Estudo da incorporação de diferentes tipos de argilas hidrofílicas em dispersões aquosas de poliuretanos para formação de nanocompósitos

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados nanocompósitos à base de poliuretanos em dispersão aquosa (NWPUs) e argilas hidrofílicas do tipo montimorilonita (MMT) de natureza sódica e cálcica. Os monômeros empregados na síntese foram: poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG); copolímero em bloco à base de poli(glicol etilênico) e poli(glicol propilênico) (EG-b-PG), com teor de 7% de EG; ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA) e diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI). Os NWPUs tiveram as argilas, previamente deslaminadas em água e incorporadas à formulação no momento da dispersão do prepolímero. Dispersões aquosas (WPUs), sem a presença de argila, foram sintetizadas como base, nas quais foram variadas a razão NCO/OH e a proporção de copolímero em relação ao PPG. Nas formulações NWPUs, foram variados também o teor de argila em relação à massa de prepolímero e o tipo de argila sódica e cálcica. As dispersões foram avaliadas, quanto ao teor de sólidos totais, tamanho médio de partícula e viscosidade. Os filmes vazados a partir das dispersões foram caracterizados por espectrometria na região do infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios-x (XRD) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). A resistência térmica dos filmes foi determinada por termogravimetria (TG) e a resistência mecânica dos filmes foi avaliada por ensaios mecânicos em dinamômetro. O grau de absorção de água dos filmes também foi determinado. A formação de nanocompósitos à base de água foi confirmada pela ausência do pico de XRD, característico das argilas empregadas na maioria dos filmes analisados. As micrografias obtidas por SEM confirmam uma dispersão homogênea das argilas na matriz poliuretânica. Os filmes à base de nanocompósitos (NWPUs) apresentaram propriedades superiores às apresentadas por aqueles obtidos a partir das dispersões sem argilas (WPUs). Os revestimentos formados a partir da aplicação das dispersões aderiram à maioria dos substratos testados (metal, vidro, madeira e papel) formando superfícies homogêneas

Effect of La3+ on microwave dielectric properties of (Pb0.45Ca0.55) (Fe0.5Nb0.5)O-3 ceramics

In this work, microwave dielectric properties of A-site substitution by La3+ in (Pb0.45Ca0.55) (Fe0.5Nb0.5) 03 system were investigated. Microwave dielectric properties of A-site charge unbalance substitution of [(Pb0.45Ca0.55)(1-x) La-x] (Fe0.5Nb0.5)O-3(+) (P45CLFN) were improved because the solid solution of small amount of surplus La3+ with (Pb, Ca)(2+) could eliminate oxygen vacancies, and the formation of secondary phase (pyrochlore) was also caused by surplus La3+. The decreasing of dielectric constant with the increase of La3+ content is due to the formation of pyrochlore. The grain size is changed slightly and Q(f) values (7000 similar to 7300 GHz) are almost unchanged at x = 0.02 similar to 0.10, but the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF) are increased and changed from negative to positive. TCF is zero at x 0.075 with Q(f) = 7267 GHz and K = 89. TCF of all specimens are within +/- 5 x 10(-6)degrees C-1.

CGP37157, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, protects neurons from excitotoxicity by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Inhibition of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) by CGP37157 is protective in models of neuronal injury that involve disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the Ca2+ signaling pathways and stores underlying neuroprotection by that inhibitor are not well defined. In the present study, we analyzed how intracellular Ca2+ levels are modulated by CGP37157 (10 mu M) during NMDA insults in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. We initially assessed the presence of NCLX in mitochondria of cultured neurons by immunolabeling, and subsequently, we analyzed the effects of CGP37157 on neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis using cameleon-based mitochondrial Ca2+ and cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i)) live imaging. We observed that NCLX-driven mitochondrial Ca2+ exchange occurs in cortical neurons under basal conditions as CGP37157 induced a decrease in [Ca-2](i) concomitant with a Ca2+ accumulation inside the mitochondria. In turn, CGP37157 also inhibited mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux after the stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. In contrast, CGP37157 strongly prevented depolarization-induced [Ca2+](i) increase by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), whereas it did not induce depletion of ER Ca2+ stores. Moreover, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload was reduced as a consequence of diminished Ca2+ entry through VGCCs. The decrease in cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload by CGP37157 resulted in a reduction of excitotoxic mitochondrial damage, characterized here by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxidative stress and calpain activation. In summary, our results provide evidence that during excitotoxicity CGP37157 modulates cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics that leads to attenuation of NMDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death by blocking VGCCs.

