Reactions of nitrilium salts with indole and pyrrole and their derivatives in the synthesis of imines, ketones and secondary amines

I thank SERC for a CASE studentship (to RG. Giles) with the former Fisons Pharmaceuticals division (with Dr. S. C. Eyley) and Dr. B. R. Buckley, of this department, for provided helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Bullet proof cage surrounds Angela Davis as she performs in "Night with Angela Davis" at Madison Square Garden

General note: Title and date provided by Bettye Lane.

Bullet proof cage surrounds Angela Davis as she performs in "Night with Angela Davis" at Madison Square Garden

General note: Title and date provided by Bettye Lane.

Reactions of nitrilium salts with indole and pyrrole and their derivatives in the synthesis of imines, ketones and secondary amines

I thank SERC for a CASE studentship (to RG. Giles) with the former Fisons Pharmaceuticals division (with Dr. S. C. Eyley) and Dr. B. R. Buckley, of this department, for provided helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

A Decentralized Iron Cage: Do Chinese Local Officials Comply with the Central Government?

This paper contributes to the literature in nancial aid and authoritarian institutions.

For a long time, scholars are debating whether nancial aid is able to facilitate

development and governance. Though abundant evidence is provided, the answer is

still inconclusive. On the other hand, scholars investigating China argue that the

leadership uses various institutions to ensure local ocials' compliance. In this paper,

we nd that the nancial aid does not bring a positive impact and the central

government in China does not have enough monitoring capacity to force local o-

cials to comply. We study a redevelopment program established by Chinese central

government after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. By adopting a geographic regression

discontinuity combining with a dierence-in-dierences design, we show that

the redevelopment program does not signicantly develop the disaster area. On the

contrary, the evidence implies that the economy in the disaster area is worse after

receiving the aid. The results imply that local ocials do not follow the central government's

regulations and misuse the aid money for other purposes. In the future, we

expect to further investigate through which mechanism do local ocials undermine

the existing institutions.

iii

Nitriding in cathodic cage of stainless steel AISI 316: influence of sample position

R.R.M. de Sousa et al. Nitriding in cathodic cage of stainless steel AISI 316: Influence of sample position. Vacuum, [s.l.], n.83, 2009. Disponivel em: . Acesso em: 04 out.2010.

Nitriding in cathodic cage of stainless steel AISI 316: influence of sample position

R.R.M. de Sousa et al. Nitriding in cathodic cage of stainless steel AISI 316: Influence of sample position. Vacuum, [s.l.], n.83, 2009. Disponivel em: . Acesso em: 04 out.2010.

Cage culture of Nile Tilapia

Nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) a fish introduced into Lake Victoria to boost the fishery industry after the Nile perch lates niloticus fed on the native tilapiine oreochromis esculentus and Oreochromis viabillis to almost extinction has been proposed to be cultured in the Lake Victoria. The fact sheet explains the culture of Nile tilapia in cages in Lake Victoria, Uganda.

Cage & Partch with Luke Fitzpatrick Adapted Viola, Intoning Voice and Violin December 2, 2016

Concert Program

The dehydrogenation reactions between LiH and organic amines for solid state hydrogen storage systems

Hydrogen is considered as an appealing alternative to fossil fuels in the pursuit of sustainable, secure and prosperous growth in the UK and abroad. However there exists a persisting bottleneck in the effective storage of hydrogen for mobile applications in order to facilitate a wide implementation of hydrogen fuel cells in the fossil fuel dependent transportation industry. To address this issue, new means of solid state chemical hydrogen storage are proposed in this thesis. This involves the coupling of LiH with three different organic amines: melamine, urea and dicyandiamide. In principle, thermodynamically favourable hydrogen release from these systems proceeds via the deprotonation of the protic N-H moieties by the hydridic metal hydride. Simultaneously hydrogen kinetics is expected to be enhanced over heavier hydrides by incorporating lithium ions in the proposed binary hydrogen storage systems. Whilst the concept has been successfully demonstrated by the results obtained in this work, it was observed that optimising the ball milling conditions is central in promoting hydrogen desorption in the proposed systems. The theoretical amount of 6.97 wt% by dry mass of hydrogen was released when heating a ball milled mixture of LiH and melamine (6:1 stoichiometry) to 320 °C. It was observed that ball milling introduces a disruption in the intermolecular hydrogen bonding network that exists in pristine melamine. This effect extends to a molecular level electron redistribution observed as a function of shifting IR bands. It was postulated that stable phases form during the first stages of dehydrogenation which contain the triazine skeleton. Dehydrogenation of this system yields a solid product Li2NCN, which has been rehydrogenated back to melamine via hydrolysis under weak acidic conditions. On the other hand, the LiH and urea system (4:1 stoichiometry) desorbed approximately 5.8 wt% of hydrogen, from the theoretical capacity of 8.78 wt% (dry mass), by 270 °C accompanied by undesirable ammonia and trace amount of water release. The thermal dehydrogenation proceeds via the formation of Li(HN(CO)NH2) at 104.5 °C; which then decomposes to LiOCN and unidentified phases containing C-N moieties by 230 °C. The final products are Li2NCN and Li2O (270 °C) with LiCN and Li2CO3 also detected under certain conditions. It was observed that ball milling can effectively supress ammonia formation. Furthermore results obtained from energetic ball milling experiments have indicated that the barrier to full dehydrogenation between LiH and urea is principally kinetic. Finally the dehydrogenation reaction between LiH and dicyandiamide system (4:1 stoichiometry) occurs through two distinct pathways dependent on the ball milling conditions. When ball milled at 450 RPM for 1 h, dehydrogenation proceeds alongside dicyandiamide condensation by 400 °C whilst at a slower milling speed of 400 RPM for 6h, decomposition occurs via a rapid gas desorption (H2 and NH3) at 85 °C accompanied by sample foaming. The reactant dicyandiamide can be generated by hydrolysis using the product Li2NCN.

