The Oxidative State of Chylomicron Remnants Influences Their Modulation of Human Monocyte Activation

8 p.

Modulação da ativação de monócitos por lipoxinas

Lipoxinas (LXs) são metabólitos do ácido araquidônico com reconhecidas atividades antiinflamatórias e pró-resolução. Apesar do grande número de trabalhos publicados descrevendo o papel das LXs e seus análogos em leucócitos e outros tipos celulares envolvidos em doenças inflamatórias, pouco é sabido a respeito dos mecanismos de ação que desencadeiam estas respostas. Neste trabalho investigamos o papel do 15-epi-16-(para-flúor)-fenoxi-lipoxina A4 (ATL-1), um análogo sintético da 15-epi-lipoxina A4, sobre diversos processos de ativação de monócitos. Caracterizamos, pela primeira vez, o receptor da lipoxina A4 (ALX) na linhagem monocítica U937, através da avaliação de sua expressão gênica e protéica e de sua funcionalidade analisando a ativação de ERK-2, o que torna esta célula uma ferramenta apta para estudo dos mecanismos de ação das LXs e seus análogos sobre os monócitos. Além disso, demonstramos que o ATL-1 aumenta a expressão da enzima heme oxigenase (HO) -1 em células U937 via ativação da p38 MAP quinase (MAPK) e diminui a secreção da Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), uma quimiocina envolvida com o recrutamento de monócitos para o foco inflamatório, em células U937 estimuladas com LPS. A inibição da secreção de MCP-1 foi revertida pela utilização do SB203580, sugerindo que este efeito é dependente da ativação da via p38 MAPK. O presente estudo elucida alguns dos mecanismos envolvidos na ativação de monócitos pelas lipoxinas que podem levar a novas abordagens para o controle de diversas doenças nas quais o componente inflamatório é importante

Inflammatory Markers and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obese Children: The NANOS Study

Introduction. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) are common coexisting conditions associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state underlying some of the cognitive, metabolic, and cardiovascular morbidities. Aim. To examine the levels of inflammatory markers in obese community-dwelling children with OSA, as compared to no-OSA, and their association with clinical and polysomnographic (PSG) variables. Methods. In this cross-sectional, prospective multicenter study, healthy obese Spanish children (ages 4-15 years) were randomly selected and underwent nocturnal PSG followed by a morning fasting blood draw. Plasma samples were assayed for multiple inflammatory markers. Results. 204 children were enrolled in the study; 75 had OSA, defined by an obstructive respiratory disturbance index (RDI) of 3 events/hour total sleep time (TST). BMI, gender, and age were similar in OSA and no-OSA children. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly higher in OSA children, with interleukin-6 concentrations being higher in moderate-severe OSA (i.e., AHI > 5/hrTST; P < 0.01), while MCP-1 levels were associated with more prolonged nocturnal hypercapnia (P < 0.001). Conclusion. IL-6, MCP-1, and PAI-1 are altered in the context of OSA among community-based obese children further reinforcing the proinflammatory effects of sleep disorders such as OSA. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01322763.

Dietas hiperlipídicas alteram citocinas inflamatórias, adipocinas, tecido adiposo e fígado em camundongos

As dietas ricas em lipídios saturados provocam efeitos deletérios no metabolismo de glicose, secreção de adipocinas e inflamação, entretanto, outros tipos de lipídios podem modular de forma diferenciada tais efeitos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas no metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídios, no tecido adiposo e no fígado. Camundongos machos C57BL/6 foram divididos em 5 grupos (n=10/grupo): animais que receberam dieta controle (standart chow, SC, 10% de lipídios, grupo controle) e animais que receberam diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas (High-fat, HF, 60% de lipídios): à base de banha de porco (lard, grupo HF-L), à base de óleo de oliva (olive oil, grupo HF-O), à base de óleo de girassol (sunflower oil, grupo HF-S) e à base de óleo de canola (canola oil, grupo HF-Ca).Os animais foram alimentados com as dietas experimentas por 10 semanas. Diariamente a ingestão alimentar era verificada e semanalmente a massa corporal foi aferida. A glicose de jejum e o teste intraperitoneal de tolerância a insulina (TITI) foram realizados uma semana antes da eutanásia. No dia da eutanásia o sangue foi coletado, o tecido adiposo e o fígado dissecados e pesados. A insulina, leptina, adiponectina, resistina, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFα), interleucina-6 (IL-6), proteína quimiotática de monócitos-1 (MCP-1) e inibidor do ativador de plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1) foram dosadas por ELISA. Com os dados de insulina e glicose foi calculado o índice HOMA-IR. Os animais dos grupos HF-L e HF-O apresentaram os maiores valores de insulina, resistina, leptina e HOMA-IR em comparação aos outros grupos (P < 0,0001). No grupo HF-L, os níveis de IL-6 foram maiores quando comparados com os demais grupos (P < 0,0005), enquanto os valores de adiponectina foram os menores (P < 0,0001). A quantidade de gordura subcutânea e visceral foi maior no grupo HF-L e este grupo apresentou também um aumento no diâmetro dos adipócitos. Entretanto a relação:visceral:subcutânea foi maior nos grupos HF-L e HF-O quando comparado com os demais grupos. Além disso, houve aumento de triglicérides hepáticos e de esteatose hepática nos animais dos grupos HF-L e HF-O. Nossos achados nos permitem concluir que animais que são alimentados com dietas hiperlipídica, a distribuição do tecido adiposo, o metabolismo de carboidratos, acumulo de triglicérides hepáticos e esteatose hepática são mais influenciados pelo tipo de lipídios do que pela quantidade.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor mitigates inflammation and oxidative stress in retinal pericytes exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein

Oxidized and/or glycated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) may mediate capillary injury in diabetic retinopathy. The mechanisms may involve pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects on retinal capillary pericytes. In this study, these effects, and the protective effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), were defined in a primary human pericyte model. Human retinal pericytes were exposed to 100 microg/ml native LDL (N-LDL) or heavily oxidized glycated LDL (HOG-LDL) with or without PEDF at 10-160 nM for 24 h. To assess pro-inflammatory effects, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion was measured by ELISA, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation was detected by immunocytochemistry. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) formation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and nitric oxide (NO) production. The results showed that MCP-1 was significantly increased by HOG-LDL, and the effect was attenuated by PEDF in a dose-dependent manner. PEDF also attenuated the HOG-LDL-induced NF-kappaB activation, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of PEDF on MCP-1 was at least partially through the blockade of NF-kappaB activation. Further studies demonstrated that HOG-LDL, but not N-LDL, significantly increased ONOO(-) formation, NO production, and iNOS expression. These changes were also alleviated by PEDF. Moreover, PEDF significantly ameliorated HOG-LDL-induced ROS generation through up-regulation of superoxide dismutase 1 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects of HOG-LDL on retinal pericytes, which were effectively ameliorated by PEDF. Suppressing MCP-1 production and thus inhibiting macrophage recruitment may represent a new mechanism for the salutary effect of PEDF in diabetic retinopathy and warrants more studies in future.

The importance of the Hedgehog signaling pathway at the level of the blood-brain barrier

La barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) protège le système nerveux central (SNC) en contrôlant le passage des substances sanguines et des cellules immunitaires. La BHE est formée de cellules endothéliales liées ensemble par des jonctions serrées et ses fonctions sont maintenues par des astrocytes, celles ci sécrétant un nombre de facteurs essentiels. Une analyse protéomique de radeaux lipidiques de cellules endothéliales de la BHE humaine a identifié la présence de la voie de signalisation Hedgehog (Hh), une voie souvent liées à des processus de développement embryologique ainsi qu’au niveau des tissus adultes. Suite à nos expériences, j’ai déterminé que les astrocytes produisent et secrètent le ligand Sonic Hh (Shh) et que les cellules endothéliales humaines en cultures primaires expriment le récepteur Patched (Ptch)-1, le co-récepteur Smoothened (Smo) et le facteur de transcription Gli-1. De plus, l’activation de la voie Hh augmente l’étanchéité des cellules endothéliales de la BHE in vitro. Le blocage de l’activation de la voie Hh en utilisant l’antagoniste cyclopamine ainsi qu’en utilisant des souris Shh déficientes (-/-) diminue l’expression des protéines de jonctions serrées, claudin-5, occcludin, et ZO-1. La voie de signalisation s’est aussi montrée comme étant immunomodulatoire, puisque l’activation de la voie dans les cellules endothéliales de la BHE diminue l’expression de surface des molécules d’adhésion ICAM-1 et VCAM-1, ainsi que la sécrétion des chimiokines pro-inflammatoires IL-8/CXCL8 et MCP-1/CCL2, créant une diminution de la migration des lymphocytes CD4+ à travers une monocouche de cellules endothéliales de la BHE. Des traitements avec des cytokines pro-inflammatoires TNF-α and IFN-γ in vitro, augmente la production de Shh par les astrocytes ainsi que l’expression de surface de Ptch-1 et de Smo. Dans des lésions actives de la sclérose en plaques (SEP), où la BHE est plus perméable, les astrocytes hypertrophiques augmentent leur expression de Shh. Par contre, les cellules endothéliales de la BHE n’augmentent pas leur expression de Ptch-1 ou Smo, suggérant une dysfonction dans la voie de signalisation Hh. Ces résultats montrent que la voie de signalisation Hh promeut les propriétés de la BHE, et qu’un environnement d’inflammation pourrait potentiellement dérégler la BHE en affectant la voie de signalisation Hh des cellules endothéliales.