Proveniência sedimentar do grupo São Fidélis, terreno oriental da Faixa Ribeira com base em dados U-Pb

O Domínio Costeiro integra o Terreno Oriental, no segmento central da Faixa Ribeira e abriga rochas ortoderivadas com afinidade de arcos magmáticos (Complexo Rio Negro, ca. 790-605 Ma). Os ortognaisses deste complexo possuem clara assinatura para ambientes de zonas de subducção, encaixados em rochas metassedimentares de alto grau, integrantes do Grupo São Fidélis. O conjunto acima descrito é ainda intrudido por várias de rochas granitóides sin a tardi- colisionais, relacionadas às várias etapas de desenvolvimento da Orogenia Brasiliana neste setor do orógeno (ca. 605-480 Ma). Idades U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) em zircões detríticos de rochas quartzíticas do Grupo São Fidélis indicam um amplo espectro com modas significativas no Mesoproterozóico e Paleoproterozoico, além de zircões do Neoproterozóico e do Arqueano. Sinteticamente os resultados obtidos foram: a) Idades concordantes Arqueanas com ca. 2,85, 2,84 e 2,70 Ga; b) zircões Paleoproterozóicos (ca. 2,3 a 1,7 Ga), com máxima concentração em torno de ca. 2,2 Ga, representando a segunda maior moda; c) Idades Mesoproterozóicas (ca. 1,3 -1,1 Ga) com idades de espectro dominantes, com moda em ca. 1,5 Ga; d) Zircões Neoproterozóicos com idades de ca. 0,95-90 Ga e 0,86-0,61 Ga. Em vários grãos detríticos observou-se sobrecrescimento metamórfico em ca. 602-570 Ma. Dados U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) obtidos para zircões para Ortognaisse Rio Grande e o Biotita Ortognaisse, intrudidos na unidade basal do Grupo São Fidélis, apresentam idades em ca. 620 Ma e são equivalentes ao período pré-colisional de geração de rochas do arco magmático Rio Negro. Combinando estas idades com os núcleos de zircões detríticos mais jovens, com assinatura do Arco Rio Negro em ca. 613 Ma, pode-se definir o intervalo máximo de sedimentação da unidade superior do Grupo São Fidélis no Neoproterozóico. Cristais de monazitas selecionadas para análise U-Pb (ID-TIMS) apresentam relações com os principais episódios tectono-metamórficos da Faixa Ribeira. Dois cristais de uma amostra quartzítica e dois do ortognaisse Rio Grande alinham-se em uma discórdia que gerou idade de 603 Ma, referente ao metamorfismo progressivo descrito na literatura, durante a Orogenia Brasiliana. Enquanto a idade concordante obtida em 535 Ma, adquirida em uma amostra quartzítica, é correspontente ao último metamorfismo colisional da Faixa Ribeira.

Fish movement patterns in Virgin Islands National Park, Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument and adjacent waters

NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS)-Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s (CCMA) Biogeography Branch, National Park Service (NPS), US Geological Survey, and the University of Hawaii used acoustic telemetry to quantify spatial patterns and habitat affinities of reef fishes around the island of St. John, US Virgin Islands. The objective of the study was to define the movements of reef fishes among habitats within and between the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICRNM), the Virgin Islands National Park (VIIS), and Territorial waters surrounding St. John. In order to better understand species’ habitat utilization patterns among management regimes, we deployed an array of hydroacoustic receivers and acoustically tagged reef fishes. Thirty six receivers were deployed in shallow near-shore bays and across the shelf to depths of approximately 30 m. One hundred eighty four individual fishes were tagged representing 19 species from 10 different families with VEMCO V9-2L-R64K transmitters. The array provides fish movement information at fine (e.g., day-night and 100s meters within a bay) to broad spatial and temporal scales (multiple years and 1000s meters across the shelf). The long term multi-year tracking project provides direct evidence of connectivity across habitat types in the seascape and among management units. An important finding for management was that a number of individuals moved among management units (VICRNM, VINP, Territorial waters) and several snapper moved from near-shore protected areas to offshore shelf-edge spawning aggregations. However, most individuals spent the majority of their time with VIIS and VICRNM, with only a few wide-ranging species moving outside the management units. Five species of snappers (Lutjanidae) accounted for 31% of all individuals tagged, followed by three species of grunts (Haemulidae) accounting for an additional 23% of the total. No other family had more than a single species represented in the study. Bluestripe grunt (Haemulon sciurus) comprised 22% of all individuals tagged, followed by lane snappers (Lutjanus synagris) at 21%, bar jack (Carangoides ruber) at 11%, and saucereye porgy (Calamus calamus) at 10%. The largest individual tagged was a 70 cm TL nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), followed by a 65 cm mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis), a 47 cm bar jack, and a 41 cm dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu). The smallest individuals tagged were a 19 cm blue tang (Acanthurus coeruleus) and a 19.2 cm doctorfish (Acanthurus chirurgus). Of the 40 bluestriped grunt acoustically tagged, 73% were detected on the receiver array. The average days at large (DAL) was 249 (just over 8 months), with one individual detected for 930 days (over two and a half years). Lane snapper were the next most abundant species tagged (N = 38) with 89% detected on the array. The average days at large (DAL) was 221 with one individual detected for 351 days. Seventy-one percent of the bar jacks (N = 21) were detected on the array with the average DALs at 47 days. All of the mutton snapper (N = 12) were detected on the array with an average DAL of 273 and the longest at 784. The average maximum distance travelled (MDT) was ca. 2 km with large variations among species. Grunts, snappers, jacks, and porgies showed the greatest movements. Among all individuals across species, there was a positive and significant correlation between size of individuals and MDT and between DAL and MDT.

