Instituciones territoriales, orden público y una ciudadanía en construcción : El Estado nacional y la formación de la Pampa Central (1884-1922)

La obra vincula las instituciones, el orden público y la construcción de una ciudadanía en la Pampa Central con la extensión de propiedades de construcción del Estado que el gobierno federal intentaba concretar en los territorios nacionales -fines del siglo XIX-. Se analizan las instituciones, su constitución, funcionamiento e inconvenientes. Se reconstruyen las relaciones de la incipiente sociedad civil que estaba adquiriendo rasgos de "ciudadanía", pese a la limitación del derecho a la soberanía y representación política, por cuya razón se abocó al reducido poder local, a la conversión del Territorio en provincia y a la presión sobre las instituciones del Estado. Ciertos sectores sociales -vecinos propietarios- participaron en el poder y pudieron incidir en la disposición de un determinado orden público. Se descubre este entramado a través de la cuestión política, la constitución de la esfera pública, el papel de la prensa, y el accionar de sectores gubernamentales y particulares, especialmente en los conflictos sociales. Estas cuestiones se analizan con mayor profundidad en el estudio particular de una institución: la justicia letrada nacional con marcado poder en el Territorio. Se demuestra que esta institución ejerció un papel importante en la extensión de las propiedades que caracterizaron la construcción y consolidación del Estado. El protagonismo judicial a nivel nacional tuvo su correlación en el poder de los jueces y de los juzgados letrados territoriales, basado en: el carácter nacional de estos tribunales, el perfil profesional de sus miembros, una red social y política de los magistrados a nivel nacional y, la debilidad de las demás instituciones del Territorio. Este poder era reconocido y consolidado por la prensa y los vecinos -propietarios, comerciantes y profesionales- interesados en jerarquizar el papel de la justicia.

Inflation targeting in Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines : the impact on business cycle synchronization between each country and the world

This paper empirically analyzes whether and to what extent the adoption of inflation targeting (IT) in Korea, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines has affected their business cycle synchronization with the rest of the world. By employing the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model developed by Engle (2002), we find that IT in Asia has little effect on international business cycle synchronization and the effect is positive in some of the countries, if any. These findings basically seem to be consistent with the evidence from relevant literature.

Migration, labor and business in the worlding cities of the Arabian Peninsula

This short essay, built on a foundation of more than a decade of fieldwork in the hydrocarbon-rich societies of the Arabian peninsula, distills a set of overarching threads woven through much of that time and work. Those threads include a discussion of the social heterogeneity of the Gulf State citizenries, the central role of development and urban development in these emergent economies, the multifaceted impact of migrants and migration upon these host societies, and the role of foreign 'imagineers' in the portrayal of Gulf societies, Gulf values, and Gulf social norms.

Gestión de la fertilidad de suelos y la nutrición de plantaciones de teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) en América Central

La teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) ha sido tradicionalmente considerada como una madera preciosa en los países del SE Asiático, de donde es originaria, pero durante las últimas décadas ha alcanzado especial relevancia en el sector internacional de las maderas tropicales duras de buena calidad. La especie ha sido ampliamente establecida en América Central, donde tiene una gran importancia socioeconómica, tanto por el impacto de las grandes empresas multinacionales que gestionan grandes plantaciones en la región, como por el gran número de pequeños y medianos propietarios que han elegido esta especie para reforestar sus tierras. Pese a la gran importancia de esta especie, se ha desarrollado relativamente poca investigación acerca de su nutrición y de la gestión del suelo necesaria para su establecimiento y mantenimiento en condiciones sostenibles y productivas. En la presente Tesis Doctoral, tras realizar una amplia revisión bibliográfica, se caracterizan los suelos y la nutrición de las plantaciones de teca en América Central y se proponen varias herramientas para la mejora de su gestión. Las plantaciones de teca de América Central presentan habitualmente deficiencias de K y P, además de algunos problemas de acidez ocasionales. Estos se originan, principalmente, por la mala selección de sitio que se realizó en las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX y por el establecimiento de plantaciones de teca por pequeños propietarios en terrenos que no tienen características propicias para la especie. Además, estos problemas comunes relativos a la baja disponibilidad de P y de K en el suelo son causantes de las relativamente bajas concentraciones foliares de estos elementos (0,88±0,07% K y 0,16±0,04% P) encontradas en plantaciones de teca características de la región. Se presentan varios modelos estadísticos que permiten a los gestores: (a) usarlos como referencia para la interpretación de análisis foliares, ya que ofrecen valores que se consideran característicos de plantaciones de teca con un buen estado nutricional; (b) estimar la cantidad de nutrientes acumulados en la biomasa aérea de sus plantaciones y, sobre todo, su extracción a través de la madera en un aprovechamiento forestal, bien sea una clara o la corta final. La gran acumulación de N, P y K en plantaciones de teca ha de ser considerada como un factor fundamental en su gestión. Además, P y K adquieren mayor relevancia aún ya que su extracción del sistema a través de la madera y su escasa disponibilidad en los suelos hacen que se presente un importante desequilibrio que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad del sistema. En ese sentido, cambiar la época de cosecha, de la actual (en Enero-Mayo) a Septiembre o Diciembre, puede reducir entre un 24 y un 28% la salida de N asociada a la extracción de madera, un 29% la de P y entre un 14 y un 43% la de K. Se estima que la concentración foliar de P es un factor limitante de la productividad de plantaciones de teca en América Central, proponiéndose un nivel crítico de 0,125%. Además, la teca presenta una tolerancia muy baja a suelos salinos, tendencia que no había sido señalada hasta el momento, siendo muy alta la probabilidad de que la plantación tenga un crecimiento lento o muy lento cuando la Saturación de Na es mayor de 1,1%. Por otro lado, se confirma que K es uno de los elementos clave en la nutrición de las plantaciones de teca en la región centroamericana, proponiéndose un nivel crítico provisional de 3,09% para la Saturación de K, por encima del cual es muy probable que la plantación tenga un crecimiento muy alto. Se ha comprobado que las técnicas estadísticas de análisis multivariante pueden ser usadas como herramientas para agrupar los rodales en base a sus similitudes en cuanto a la fertilidad del suelo y mejorar así el diseño de planes de fertilización en plantaciones con una superficie relativamente grande. De esta manera, se pueden ajustar planes de fertilización más eficientes a escala de grupos de rodales, como un primer paso hacia la selvicultura de precisión, intensificando y diversificando la gestión en función de las diferencias edáficas. Finalmente, aunque los análisis foliares y de suelos indiquen la existencia de deficiencias nutricionales, la fertilización de las plantaciones no siempre va a producir efectos positivos sobre su crecimiento si no se diseña adecuadamente teniendo en cuenta varios factores que pueden estar influyendo negativamente en dicha respuesta, como la densidad de las plantaciones (sinergias con la programación de los clareos y claras) y la elección de la dosis y del producto a aplicar (habitualmente dosis bajas de N-P-K en lugar de incluir otros nutrientes como Mg, B y Zn o usar otros productos como micorrizas, biofertilizantes etc…). ABSTRACT Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) has been traditionally considered as a precious wood in SE Asia, where it is indigenous. However, during recent decades the species has reached worldwide relevance in the tropical high quality hardwood sector. Teak has been widely established in Central America, where it has become a key species in the forest sector due to its socioeconomic impact, either because of the big-scale plantations of transnational companies and the abundant small-scale plantations established by many farmers. Despite the relevance of the species, little research has been carried out regarding its soil fertility and nutrition management, a key issue both for sustainability and productivity. The present Thesis performs a literature review to this respect, characterize the soil fertility and the nutrition of teak plantations of Central America and propose several management tools. Soil deficiencies of K and P are usually found in teak plantations in Central America, in addition to occasional acidity problems. These problems are mainly derived of (a) a poor site selection performed during 80s and 90s; and (b) small-scale plantations by farmers in sites which are not adequate for the species. These common soil fertility problems related with P and K soil availability are probably the cause of the relatively low P and K foliar concentration (0,88±0,07% K y 0,16±0,04% P) found in representative teak plantations of the region. Several statistical models are proposed, which allow forest managers to: (a) use them as a reference for foliar analysis interpretation, as they show values considered as representative for teak plantations with an adequate nutritional status in the region; (b) estimate the amount of nutrients accumulated in the aerial biomass of the plantations and, especially, the amount of them which are extracted from the systems as wood is harvested in thinning or final clearcuts. The accumulation of N, P and K result in a key factor for teak management in the region. This turns out to be especially relevant for the P and K because their high output rate by timber extraction and the low soil availability result in an important unbalance which constitutes a risk regarding the sustainability of the system. To this respect, modifying the harvesting time from the usual right now (January-May, business as usual scenario) to September or December (proposed alternatives) can reduce between 24 and 28% the N output associated to timber extraction, 29% the P output and between 14 and 43% the K. Foliar P concentration is a main limiting factor for teak plantations productivity in Central America and a 0.125% critical level is proposed. In addition, the results show a very low tolerance for soil salinity, tendency which was not previously reported. Hence, the probability of teak plantations to have low or very low Site Index is high when Na Saturation is higher than 1.1%. On the other hand, K is confirmed as one of the key nutrients regarding teak nutrition in Central America and a 3.09% provisional critical level is proposed for K Saturation; when values are above this level the probability of having very high Site Index is high. Multivariate statistical analyses have been successfully tested to be used as tools to group forest stands according to their soil fertility similarities. Hence, more efficient fertilization plans can be designed for each group of stands, intensifying and diversifying nutritional management according to soil fertility differences. This methodology, which is considered as a first step towards precision forestry, is regarded as helpful tool to design fertilization plans in big scale plantations. Finally, even though foliar and soil analysis would point out some nutritional deficiencies in a forest stand, the results show how the fertilization is not always going to have a positive effect over forest growth if it is not adequately designed. Some factors have been identified as determinants of tree response to fertilization: density (synergisms between fertilization and thinning scheduling) and the appropriate selection of dosages and product (usually low dosages are applied and N-P-K is preferred instead of applying other nutrients such as Mg, B or Zn or using other alternatives such as mycorrhizas or biofertilizers).

