chenonetta chubata), during day and night. Thermal imaging technologies were utilised to identify individuals to species, count abundances and observe habitat requirements. We found major differences in abundance between night and day of all three species at our study sites. Further, habitat use of teals differed between nocturnal and diurnal hours, with birds aggregating on the bank during daylight hours and moving onto the water during the night. Our findings suggest that nocturnal waterbird surveys can assist conservation efforts. By monitoring bird numbers by night, the significance of a habitat for feeding and shelter purposes can be determined. Additionally, by studying nocturnal behaviour and habitat use, identification and conservation of important wetlands will be increased.