青蒿的遗传转化及青蒿素生物合成的调控

利用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)1601，1000，1500，15834，A4，均成功地转化了中药青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)并且建立了pRi1601，pRi15834，pRiA4诱导的发根培养。pRi1601，pRi15834的发根诱导率比其它质粒高。太老或太幼的叶片不利子发根的诱导;发根主要从叶脉的伤口处萌发;带顶芽或带侧芽的叶片容易诱导根，但不一定是发根。光照有利于发根的诱导和发根的生长。以每个发根的“绝对生长速率”(Gtowth Ratio，GR)和绝对“侧根”数量(Number of Side Roots，NSR），通过大量的发根系的筛选，建立了8个发根系，1601-L-1, 1601-L-2, 1601-L-3, 1601-L-4, 15834-L-1, 1601-P-I, 16 01-P-2，15834-L-2。Southern分子检测表明，160l-1-1，1801-L-2, 1601-L-3，1601-L-4，1601-P-1，1601-P-2均为转化子。8个建立的发根系之间无论生长或者QHS的合成存在明显的差异。比较光／暗(16/8hrs)，25℃条件下培养的16 01-L-1，1601-L-2，1601-L-3，1601-L-4，1601-P-l，和1601-P-2，其中16 01-L-3的生长最快，160l-L-1的生长最慢;但是，1601-L-1的QHS的含量最高（可达1. 048%），1601-1-3的QHS的含量最低。160Z-L-3，15834 -L-1和2583:1-L-2的生长速率相差不大。用盛有l000mLMS液体培养基的3000mL的锥形瓶扩大培养1601-L -3，15834-L-1和15834-L-2，转速为ll0rlpm，培养过程中发根容易形成发根球（Hairy Root Balis，HRB），HRB的形成严重影响发根的生长和QHs的合成，HpLC分析表明扩大培养发根中QHS的含量比较低。 改变MS基本培养基中的无机离子的浓度，研究不同无机离子对发根生长和QHS的合成的影响。 l、KN03为18.79×10-3M时有利于1601- L-1生长，为14. 84×10-3M时有利于QHS的合成。NH-4N0-3浓度在10.93-12. 49×10—3M范围内有利于1601-L-1生长，在0-20.62×10-3M范围内对QHS的合成影响不大，大于20. 62×lO-3M不利QHS的合成。培养基中NH-4+／N0-3-比值为0. 37-0. 4-0.52:1时有利于发根的生长，比值为0.52 - 0.58:1时有利于QHS的合成。 2、H-2P0-4-浓度为2.498×10-3M时有利于发根的生长在0-2. 498×l0-3M范围内，随着浓度的提高，促进发根的生长。培养基中的H2P4 -的浓度在0-1.249×lO-3M的范围内，随着浓度的提高，促进QHS的合成，为1.249×10-3M时QHS的含量最高。 3、培养基中最适16 01-L-1生长的Ca-2+浓度为0.198- 0.766×10-3M，大于或小于该浓度范围，显著地抑制发根的生长。但是，在0-3.695×10-3M范围内，随着培养基中Ca-2+浓度提高，促进QHS的合成，最适Ca-2+浓度为3.695×l0-3M。 4、培养基中不加Mg-2+时，完全抑制发根生长，在0. 142×10-3M-7.506×l0-3M浓度范围内，对发根生长影响没有明显的差别。但是，HPLC和UV分析发根中QHS含量，培养基中不加Mg-2+时，发根中QHS含量最高。 5、培养基中的Fe-2+浓度在0. 25 -1．0×10-3M范围内，同时有利于16 01- L-1的生长和QHS的形成。 6、培养基中最适合予16 01- L-3生长的KI浓度为2.5ppm，大于或小予该浓度均显著地抑制发根的生长，培养基中加入KI明显地降低发根中的QHS的含量。 