Impact of salt reduction on biogenic amines, fatty acids, microbiota, texture and sensory profile in traditional blood dry-cured sausages

Meat industry needs to reduce salt in their products due to health issues. The present study evaluated the effect of salt reduction from 6% to 3% in two Portuguese traditional blood dry-cured sausages. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters, biogenic amines, fatty acids and texture profiles and sensory panel evaluations were considered. Differences due to salt reduction were perceptible in a faint decline of water activity, which slightly favoured microbial growth. Total biogenic amines content ranged from 88.86 to 796.68 mg kg 1 fresh matter, with higher amounts, particularly of cadaverine, histamine and tyramine, in low-salt products. Still, histamine and other vasoactive amines remained at low levels, thus not affecting consumers’ health. Regarding fatty acids, no significant differences were observed due to salt. However, texture profile analysis revealed lower resilience and cohesiveness in low-salt products, although no textural changes were observed by the sensory panel. Nevertheless, low-salt sausages were clearly preferred by panellists.

Determination of bioactive amines in tropical wines produced at Brazilian's Northeast.

The wine production in the region of the Sub-middle São Francisco river Valley has started there are few years ago.The region has a climate variability that allows to obtain two or three harvests per year, which influences significantly the composition of the grapes. This work aimed to evaluate the amount of amines present in white and red tropical wines produced in the Northeast of Brazil. The winemaking was done by the traditional method. After stabilizing the wines were bottled and then analyzed for the determination of the amines putrescine, spermidine and spermine, by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The harvests were in June (harvest I) and November (harvest II) 2009. The results showed that the edaphoclimatic conditions of the two harvests had significant influence (p> 0.05) on bioactive amines concentration, with high values for red wines. In addition, tropical wines from Sub-middle São Francisco river Valley showed adequate correlation between bioactive amines as compared to other wines in the world.

Peripheral P2x7 Receptor-induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia Is Mediated By Bradykinin.

P2X7 receptors play an important role in inflammatory hyperalgesia, but the mechanisms involved in their hyperalgesic role are not completely understood. In this study, we hypothesized that P2X7 receptor activation induces mechanical hyperalgesia via the inflammatory mediators bradykinin, sympathomimetic amines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines and via neutrophil migration in rats. We found that 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate triethylammonium salt (BzATP), the most potent P2X7 receptor agonist available, induced a dose-dependent mechanical hyperalgesia that was blocked by the P2X7 receptor-selective antagonist A-438079 but unaffected by the P2X1,3,2/3 receptor antagonist TNP-ATP. These findings confirm that, although BzATP also acts at both P2X1 and P2X3 receptors, BzATP-induced hyperalgesia was mediated only by P2X7 receptor activation. Co-administration of selective antagonists of bradykinin B1 (Des-Arg(8)-Leu(9)-BK (DALBK)) or B2 receptors (bradyzide), β1 (atenolol) or β2 adrenoceptors (ICI 118,551), or local pre-treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or the nonspecific selectin inhibitor fucoidan each significantly reduced BzATP-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat hind paw. BzATP also induced the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), an effect that was significantly reduced by A-438079. Co-administration of DALBK or bradyzide with BzATP significantly reduced BzATP-induced IL-1β and CINC-1 release. These results indicate that peripheral P2X7 receptor activation induces mechanical hyperalgesia via inflammatory mediators, especially bradykinin, which may contribute to pro-inflammatory cytokine release. These pro-inflammatory cytokines in turn may mediate the contributions of PGE2, sympathomimetic amines and neutrophil migration to the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by local P2X7 receptor activation.

Muscle Hyperalgesia Induced By Peripheral P2x3 Receptors Is Modulated By Inflammatory Mediators.

ATP, via activation of P2X3 receptors, has been highlighted as a key target in inflammatory hyperalgesia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm whether the activation of P2X3 receptors in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats induces mechanical muscle hyperalgesia and, if so, to analyze the involvement of the classical inflammatory mediators (bradykinin, prostaglandins, sympathetic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil migration) in this response. Intramuscular administration of the non-selective P2X3 receptor agonist α,β-meATP in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats induced mechanical muscle hyperalgesia, which, in turn, was prevented by the selective P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors antagonist A-317491, the selective bradykinin B1-receptor antagonist Des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK (DALBK), the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the β1- or β2-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol and ICI 118,551, respectively. Also, the nonspecific selectin inhibitor fucoidan. α,β-meATP induced increases in the local concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), which were reduced by bradykinin antagonist. Finally, α,β-meATP also induced neutrophil migration. Together, these findings suggest that α,β-meATP induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats via activation of peripheral P2X3 receptors, which involves bradykinin, prostaglandins, sympathetic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines release and neutrophil migration. It is also indicated that bradykinin is the key modulator of the mechanical muscle hyperalgesia induced by P2X3 receptors. Therefore, we suggest that P2X3 receptors are important targets to control muscle inflammatory pain.