Les azasulfurylpeptides : synthèse, analyse conformationnelle et applications biologiques

Les azasulfurylpeptides sont des mimes peptidiques auxquels le carbone en position alpha et le carbonyle d’un acide aminé sont respectivement remplacés par un atome d’azote et un groupement sulfonyle (SO2). Le but premier de ce projet a été de développer une nouvelle méthode de synthèse de ces motifs, également appelés N-aminosulfamides. À cette fin, l’utilisation de sulfamidates de 4-nitrophénol s’est avérée importante dans la synthèse des azasulfuryltripeptides, permettant le couplage d’hydrazides avec l’aide d’irradiation aux micro-ondes (Chapitre 2). Par la suite, en quantité stoechiométrique d’une base et d’un halogénure d’alkyle, les azasulfurylglycines (AsG) formés peuvent être chimiosélectivement alkylés afin d’y insérer diverses chaînes latérales. Les propriétés conformationnelles des N-aminosulfamides à l’état solide ont été élucidées grâce à des études cristallographiques par rayons X : elles possèdent une structure tétraédrique autour de l’atome de soufre, des traits caractéristiques des azapeptides et des sulfonamides, ainsi que du potentiel à favoriser la formation de tours gamma (Chapitre 3). Après le développement d’une méthode de synthèse des N-aminosulfamides en solution, une approche combinatoire sur support solide a également été élaborée sur la résine amide de Rink afin de faciliter la génération d’une librairie d’azasulfurylpeptides. Cette étude a été réalisée en employant le growth hormone releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2). Ce dernier est un hexapeptide possédant une affinité pour deux récepteurs, le growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) et le récepteur cluster of differenciation 36 (CD36). Une affinité sélective envers le récepteur CD36 confère des propriétés thérapeutiques dans le traitement de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge (DMLA). Six analogues d’azasulfurylpeptides de GHRP-6 utilisés comme ligands du CD36 ont été synthétisés sur support solide, mettant en évidence le remplacement du tryptophane à la position 4 de GHRP-6 (Chapitre 4). Les analogues de GHRP-6 ont été ensuite analysés pour leur capacité à moduler les effets de la fonction et de la cascade de signalisation des ligands spécifiques au Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), en collaboration avec le Professeur Huy Ong du département de Pharmacologie à la Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université de Montréal. Le complexe TLR2-TLR6 est reconnu pour être co-exprimé et modulé par CD36. En se liant au CD36, certains ligands de GHRP-6 ont eu un effet sur la signalisation du TLR2. Par exemple, les azasulfurylpeptides [AsF(4-F)4]- et [AsF(4-MeO)4]-GHRP-6 ont démontré une capacité à empêcher la surproduction du monoxyde d’azote (NO), un sous-produit réactif formé suite à l’induction d’un signal dans les macrophages par des ligands spécifiques liés au TLR2, tel le fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide 1 (R-FSL-1) et l’acide lipotéichoïque (LTA). En addition, la sécrétion du tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) et du monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), ainsi que l’activation du nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), ont été réduites. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel de ces azasulfurylpeptides à pouvoir réguler le rôle du TLR2 qui déclenche des réponses inflammatoires et immunitaires innées (Perspectives). Finalement, le potentiel des azasulfurylpeptides d’inhiber des métallo-bêta-lactamases, tels le New-Delhi Metallo-bêta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1), IMP-1 et le Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-bêta-lactamase 2 (VIM-2), a été étudié en collaboration avec le Professeur James Spencer de l’Université de Bristol (Royaumes-Unis). Certains analogues ont été des inhibiteurs micromolaires du IMP-1 (Perspectives). Ces nouvelles voies de synthèse des azasulfurylpeptides en solution et sur support solide devraient donc permettre leur utilisation dans des études de relations structure-activité avec différents peptides biologiquement actifs. En plus d'expandre l'application des azasulfurylpeptides comme inhibiteurs d'enzymes, cette thèse a révélé le potentiel de ces N-aminosulfamides à mimer les structures secondaires peptidiques, tels que les tours gamma. À cet égard, l’application des azasulfurylpeptides a été démontrée par la synthèse de ligands du CD36 présentant des effets modulateurs sur le TLR2. Compte tenu de leur synthèse efficace et de leur potentiel en tant qu’inhibiteurs, les azasulfurylpeptides devraient trouver une large utilisation dans les sciences de peptides pour des applications dans la médecine et de la chimie biologique.