7、H2BO3对l601-L-l生长影响不大，HPLC分析QHS的含量，培养基中的H3BO3浓度为100ppm和400ppm，QHS的含量分别为1.69mg/g和1.80mg/g(DW)。 8、Cu-2+对1601-L-3的生长影响显著，最适合1601-L-3生长的Cu-2+浓度为1.00ppm，在0 -1.00ppm的浓度范围内，随着培养基中的Cu+浓度的提高，发根的生物量不断增加。培养基中QHS合成的最适Cu2+浓度为0.05ppm，大于或小于该浓度均显著地抑制发根中QHS的合成。 比较光培养和暗培养对发根生长的影响，结果表明光照明显地促进1601-L-l的生长，暗培养明显不利于发根的生长。最适合于发根生长的温度为25℃，大于35℃显著地抑制发根的生长，影响发根的根尖细胞的正常分裂。 改变培养基中的蔗糖浓度和在发根培养的不同时期给培养基中添加蔗糖，试验结果表明蔗糖作为碳源对1601-L-3和1601-L-1的生长具有显著的影响。 (1)培养基中缺少蔗糖显著地抑制发根的生长。 (2)发根培养的前5天时间内，蔗糖浓度为30- 60glL昀培养基最有利于发根的生长，50glL的培养基中的发根生长最快，培养基中的蔗糖浓度大于60g/L小于30g／L时，发根的生物量增加较少。 (3)发根培养至第15天时，蔗糖浓度为60g/L的培养基最有利予发根的生物量的增加。发根培养至30天时，蔗糖浓度为60-90g/L的培养基，发根的生物量的增加相差不大，但是为蔗糖浓度为30-40g/L的培养基中的发根生物量一倍。 (4)发根培养过程中，分别于第5和15天给蔗糖浓度为30g/L的培养基中添加一次或二次蔗糖，使培养基中的蔗糖终浓度相当于60g/L或90g/L，培养至30天时，添加蔗糖的培养基中的发根的干重生物量相当于不添加蔗糖培养基中的发根生物量一倍，相当于初始蔗糖浓度为60g/L和90g/L培养基中发根的生物量。 (5)随着培养基中蔗糖浓度的提高，发根干重/鲜重比显著增加。培养基中的蔗糖的消耗量与发根生物量的增加呈正相关，蔗糖消耗越多，发根生物量的增加越大。 比较pH值对发根生长和QHS合成的影响表明，灭菌前pH值在5.O-6.5范围内的培养基适合予1601-L-1的生长，小于5.O不利于发根的生长，pH5.8有利于1601-1-1生长和QHS的生物合成。发根收获时培养基中的pH值一般为4.5-5.2. pH7.O抑制发根的生长，pHl0.O对发根具有强烈的致死作用。发根在培养过程中，对培养基中的pH值具有显著的调节作用，发根能在很短的时间内(24- 48hrs)使pl:l值为5.8、6.4、7.0培养基降低到pH4. 5-5.2，pH为5.8的培养基有利于QHS合成。 比较不同基本培养基对发根生长和QHS合成的影响，试验结果表明N6、DCR、Litvay培养基有利于1601-L-1的生长，WS、White、B5培养基不利于发根的生长。DCR培养基中的QHS含量最高。 根据三水平试验选用三水平正交表来安排试验的原则，选用三水平正交表L7(3-)，研究多因子效应对发根生长和QHS合成的影响，试验结果表明，Mg2+，Fe2+，Mn-2+，NH4NO3，KN03 ,KI,Ca-2+为发根生长的主要因子，NH4N03，KNOs，Mg2+，Ca2+，肌醇为QHS合成的主要因子。 通过TLC分析发根中QHS和其它化学成分，同时比较发根和无菌苗及野生植株的化学成分，发根和无菌苗均能合成包括QHS在内的野生青蒿叶片中的大部分非挥发性的化台 物。 研究青蒿植株在发育过程中QHS的含量的变化以及发根、无菌苗和野生青蒿中QHS的合成，HP分析结果表明，l、不同的单株青蒿之间的QHS量相差很大。2、同一植株幼 叶的QHS含量比老叶的QHS含量高。3、不同单株青蒿之间达到最高QHS含量的时间不一样，开花期或开花之前。4、无菌苗（带根）或者不带根丛生芽均能合成QHS，但是带根的无菌蕾的QHS量比丛生芽中的QIS的含量高。5、不同发根农杆菌转化的发根系1601-L-1和15834-L-1都能合成ＱＨＳ。

