Primer registro del daño de Leucothrips piercei (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) en cultivos de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) (Solanaceae) en la Argentina

Se cita por primera vez para la Argentina la presencia de Leucothrips piercei (Morgan) y se registra a Capsicum annuum L. como una nueva planta huésped. Se describen los caracteres diagnósticos y se detallan las características del daño ocasionado a las hojas de pimiento.

Coevolución virus-planta: impacto de las infecciones virales en poblaciones silvestres de Chiltepín (capsicum annuum var. Aviculare (dierbach) d’arcy & eshbaugh) en México.

El impacto negativo que tienen los virus en las plantas hace que estos puedan ejercer un papel ecológico como moduladores de la dinámica espacio-temporal de las poblaciones de sus huéspedes. Entender cuáles son los mecanismos genéticos y los factores ambientales que determinan tanto la epidemiología como la estructura genética de las poblaciones de virus puede resultar de gran ayuda para la comprensión del papel ecológico de las infecciones virales. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos experimentales que hayan abordado esta cuestión. En esta tesis, se analiza el efecto de la heterogeneidad del paisaje sobre la incidencia de los virus y la estructura genética de sus poblaciones. Asimismo, se explora como dichos factores ambientales influyen en la importancia relativa que los principales mecanismos de generación de variabilidad genética (mutación, recombinación y migración) tienen en la evolución de los virus. Para ello se ha usado como sistema los begomovirus que infectan poblaciones de chiltepín (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (Dierbach) D´Arcy & Eshbaugh) en México. Se analizó la incidencia de diferentes virus en poblaciones de chiltepín distribuidas a lo largo de seis provincias biogeográficas, representando el área de distribución de la especie en México, y localizadas en hábitats con diferente grado de intervención humana: poblaciones sin intervención humana (silvestres); poblaciones toleradas (lindes y pastizales), y poblaciones manejadas por el hombre (monocultivos y huertos familiares). Entre los virus analizados, los begomovirus mostraron la mayor incidencia, detectándose en todas las poblaciones y años de muestreo. Las únicas dos especies de begomovirus que se encontraron infectando al chiltepín fueron: el virus del mosaico dorado del chile (Pepper golden mosaic virus, PepGMV) y el virus huasteco del amarilleo de venas del chile (Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus, PHYVV). Por ello, todos los análisis realizados en esta tesis se centran en estas dos especies de virus. La incidencia de PepGMV y PHYVV, tanto en infecciones simples como mixtas, aumento cuanto mayor fue el nivel de intervención humana en las poblaciones de chiltepín, lo que a su vez se asoció con una menor biodiversidad y una mayor densidad de plantas. Además, la incidencia de infecciones mixtas, altamente relacionada con la presencia de síntomas, fue también mayor en las poblaciones cultivadas. La incidencia de estos dos virus también varió en función de la población de chiltepín y de la provincia biogeográfica. Por tanto, estos resultados apoyan una de las hipótesis XVI clásicas de la Patología Vegetal según la cual la simplificación de los ecosistemas naturales debida a la intervención humana conduce a un mayor riesgo de enfermedad de las plantas, e ilustran sobre la importancia de la heterogeneidad del paisaje a diferentes escalas en la determinación de patrones epidemiológicos. La heterogeneidad del paisaje no solo afectó a la epidemiología de PepGMV y PHYVV, sino también a la estructura genética de sus poblaciones. En ambos virus, el nivel de diferenciación genética mayor fue la población, probablemente asociado a la capacidad de migración de su vector Bemisia tabaci; y en segundo lugar la provincia biogeográfica, lo que podría estar relacionado con el papel del ser humano como agente dispersor de PepGMV y PHYVV. La estima de las tasas de sustitución nucleotídica de las poblaciones de PepGMV y PHYVV mostró una rápida dinámica evolutiva. Los árboles filogenéticos de ambos virus presentaron una topología en estrella, lo que sugiere una expansión reciente en las poblaciones de chiltepín. La reconstrucción de los patrones de migración de ambos virus indicó que ésta expansión parece haberse producido desde la zona central de México siguiendo un patrón radial, y en los últimos 30 años. Es importante tener en cuenta que el patrón espacial de la diversidad genética de las poblaciones de PepGMV y PHYVV es similar al descrito previamente para el chiltepín lo que podría dar lugar a la congruencia de las genealogías del huésped y la de los virus. Dicha congruencia se encontró cuando se tuvieron en cuenta únicamente las poblaciones de hábitats silvestres y tolerados, lo que probablemente se debe a una codivergencia en el espacio pero no en el tiempo, dado que la evolución de virus y huésped han ocurrido a escalas temporales muy diferentes. Finalmente, el análisis de la frecuencia de