Seguridad cooperativa para enfrentar el conflicto subregional (Tema Central)

Este artículo analiza el impacto del conflicto colombiano sobre la seguridad de la subregión, tomando como punto de referencia principal su impacto sobre el Ecuador. Destaca, para el efecto, las vulnerabilidades que presenta la frontera norte-ecuatoriana y considera las posibilidades para enfrentar sus amenazas dentro de un marco de cooperación regional. Finalmente, el autor plantea la necesidad de desarrollar un enfoque de seguridad cooperativa, en el cual, el conflicto subregional sea abordado desde una perspectiva integral, tomando en cuenta todos sus elementos y complejidades.

Efectos en los mercados financieros internacionales de la derogatoria en 1999 de la Ley Glass Steagall de los EE.UU. (Tema Central)

Actualmente la profunda crisis del sistema financiero internacional, similar a la que vivió Estados Unidos en los años treinta, es el punto más importante de discusión en todo el mundo. Por ello, se consideró importante realizar un análisis de la Ley Glass Steagall Act, promulgada en el año 1933, justamente como una salida a la crisis financiera estadounidense, de aquella época, precisando cuáles son sus principales características, y sobre todo los efectos que su derogatoria (en 1999) trajo consigo en el sistema financiero mundial, pues como veremos, para muchos la actual crisis es producto de la inadecuada mezcla de regulación y libertad que se produjo con la promulgación de la Ley Gramm Leach Bliley Act, mediante la cual los bancos comerciales empezaron a incursionar en operaciones bursátiles, actividades que anteriormente estaban vetadas, y por tanto existían garantías suficientes para los depositantes.

Responsabilidad de dar cuenta del desempeño de la función jurisdiccional (Tema Central)

En esta presentación abordaré tres asuntos, fundamentalmente. la primera cuestión a la que quisiera referirme es la de por qué dar cuenta, que en ocasiones puede considerarse obvia pero no lo es tanto, el segundo punto enfocará los contenidos respecto a los cuales quien ejerce una función jurisdiccional debe dar cuenta, finalmente, abordaré el asunto de la trascendencia o relevancia que socialmente alcanzan el cumplir y el incumplir con esta responsabilidad. Una puntualización aclaratoria: cuando me refiero a quienes ejercen función jurisdiccional, incluyo en ello tanto a jueces como a fiscales. Aunque en esta reunión se enfoca específicamente el caso de los jueces, dado que los integrantes del Ministerio Público también ejercen función jurisdiccional –especialmente en el caso de aquellos países donde se ha introducido el proceso penal reformado–, el abordaje del tema que propongo también los comprende.

Importación paralela de productos farmacéuticos como un problema entre derechos de propiedad intelectual y derecho de la competencia de la Comunidad Andina y la Unión Europea (Tema Central)

La importación paralela de medicinas dentro de una comunidad es una operación comercial que se desarrolla en el límite del Derecho a la competencia y el Derecho de propiedad intelectual. El presente artículo analiza la importación paralela de medicinas dentro del derecho de la Unión Europea (UE) y la compara con la norma andina que regula la competencia en la Comunidad Andina (CAN). Finalmente analiza las perspectivas en las relaciones entre estos dos procesos de integración desde el punto de vista del Derecho de la competencia.

La UNASUR y su accionar frente a conflictos internacionales (Tema Central)

Este artículo se centra en el papel de UNASUR frente a las diversas crisis nacionales e internacionales que ha vivido Suramérica desde 2008. Igualmente, analiza su accionar en dos casos concretos: Ecuador en 2010 y Paraguay en 2012, que son ejemplos extremos de la vulnerabilidad institucional prevaleciente en la región. Se evidencia, además, que el proceso de resolución de conflictos es un tema frágil en la agenda política e institucional de UNASUR que se vincula, sobre todo, con la defensa de la democracia y el mantenimiento de la paz, factores importantes para los Estados.

Reflections on the concept of the central executive

Notes that the central executive lies at the heart of A. D. Baddeley's theory of working memory, but that what it does has been characterized in several different ways. This chapter reviews and brings together various interpretations of central executive functioning. The authors describe an experiment involving a novel cognitive task to point out the restrictive nature of the term 'executive capacity.' The chapter concludes by commenting briefly on the implications of a working memory model in which the executive does not play a major part.

Farm and socio-economic characteristics of smallholder milk producers and their influence on technology adoption in Central Mexico

In order to identify the factors influencing adoption of technologies promoted by government to small-scale dairy farmers in the highlands of central Mexico, a field survey was conducted. A total of 115 farmers were grouped through cluster analysis (CA) and divided into three wealth status categories (high, medium and low) using wealth ranking. Chi-square analysis was used to examine the association of wealth status with technology adoption. Four groups of farms were differentiated in terms of farms’ dimensions, farmers’ education, sources of incomes, wealth status, management of herd, monetary support by government and technological availability. Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the milk yield per herd per year among groups. Government organizations (GO) participated little in the promotion of the 17 technologies identified, six of which focused on crop or forage production and 11 of which were related to animal husbandry. Relatives and other farmers played an important role in knowledge diffusion and technology adoption. Although wealth status had a significant association (p < 0.05) with adoption, other factors including importance of the technology to farmers, usefulness and productive benefits of innovations together with farmers’ knowledge of them, were important. It is concluded that the analysis of the information per group and wealth status was useful to identify suitable crop or forage related and animal husbandry technologies per group and wealth status of farmers. Therefore the characterizations of farmers could provide a useful starting point for the design and delivery of more appropriate and effective extension.