冬枣果实对不同贮藏条件的生理反应及耐贮性研究

本文以我国特有的冬枣果实为试材，系统地研究了冬枣果实在室温、低温和不同O2和CO2浓度气调贮藏条件下的生理特性、风味品质和贮藏性，提出了适合于冬枣果实生理特性的气调指标和贮藏时间;分析了冬枣在不同贮藏条件下果实硬度、颜色、叶绿素和花青素、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc、乙醇和乙酸乙酯等物质成分的含量变化及与果实风味品质的关系;同时也分析了多酚氧化酶（PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）和脂氧合酶（LOX）的活性变化情况以及丙二醛（MDA）含量和膜透性的变化情况，揭示了它们与冬枣果实转红、酒化、褐变、软化、衰老、及耐贮性的关系。对冬枣果实在气调贮藏中的生理反应和品质变化的研究，为形成冬枣果实采后商业化贮藏的系列配套技术提供了理论依据。试验结果表明： 1、冬枣果实在不同贮藏环境下品质的变化：随着贮藏时间的延长，冬枣果实Vc含量呈明显下降的趋势，CA处理能有效地抑制果实Vc含量的下降;不同贮藏条件对冬枣果实SSC影响不大;冬枣果实花青素的含量随贮藏时间逐渐下降，高O2浓度（70%）动态气调与其它处理相比，能更有效保持冬枣果实果皮的颜色及花青素和叶绿素的含量，以及果实的亮度、颜色饱和度和色度;同时，还能降低贮藏前期冬枣果实乙醇释放量。 2、冬枣果实在不同贮藏环境下生理的变化：（1） PG 酶是影响冬枣果实软化的主要因素，冬枣果实中存在内切和外切两种PG 酶，在冬枣果实的成熟过程中，Exo-PG和Endo-PG迅速积累，并呈现较高的活性，多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性与冬枣果实的软化密切相关。CA贮藏与普通冷藏相比，可有效地抑制冬枣果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的活性和延缓果实软化，其中以5% O2的CA贮藏的效果最好。（2）膜质过氧化是造成冬枣果实褐变的主要因素，在室温下冬枣果实细胞膜透性随贮藏时间逐渐上升，CA贮藏在贮藏前中期可有效控制MDA含量的上升和果实褐变的发生，有利于降低膜脂过氧化程度，保护细胞膜结构并延缓果实衰老。冬枣果实褐变与PPO活性关系不大，但与膜透性及膜质过氧化作用的产物—丙二醛（MAD）含量变化显著相关。（3）冬枣果实采收时的SOD活性很低，在25 C下，果实SOD活性急剧上升，低温贮藏条件下，果实SOD活性出现两次高峰，第一次高峰为果实后熟的标志，第二次高峰标志着果实的衰老。（4）在不同贮藏条件下，冬枣果实PAL活性均随贮藏期的延长而呈现下降趋势。 3、影响冬枣果实贮藏性的生理因素：冬枣果实的衰老与活性氧代谢失调和防御体系活力下降有关，随着果实衰老的出现，果实的POD、CAT等保护酶活性均呈现明显下降的趋势。气调贮藏在前期能显著提高冬枣果实POD的活性，而在后期又显著抑制了POD活性的上升，说明POD在果实贮藏初期表现为保护效应，而在后期则表现为伤害效应。 4、冬枣果实适宜的贮藏条件：与普通冷藏相比，气调贮藏（CA）能明显地延缓果实衰老，减少腐烂和褐变，保持风味品质和延长贮藏时间。其中以较高O2浓度的（10% O2 + 0% CO2）气调贮藏效果最好。气调贮藏与杀菌剂配合有利于延长冬枣的贮藏期，0.1%的施保克和0.1%戴挫霉处理能有效控制冬枣果实贮藏期间的腐烂，延长贮藏时间，施保克的防腐效果好于戴挫霉。 5、拮抗菌和病原菌处理对冬枣果实抗性相关酶的诱导：接种拮抗菌+病原菌或只接种病原菌能诱导冬枣果实蛋白含量的显著升高，说明拮抗菌和病原菌处理诱导了果实病原相关蛋白的积累。在常温条件下，拮抗菌和病原菌处理抑制了冬枣果实的CAT酶活性，诱导了SOD和POD活性的上升。同时果实的蛋白含量也显著升高。在低温条件下，CAT和SOD活性受抑制，POD、PPO和 PAL活性被诱导并显著高于正常果实。这说明拮抗菌处理的冬枣果实可能通过加强氧化酶活性的方式来达到抗病的效果。拮抗菌和病原菌处理后，该部分组织的氧化酶活性加强，它们可以分解毒素，促进伤口愈合，抑制病原菌水解酶活性，从而抵抗病害的扩展。PAL是催化莽草酸途径的关键酶，可合成酚、植保素和木质素，而这些物质均与植物抗性有关。

蛇毒C-型凝集素研究进展

蛇毒中含有丰富的非酶活性C-型凝集素蛋白, 根据其结构及功能的差异, 该类蛋白可分为Ca~(2+) 依赖的有糖基识别活性的C-型真凝集素及无糖基识别活性的C-型凝集素样蛋白. C-型真凝集素的结构相似度高, 而功能却较为单一, 具有特异性糖结合活性; C-型凝集素样蛋白的结构变异度大, 活性亦具有多样性. 后者能通过特异性的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用而作用于血液凝固系统及血小板, 从而发挥抗凝或促凝的生理功能。