recombinación en PepGMV y PHYVV indicó que esta juega un papel importante en la evolución de ambos virus, dependiendo su importancia del nivel de intervención humana de la población de chiltepín. Este factor afectó también a la intensidad de la selección a la que se ven sometidos los genomas de PepGMV y PHYVV. Los resultados de esta tesis ponen de manifiesto la importancia que la reducción de la biodiversidad asociada al nivel de intervención humana de las poblaciones de plantas y la heterogeneidad del paisaje tiene en la emergencia de nuevas enfermedades virales. Por tanto, es necesario considerar estos factores ambientales a la hora de comprender la epidemiologia y la evolución de los virus de plantas.XVII SUMMARY Plant viruses play a key role as modulators of the spatio-temporal dynamics of their host populations, due to their negative impact in plant fitness. Knowledge on the genetic and environmental factors that determine the epidemiology and the genetic structure of virus populations may help to understand the ecological role of viral infections. However, few experimental works have addressed this issue. This thesis analyses the effect of landscape heterogeneity in the prevalence of viruses and the genetic structure of their populations. Also, how these environmental factors influence the relative importance of the main mechanisms for generating genetic variability (mutation, recombination and migration) during virus evolution is explored. To do so, the begomoviruses infecting chiltepin (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (Dierbach) D'Arcy & Eshbaugh) populations in Mexico were used. Incidence of different viruses in chiltepin populations of six biogeographical provinces representing the species distribution in Mexico was determined. Populations belonged to different habitats according to the level of human management: populations with no human intervention (Wild); populations naturally dispersed and tolerated in managed habitats (let-standing), and human managed populations (cultivated). Among the analyzed viruses, the begomoviruses showed the highest prevalence, being detected in all populations and sampling years. Only two begomovirus species infected chiltepin: Pepper golden mosaic virus, PepGMV and Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus, PHYVV. Therefore, all the analyses presented in this thesis are focused in these two viruses. The prevalence of PepGMV and PHYVV, in single and mixed infections, increased with higher levels of human management of the host population, which was associated with decreased biodiversity and increased plant density. Furthermore, cultivated populations showed higher prevalence of mixed infections and symptomatic plants. The prevalence of the two viruses also varied depending on the chiltepin population and on the biogeographical province. Therefore, these results support a classical hypothesis of Plant Pathology stating that simplification of natural ecosystems due to human management leads to an increased disease risk, and illustrate on the importance of landscape heterogeneity in determining epidemiological patterns. Landscape heterogeneity not only affected the epidemiology of PepGMV and PHYVV, but also the genetic structure of their populations. Both viruses had the highest level of genetic differentiation at the population scale, probably associated with the XVIII migration patterns of its vector Bemisia tabaci, and a second level at the biogeographical province scale, which could be related to the role of humans as dispersal agents of PepGMV and PHYVV. The estimates of nucleotide substitution rates of the virus populations indicated rapid evolutionary dynamics. Accordingly, phylogenetic trees of both viruses showed a star topology, suggesting a recent diversification in the chiltepin populations. Reconstruction of PepGMV and PHYVV migration patterns indicated that they expanded from central Mexico following a radial pattern during the last 30 years. Importantly, the spatial genetic structures of the virus populations were similar to that described previously for the chiltepin, which may result in the congruence of the host and virus genealogies. Such congruence was found only in wild and let-standing populations. This is probably due to a co-divergence in space but not in time, given the different evolutionary time scales of the host and virus populations. Finally, the frequency of recombination detected in the PepGMV and PHYVV populations indicated that this mechanism plays an important role in the evolution of both viruses at the intra-specific scale. The level of human management had a minor effect on the frequency of recombination, but influenced the strength of negative selective pressures in the viral genomes. The results of this thesis highlight the importance of decreased biodiversity in plant populations associated with the level of human management and of landscape heterogeneity on the emergence of new viral diseases. Therefore it is necessary to consider these environmental factors in order to fully understand the epidemiology and evolution of plant viruses.