Antioxidant and anti-atherogenic activities of olive oil phenolics

The aim of the current study was to investigate the antioxidant and cellular activity of the olive oil phenolics oleuropein, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and homovanillic alcohol (which is also a major metabolite of hydroxytyrosol). Well-characterized chemical and biochemical assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential of the compounds. Further experiments investigated their influence in cell culture on cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), nitric oxide production by activated macrophages, and secretion of chemoattractant and cell adhesion molecules by the endothelium. Inhibitory influences on in vitro platelet aggregation were also measured. The antioxidant assays indicated that homovanillic alcohol was a significantly more potent antioxidant than the other phenolics, both in chemical assays and in prolonging the lag phase of LDL oxidation. Cell culture experiments suggested that the olive oil phenolics induce a significant reduction in the secretion of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (and a trend towards a reduced secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and protect against cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized LDL. However, no influence on nitric oxide production or platelet aggregation was evident. The data show that olive oil phenolics have biochemical and cellular actions, which, if also apparent in vivo, could exert cardioprotective effects.

Sulfation of genistein alters its antioxidant properties and its effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

Soy isoflavones have been extensively studied because of their possible benefits to human health. Genistein, the major isoflavone aglycone, has received most attention; however, it undergoes extensive metabolism (e.g. conjugation with sulfuric acid) in the gut and liver, which may affect its biological proper-ties. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging properties of genistein, genistein-4'-sulfate and genistein-4'-7-disulfate as well as their effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and spin trapping data and other standard antioxidant assays indicated that genistein is a relatively weak antioxidant compared to quercetin and that its sulfated metabolites are even less effective. Furthermore, genistein-4'-sulfate was less potent than genistem, and genistein-4'-7-disulfate even less potent, at inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation, nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, and secretion by primary human endothelial cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). The current data suggest that sulfation of genistein, with the associated loss of hydroxyl groups, decreases its antioxidant activity and its effect on platelet aggregation, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Effect of genistein and daidzein on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

There has been much recent interest in the cardiovascular benefits of dietary isoflavones. The aim of the present in vitro studies was to investigate potential anti-thrombogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in platelets, macrophages and endothelial cells. Pre-treatment with either isoflavone inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. In a macrophage cell line (RAW 264-7) activated with interferon gamma plus lipopolysaccharide, both isoflavones were found to inhibit NO production and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion dose-dependently, but they did not affect mRNA levels for inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2. Both isoflavones also dose-dependently decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion induced by TNF-alpha in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Compared with daidzein, genistein exerted greater inhibitory effects for all parameters studied. The present data contributes to our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms by which isoflavones may protect against coronary artery disease. Further studies are required to determine whether the effects of isoflavones observed in the current in vitro studies are relevant to the aetiology of coronary artery disease in vivo.

Antioxidant and anti-atherogenic activities of olive oil phenolics

The aim of the current study was to investigate the antioxidant and cellular activity of the olive oil phenolics oleuropein, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and homovanillic alcohol (which is also a major metabolite of hydroxytyrosol). Well-characterized chemical and biochemical assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential of the compounds. Further experiments investigated their influence in cell culture on cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), nitric oxide production by activated macrophages, and secretion of chemoattractant and cell adhesion molecules by the endothelium. Inhibitory influences on in vitro platelet aggregation were also measured. The antioxidant assays indicated that homovanillic alcohol was a significantly more potent antioxidant than the other phenolics, both in chemical assays and in prolonging the lag phase of LDL oxidation. Cell culture experiments suggested that the olive oil phenolics induce a significant reduction in the secretion of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (and a trend towards a reduced secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and protect against cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized LDL. However, no influence on nitric oxide production or platelet aggregation was evident. The data show that olive oil phenolics have biochemical and cellular actions, which, if also apparent in vivo, could exert cardioprotective effects.