Aniracetam restores the effects of amyloid-beta protein or ageing on membrane fluidity and intracellular calcium concentration in mice synaptosomes

In the present study, we observed the in vitro effect of aniracetam on membrane fluidity and free calcium concentrations (Ca(2+)i) of frontal cortical (FC) and hippocampal (HP) synaptosomes of aged mice and young mice treated with amyloid-beta protein (A

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽的研究概况

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)及其受体存在于许多动物的下丘脑和垂体中,而且在肾上腺、睾丸、卵巢、肝脏、肾脏、胰腺、松果腺、心脏、脊椎、神经节、呼吸系统和消化系统等组织或系统中也存在,其中肾上腺含量最高。在这些组织或系统中,通过Ca~(2+)、Na~(+)、腺苷酸环化酶或磷酸肌醇等作用通路,PACAP发挥神经递质/调质、或神经营养因子等生物学功能。

Is titin a 'winding filament'? A new twist on muscle contraction.

Recent studies have demonstrated a role for the elastic protein titin in active muscle, but the mechanisms by which titin plays this role remain to be elucidated. In active muscle, Ca(2+)-binding has been shown to increase titin stiffness, but the observed increase is too small to explain the increased stiffness of parallel elastic elements upon muscle activation. We propose a 'winding filament' mechanism for titin's role in active muscle. First, we hypothesize that Ca(2+)-dependent binding of titin's N2A region to thin filaments increases titin stiffness by preventing low-force straightening of proximal immunoglobulin domains that occurs during passive stretch. This mechanism explains the difference in length dependence of force between skeletal myofibrils and cardiac myocytes. Second, we hypothesize that cross-bridges serve not only as motors that pull thin filaments towards the M-line, but also as rotors that wind titin on the thin filaments, storing elastic potential energy in PEVK during force development and active stretch. Energy stored during force development can be recovered during active shortening. The winding filament hypothesis accounts for force enhancement during stretch and force depression during shortening, and provides testable predictions that will encourage new directions for research on mechanisms of muscle contraction.

固氮鱼腥藻的蛋白水解酶及其部分性质的研究

应用溶菌酶处理,超声破碎细胞,通过差异离心和解离剂处理,将细胞的不同部分分开。以水解α-酪蛋白反应检测蛋白水解酶活性,结果表明,在细胞的可溶部分、内细胞质膜、外膜及胞浆周围区均存在蛋白水解酶活性。异形胞可溶部分的蛋白酶活比营养细胞可溶的蛋白酶活高4—5倍。在固氮条件下,营养细胞可溶性蛋白酶反应最适温度为50—55℃,65℃时,酶活迅速下降。有Ca~(2+)5mmol/l时,蛋白酶在60℃稳定,无Ca~(2+)存在下,酶液在60℃预处理10分钟,酶活性丧失80%以上。酶反应的最适pH为8—10。而且氮饥饿之

放射性同位素污染水的净化及对净化机制的探讨

当放射性物质污染水的比放射性在1×10~(-4)居里/升时,芝麻杆灰、玉米杆灰、红薯藤灰等及土类作净化剂时的二级净化率都在95.2—99.8%之间。用光谱定性方法分析芝麻杆灰和麦杆灰的水浸液得知,其中含有Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Si~(3+),Al~(3+)及CO_3~(2-),SO_4~(2-),PO_4~(3-),Cl~-等离子。试验表明,CO_3~(2-),Cl~-等离子的存在有助于提高对放射性~(90)锶的净化效率,Ca~(2+)、PO_4~(3-)等离子的存在则使芝麻杆灰对~(90)锶的