Development in Rural Areas Through Capacity Building and Education for Business

This paper is based on a case study located in Avila, central Spain. Its main objectives are to implement an entrepreneurship program and design a plan of capacity building and education for business in order to promote the development of rural areas. The methodological approach of the program is based on the use of tools that permit involving the various actors of the area from the early planning stages. The university's group that is carrying out the field work has relied on these participatory tools in very different areas and contexts for over 25 years. This has allowed the development of an advanced planning model called ?Working With People? that connects expert and experience knowledge in the territories where it is applied. With this methodological approach, the diagnosis of the territory and the design of the program's strategy has been carried out. Once completed the first phase of the program and in order to ensure the sustainability and applicability of future entrepreneurial initiatives, it is necessary to support and strengthen potential entrepreneurs through training activities and capacity building. It relies on ?How to learn from people who live there? to promote investment projects and to teach them with adequate educational skills. In this context, this article aims to study the implementation strategy of these training and capacity building activities studied from an academic perspective, as well as analyzing the potential effects of these actions in promoting entrepreneurship in the territories

EU Trade Actors after Lisbon: Enhanced Negotiations or Business as Usual? Brugges Political Research Paper No. 32, November 2013

As seen by the launching of trade negotiations with Japan and the United States, the European Union has shifted gears in order to achieve amplified benefits in bilateral trade agreements. The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty brought the European Parliament and the European External Action Service into the picture as new actors in trade negotiations. The question arises if the new framework of trade negotiations is better off than the pre-Lisbon era. By applying Veto Players theory to the Central American Association Agreement and Principal-Agent theory to the Ukrainian Association Agreement, two results were concluded. First, the participation of the European Parliament as a veto player has decreased the effectiveness of trade negotiation. Second, the participation of the European External Action Service has shown the contrary, namely an increase of effectiveness in trade negotiations.