Fenced in: Common property struggles in the management of communal rangelands in central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

This paper takes as its starting point the assertion that current rangeland management in the central Eastern Cape Province (former Ciskei) of South Africa, is characterised primarily by an ‘open access’ approach. Empirical material drawn from three case-study communities in the region is used to examine the main barriers to management of rangeland as a ‘commons’. The general inability to define and enforce rights to particular grazing resourses in the face of competing claims from ‘outsiders’, as well as inadequate local institutions responsible for rangeland management are highlighted as being of key importance. These are often exacerbated by lack of available grazing land, diffuse user groups and local political and ethnic divisions. Many of these problems have a strong legacy in historical apartheid policies such as forced resettlement and betterment planning. On this basis it is argued that policy should focus on facilitating the emergence of effective, local institutions for rangeland management. Given the limited grazing available to many communities in the region, a critical aspect of this will be finding ways to legitimise current patterns of extensive resource use, which traverse existing ‘community’ boundaries. However, this runs counter to recent legislation, which strongly links community management with legal ownership of land within strict boundaries often defined through fencing. Finding ways to overcome this apparent disjuncture between theory and policy will be vital for the effective management of common pool grazing resources in the region.

Neoproterozoic glacial dynamics revealed by provenance of diamictites of the Bebedouro Formation, Sao Francisco Craton, Central Eastern Brazil

One of the main questions on Neoproterozoic geology regards the extent and dynamics of the glacial systems that are recorded in all continents. We present evidence for short transport distances and localized sediment sources for the Bebedouro Formation, which records Neoproterozoic glaciomarine sedimentation in the central-eastern Sao Francisco Craton (SFC), Brazil. New data are presented on clast composition, based on point counting in thin section and SHRIMP dating of pebbles and detrital zircon. Cluster analysis of clast compositional data revealed a pronounced spatial variability of clast composition on diamictite indicating the presence of individual glaciers or ice streams feeding the basin. Detrital zircon ages reveal distinct populations of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic age. The youngest detrital zircon dated at 874 +/- 9 Ma constrains the maximum depositional age of these diamictites. We interpret the provenance of the glacial diamictites to be restricted to sources inside the SFC, suggesting deposition in an environment similar to ice streams from modern, high latitude glaciers.

Central limit theorem for asymmetric kernel functionals

Asymmetric kernels are quite useful for the estimation of density functions with bounded support. Gamma kernels are designed to handle density functions whose supports are bounded from one end only, whereas beta kernels are particularly convenient for the estimation of density functions with compact support. These asymmetric kernels are nonnegative and free of boundary bias. Moreover, their shape varies according to the location of the data point, thus also changing the amount of smoothing. This paper applies the central limit theorem for degenerate U-statistics to compute the limiting distribution of a class of asymmetric kernel functionals.

What happens after the central bank of Brazil increases the target interbank rate by 1%?

I start presenting an explicit solution to Taylorís (2001) model, in order to illustrate the link between the target interest rate and the overnight interest rate prevailing in the economy. Next, I use Vector Auto Regressions to shed some light on the evolution of key macroeconomic variables after the Central Bank of Brazil increases the target interest rate by 1%. Point estimates show a four-year accumulated output loss ranging from 0:04% (whole sample, 1980 : 1-2004 : 2; quarterly data) to 0:25% (Post-Real data only) with a Örst-year peak output response between 0:04% and 1:0%; respectively. Prices decline between 2% and 4% in a 4-year horizon. The accumulated output response is found to be between 3:5 and 6 times higher after the Real Plan than when the whole sample is considered. The 95% confidence bands obtained using bias-corrected bootstrap always include the null output response when the whole sample is used, but not when the data is restricted to the Post-Real period. Innovations to interest rates explain between 4:9% (whole sample) and 9:2% (post-Real sample) of the forecast error of GDP.

O Banco Central como uma organização de aprendizagem

This study' s aim was to verify at what point the concept of learning organization can be applied to Central Bank. It argues how this concept can generate thoughts and ideas about organizational issues, as it emphasizes the development of new skills and capabilities. The essay includes the description of the model that inspired it and some complementary notions regarding the theme. The model studied was analysed and compared to the field research and the documents. Many aspects that make the Bank similar to an ideal leaming organization have been pointed out in the area of innovation in infrastructure, such as the implementation of new practices and systems. In a deeper leveI of reflection, it was verified that in relation to the practice of the fifth learning disciplines (Personal Mastery, Mental Models, Shared Vision, Team Learning and Systems Thinking), the creation of new guiding ideas, new management methods, the Central Bank does not approximate of what it is called a learning organization.

Responsabilidade Social das Organizações Públicas: Estudo de Caso no Banco Central do Brasil

o objetivo da dissertação é compreender a responsabilidade social das organizações, tomando-se como estudo de caso o Banco Central do Brasil. Para tanto, são analisados fatores que têm influenciado mudanças no posicionamento da organização frente a elementos concernentes à referida responsabilidade. O objetivo maior do estudo, desta forma, é aumentar o entendimento acerca do papel do Banco Central, as dimensões de sua responsabilidade social, tendo como referência a visão de seus integrantes.

Diversity and structure of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) assemblages from riffles in mountain streams of Central Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Protected cerrado fragments grow up and lose even metapopulational birds in central São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)