Dipole assisted photogated switch in spiropyran grafted polyaniline nanowires

In this work we show dipole-assisted photogated switching by covalent grafting of photoactive molecules to conducting polymers. Photochromic spiropyran molecules were covalently attached to polyaniline (PANI) nanowires via N-alkylation reaction to the quinoic part of PANI. Upon irradiation with ultraviolet light spiropyran transformed to a large dipole containing molecule, merocyanine form. We show that this transformation leads to a substantial (ca. 2 orders of magnitude) increase in conductance of the photochromic PANI nanowires, which were evident by an increase in field-effect mobility and calculated band gap narrowing of the system. Finally, this transformation was found to be fully reversible with no significant photofatigue. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

生物小分子体系稀土和钙化学形态研究

随着稀土的广泛开发和利用，稀土日益进入环境，并且相继发现稀土具有多种生物效应。稀土与生物小分子配体多元体系中稀土化学形态的研究正是考察稀土在人体内的分布、代谢和生物效应的关键，对阐明稀土对环境和人体健康的影响及作用机理具有十分重要的意义。本论文进行了如下几方面的研究，并取得了创新性结果。1 稀土与生物小分子三元体系研究 在模拟生理条件下研究了Pr~(3+)、Gd~(3+)、Tb~(3+)、Yb~(3+)四种稀土离子和Ca~(2+)、Zn~(2+)两种生物金属离子分别与以天冬氨酸或柠檬酸为第一配体、分别以水扬酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸、异亮氨酸和苏氨酸为第二配体的三元溶液体系。经计算机程度优化得到体系中所生成的物种类型并计算得到各物种的稳定常数。在所研究的十个体系中，只是在金属离子-天冬氨酸-精氨酸、金属离子—柠檬酸-水杨酸和金属离子-柠檬酸-精氨酸三个体系中生成了两种三元配合物(1111型和1112型或1113型)，其它体系只生成了一种1112型三元配合物。重稀土配合物的稳定常数比轻稀土配合物的大。稀土配合物的稳定性明显强于钙配合物，接近或大于锌配合物的稳定常数，这表明稀土对钙有强竞争配位作用，对锌也有强竞争取代作用。以上稀土与生物小分子三元体系的研究取得了重要新结果。这些结果为考察稀土在体内的代谢、生物效应以及研究稀土对生物金属离子的拮抗、协同效应提供了重要科学依据。同时该研究也是多元体系数学模型法研究的基础。2. 金属离子生物小分子多元体系的数学模型法研究（1）对稀土与钙共存于两种生物配体（柠檬酸和精氨酸、天冬氨酸和精氨酸、柠檬酸和丝氨酸、柠檬酸和异亮氨酸、天冬氨酸和苏氨酸）的五个四元体系，经COMICS程序，利用已有二、三元配合物的稳定常数进行了计算。得到了稀土和钙的各物种随pH值变化的分布图。与三元体系相比，自由金属离子和二元配合物的含量显著增加。这表明稀土和钙之间存在着明显的竞争作用。（2）用数学模型法模拟研究了金属离子与血液中羧肽酶A的活性中心的作用。确定了Zn(II)和Tb(111)与该酶活性中心各残基的结合随pH的变化情况。当血液中稀Tb(III)的浓度较小时（与Zn(II)的浓度相近），Tb(III)对该酶活性中心的Zn(II)几乎没有影响；当Tb(III)达到较高浓度时，则能够与Zn(II)竞争活性中心各残基，从而可能影响该酶的结构和活性。（3）用数学模型法研究了人体血浆中生物小分子体系（二十种配体共存）Tb(III)和Ca(11)的分布情况及Tb(III)的存在对Ca(11)化学形态的影响。结果表明大部分铽与生物小分子配体形成多种形式的配合物，三元配合物占绝对优势。钙与铽明显不同，相当一部分的钙以自由离子形式存在，同时三元配合物也是钙的主要物种形式。模拟研究还表明当铽离子的浓度达到1E-4mol/L时，铽的存在会明显影响钙离子的物种形式及分布。以上多元体系的数学模型法研究所得创新性结果对考察稀土的分布、代谢及其生物效应和阐明稀土对钙的竞争取代作用都具有十分的重要意义。并且也进一步丰富和发展了稀土的生物无机化学。