Coltan from Central Africa, International Trade and Implications for Any Certification. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) 23/2012

The exploitation of coltan in Central Africa can be considered a case of conflict minerals due to its nature. Many international organizations and bodies, national governments and private sector organizations seek to address this conflict, in particular via transparency, certification and accountability along the material supply chain. This paper analyses the international trade dimension of coltan and gives evidence on the dimension of illicit trade of coltan. The authors start from the hypothesis that illicit trade of coltan sooner or later will enter the market and will be reflected in the statistics. The paper is structured in the following manner: first, a short section gives a profile of coltan production and markets; second, an overview of the mining situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and related actors. The third section addresses mechanisms, actors and measurement issues involved in the international trade of coltan. The final part draws lessons for certification and conflict analysis and offers some guidance for future research. The paper identifies two main possible gateways to trace illegal trade in coltan: the neighbouring countries, especially Rwanda, and the importing countries for downstream production, in particular China. Our estimation is that the value of such illicit trade comes close to $ 27 million annually (2009), roughly one fifth of the world market volume for tantalum production. With regard to any certification the paper concludes that this will become challenging for business and policy: (a) Central Africa currently is the largest supplier of coltan on the world market, many actors profit from the current situation and possess abilities to hide responsibility; (b) China will need to accept more responsibility, a first step would be the acceptance of the OECD guidelines on due diligence; (c) better regional governance in Central Africa comprises of resource taxation, a resource fund and fiscal coordination. An international task force may provide more robust data, however more research will also be needed.

Central Provinces district gazetteers.

Volumes numbered arbitrarily.

Central Illinois solar energy directory.

Cover title.

Directory of industrial parks and districts, air industrial parks, port authorities.

Subsequent issues published by Board under its later form of name: Dept. of Business and Economic Development.

Opportunity Returns : Central Region.

Opportunity Returns is Governor Blagojevich's comprehensive strategy to restore jobs and economic vitality throughout Illinois. This new and innovative plan recognizes that we can't solve the challenges of economic development with a one-size-fits-all approach. Instead, Opportunity Returns focuses on the specific strengths and needs of each region in the state. Opportunity Returns divides the state into ten geographic regions with each region receiving its own unique and tailored strategy. The plan outlines the economic development priorities for the Central region, which consists of Cass, Christian, Greene, Logan, Macon, Macoupin, Menard, Montgomery, Morgan, Sangamon, Scott, and Shelby Counties. Governor Blagojevich understands that no one knows a community better than the people who live and work in it. This plan is the result of extensive community input from business, community and government leaders throughout the Central region.

Opportunity Returns : East Central Region.

Opportunity Returns is Governor Blagojevich's comprehensive strategy to restore jobs and economic vitality throughout Illinois. This new and innovative plan recognizes that we can't solve the challenges of economic development with a one-size-fits-all approach. Instead, Opportunity Returns focuses on the specific strengths and needs of each region in the state. Opportunity Returns divides the state into ten geographic regions with each region receiving its own unique and tailored strategy. This plan outlines the economic development priorities for the East Central region, which consists of Champaign, Douglas, Ford, Iroquois, Piatt, and Vermilion Counties. Governor Blagojevich understands that no one knows a community better than the people who live and work in it. This strategy is the result of extensive community input from business, community and government leaders throughout the East Central region.

Performance audit of the Department of Central Management Services' operation of the state vehicle fleet /

"House Resolution 658 directed the Office of the Auditor General (OAG) to audit the Department of Central Management Services' (CMS) operation of the fleet of passenger cars used by State executive agencies. The Resolution called for the audit to address the total number of cars; number of take-home cars; necessity of take-home vehicles; costs of vehicles in Fiscal Year 2009; and the adequacy of CMS' system to record their use and maintenance and to check for official use, including whether it is possible to implement a system to track vehicles for business only."

Central Flouring Mill

Central Flouring Mill; Michigan Milling Co.; Allmendinger and Schneider, Prop. 212 S. First, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Economic development in south central Kansas.

Published 1953-58 by the center under its earlier name: Bureau of Business Research.