Sermones dominicales super Euangelia et Epistolas tam de te[m]pore q[?] de Sanctis per totum annum / editi a fratre Hugone de prato florido Ordinis predicatorum.

Fecha tomada del colofón

Historia ecclesiastica de martyrio fratrum Ordinis Diui Francisci, dictorum de Observantia, qui partim in Anglia sub Henrico Octauo rege, partim in Belgio sub principe Auriaco, partim & in Hybernia tempore Elizabethae regnantis Reginae, idque ab anno 1536, usque ad hunc nostrum praesentem annum 1582, passi sunt / authore Fratre Thoma Bourchier Anglo...

Marca tip. en port.

Historia ecclesiastica de martyrio fratrum ordinis diui Francisci, dictorum de obseruantia : qui partim in Anglia ... partim in Belgio ... partim & in Hybernia ... idque ab anno 1536. Vsque ad hunc nostrum præsentem annum 1582. passi sunt / authore fratre Thoma Bourchier ... ordinis D. Francisci de obseruantia

Marca tip. en port. (Renouard, 923)

1733, Catalogus eorum qui in Collegio Harvardino, quod est Cantabrigiæ Nov-Anglorum, ab anno 1642. ad annum 1733. Alicujus gradus laurea donati sunt.

The Triennial Catalogues are chronological and cumulative lists of Harvard graduates published every three years from 1674 to 1875. The Catalogues represent Harvard’s first efforts to comprehensively document its graduates and were considered the official record of degree recipients. A dedicated group of alumni used the Catalogues as a basis for collecting additional biographical information.

1782, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCLXXXII, alicujus gradûs laureâ donati sunt.

Hand-sewn binding. Interleaved pages with biographical notes of varying length, usually on one to two alumni per page. Annotations are sporadic and generally note profession (such as "Juris" or "Med.") or residence. Annotations in different hands.

1794, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCXCIV. Alicujus gradû laureâ donati sunt.

Modern hardcover binding around original handsewn paper binding. Missing title page and first page of text. Key to abbreviations titled "Explination" on flyleaf with abbreviations for Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Long Island, New York, Martha's Vineyard, New Jersey, Pensylvania [sic], Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, West Indies, Great Britain, Episcopalian, and Baptist. Heavily annotated with residence locations. Asterisks added next to the names of alumni who died after the Catalogue's publication, generally in 1795. Also includes a tipped-in page at front of volume with the names of thirteen alumni of various classes from 1650 through 1756, in one hand, a note "Joseph Lovett was of Beverly, and a minister in a town of Connecticut the name of which I do not recollect. JW" in a different hand, and a final note "I believe there was a Lovett at Norwich" in the original hand.

1794, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCXCIV. Alicujus gradû laureâ donati sunt.

Marbled paper cover. The catalogue is annotated with the residence locations for alumni, becoming more sporadic for the later classes. Asterisks are added next to the names of alumni who died after the Catalogue's publication through the end of the 18th century. On inside of cover: "for the first 58 years from 1642 to 1700 inclusive, 448 persons were graduated." Note on last page: "84 died from 1791 to 1794."

1797, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCXCVII, alicujus gradû laureâ donati sunt.

Hand-sewn binding with marbled paper cover. Annotated throughout with the number of members in each class, and through the 1660 class, with sporadic notes on residence. From 1732 until 1782, the age of entry as a Harvard freshman is noted next to each name. There are few biographical notes in this volume. Asterisks are added next to the names of alumni who died after the Catalogue's publication through approximately the late 1810s.

1800, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCC, alicujus gradû laureâ donati sunt.

Marbled paper cover. Includes a biographical note on Joshua Moody (Harvard AB 1707), and a few additional annotations. Asterisks added next to the names of alumni who died after the Catalogue's publication.

1773, Catalogus eorum qui in Collegio-Harvardino, quod est Cantabrigiæ, Nov-Anglorum, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCLXXIII, alicujus gradûs laureâ donati sunt.

Consists of the 1773 published broadside cut into strips and pasted into a blank volume. Names are annotated with biographical notes, most often location of residence, and occasionally professional information and death dates. Bound in brown paper cover.

1776, Catalogus eorum qui in Collegio Harvardino, quod est Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCLXXVI, alicujus gradûs laureâ donati sunt.

Covered in torn 1802 magazine print; title page missing. Handwritten note on top of first page: "Catalogue of the men Educated at Harvard College." Infrequent annotations in an unknown hand, typically noting alumni who became governors, or who held other high public offices. There are some annotations with places of residence.

1782, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCLXXXII, alicujus gradûs laureâ donati sunt.

There are handwritten asterisks next to the names of alumni who died after the Catalogue's publication through 1785. The 1781 class list includes the annotations for "Tutor."

1788, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCLXXXVIII, alicujus gradûs laureâ donati sunt. : Theologiae professores et ecclesiarum pastores literis Italicis exarantur. Qui ad imum classium à caeteris, lineâ interpositâ, separantur, alibi instituti suerunt, vel apud nos gradu honorario donati.

The Harvard University Archives' shelflist indicates the annotations were made by "S. Willard." A handwritten 20th century note removed from the volume stated "Sidney Willard Annotated Triennial." The origin and accuracy of this attribution is unknown. The pamphlet includes sporadic annotations with locations of ministry for clergymen. For the Classes of 1784-1787 "Mr" has been added to graduates who received an AM.