Sulfation of genistein alters its antioxidant properties and its effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

Soy isoflavones have been extensively studied because of their possible benefits to human health. Genistein, the major isoflavone aglycone, has received most attention; however, it undergoes extensive metabolism (e.g. conjugation with sulfuric acid) in the gut and liver, which may affect its biological proper-ties. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging properties of genistein, genistein-4'-sulfate and genistein-4'-7-disulfate as well as their effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and spin trapping data and other standard antioxidant assays indicated that genistein is a relatively weak antioxidant compared to quercetin and that its sulfated metabolites are even less effective. Furthermore, genistein-4'-sulfate was less potent than genistem, and genistein-4'-7-disulfate even less potent, at inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation, nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, and secretion by primary human endothelial cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). The current data suggest that sulfation of genistein, with the associated loss of hydroxyl groups, decreases its antioxidant activity and its effect on platelet aggregation, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women: interactions with genotype and equol production

Background: Dietary isoflavones are thought to be cardioprotective because of their structural similarity to estrogen. The reduction of concentrations of circulating inflammatory markers by estrogen may be one of the mechanisms by which premenopausal women are protected against cardiovascular disease. Objective: Our aim was to investigate the effects of isolated soy isoflavones on inflammatory biomarkers [von Willebrand factor, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, C-reactive protein (CRP), and endothelin 1 concentrations]. Differences with respect to single-nucleotide polymorphisms in selected genes [estrogen receptor alpha (XbaI and PvuII), estrogen receptor beta [ER beta (AluI) and ER beta[cx] (Tsp5091), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Glu298Asp), apolipoprotein E (Apo E2, E3, and E4), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (TaqIB)] and equol production were investigated. Design: One hundred seventeen healthy European postmenopausal women participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover dietary intervention trial. Isoflavone-enriched (genistein-to-daidzein ratio of 2:1;50 mg/d) or placebo cereal bars were consumed for 8 wk, with a washout period of 8 wk between the crossover. Plasma inflammatory factors were measured at 0 and 8 wk of each study arm. Results: Isoflavones improved CRP concentrations [odds ratio (95% Cl) for CRP values >1 mg/L for isoflavone compared with placebo: 0.43 (0.27, 0.69)]; no significant effects of isoflavone treatment on other plasma inflammatory markers were observed. No significant differences in the response to isoflavones were observed according to subgroups of equol production. Differences in the VCAM-1 response to isoflavones and to placebo were found with ER beta AluI genotypes. Conclusion: Isoflavones have beneficial effects on CRP concentrations, but not on other inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women, and may improve VCAM-1 in an ER beta gene polymorphic subgroup.

Effect of genistein and daidzein on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

There has been much recent interest in the cardiovascular benefits of dietary isoflavones. The aim of the present in vitro studies was to investigate potential anti-thrombogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in platelets, macrophages and endothelial cells. Pre-treatment with either isoflavone inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. In a macrophage cell line (RAW 264-7) activated with interferon gamma plus lipopolysaccharide, both isoflavones were found to inhibit NO production and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion dose-dependently, but they did not affect mRNA levels for inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2. Both isoflavones also dose-dependently decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion induced by TNF-alpha in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Compared with daidzein, genistein exerted greater inhibitory effects for all parameters studied. The present data contributes to our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms by which isoflavones may protect against coronary artery disease. Further studies are required to determine whether the effects of isoflavones observed in the current in vitro studies are relevant to the aetiology of coronary artery disease in vivo.

Lineage-Negative Bone Marrow Cells Protect Against Chronic Renal Failure

Progressive renal failure continues to be a challenge. The use of bone marrow cells represents a means of meeting that challenge. We used lineage-negative (Lin(-)) cells to test the hypothesis that Lin(-) cell treatment decreases renal injury. Syngeneic Fischer 344 rats were divided into four groups: sham ( laparotomy only, untreated); Nx (five-sixth nephrectomy and untreated); NxLC1 (five-sixth nephrectomy and receiving 2 x 10(6) Lin(-) cells on postnephrectomy day 15); and NxLC3 (five-sixth nephrectomy and receiving 2 x 10(6) Lin(-) cells on postnephrectomy days 15, 30, and 45). On postoperative day 16, renal mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6 was lower in NxLC rats than in Nx rats. On postnephrectomy day 60, NxLC rats presented less proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, anemia, renal infiltration of immune cells, and protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, as well as decreased interstitial area. Immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed that, in comparison with sham rats, Nx rats presented greater cell proliferation, whereas NxLC1 rats and NxLC3 rats presented less cell proliferation than did Nx rats. Protein expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and of vascular endothelial growth factor increased after nephrectomy and decreased after Lin(-) cell treatment. On postnephrectomy day 120, renal function (inulin clearance) was significantly better in Lin(-) cell-treated rats than in untreated rats. Lin(-) cell treatment significantly improved survival. These data suggest that Lin(-) cell treatment protects against chronic renal failure. STEM CELLS 2009; 27: 682-692