Nanopartículas de CeO2 modificadas com Er obtidas pelo método hidrotermal microondas: estudo fotoluminescente

The development of nanostructured materials have aroused great interest of the industries all over the country, since they enable the development of devices that can be used as gate insulators on silicon transistors, electrochromic devices, solid electrolyte oxygen sensors and as a photoluminescent materials . In this project, it is proposed to investigate the optical properties of CeO2 modified with rare earth Er processed in hydrothermal-microwave. The synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructures (1D) was measured from dilute aqueous solutions of acids and salts of starting reagents in the presence of chemical basis, after these aqueous solutions were processed on hydrothermal-microwave to particle growth. The particles obtained after processing were characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Rietveld Analysis and Raman Spectroscopy. The particle morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy with field emission gun. The synthesis of 1D nanostructures are evaluated for different surfactants and starting precursors (ceria different salts), pH, temperature and pressure which can modify the morphology of the nanostructures. Combining laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations it was desired to understand the organization of the nanoparticles and their resulting structure. Strict control of chemical homogeneity, crystal structure, microstructure and interaction of the CeO2 cluster with different surfactants using the Hartree-Fock method, was intended to obtain properties compatible with their use in catalysts and optical devices. The use of mineralizer agent KOH and 8 minutes of processing time synthesis conditions were chosen to evaluate the effect of Er dopant. It has been proved that this doping with rare earth increases the photoluminescent properties of the compound obtained without change the structural and morphological propreties of ceria

Nanopartículas de CeO2 modificadas com Er obtidas pelo método hidrotermal microondas: estudo fotoluminescente

The development of nanostructured materials have aroused great interest of the industries all over the country, since they enable the development of devices that can be used as gate insulators on silicon transistors, electrochromic devices, solid electrolyte oxygen sensors and as a photoluminescent materials . In this project, it is proposed to investigate the optical properties of CeO2 modified with rare earth Er processed in hydrothermal-microwave. The synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructures (1D) was measured from dilute aqueous solutions of acids and salts of starting reagents in the presence of chemical basis, after these aqueous solutions were processed on hydrothermal-microwave to particle growth. The particles obtained after processing were characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Rietveld Analysis and Raman Spectroscopy. The particle morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy with field emission gun. The synthesis of 1D nanostructures are evaluated for different surfactants and starting precursors (ceria different salts), pH, temperature and pressure which can modify the morphology of the nanostructures. Combining laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations it was desired to understand the organization of the nanoparticles and their resulting structure. Strict control of chemical homogeneity, crystal structure, microstructure and interaction of the CeO2 cluster with different surfactants using the Hartree-Fock method, was intended to obtain properties compatible with their use in catalysts and optical devices. The use of mineralizer agent KOH and 8 minutes of processing time synthesis conditions were chosen to evaluate the effect of Er dopant. It has been proved that this doping with rare earth increases the photoluminescent properties of the compound obtained without change the structural and morphological propreties of ceria

Study of CuO/CeO2 catalyst with for preferential CO oxidation reaction in hydrogen-rich feed (PROX-CO)

The CuO/CeO2 system was investigated as a catalyst for preferential CO oxidation reaction in hydrogen-rich feed (PROX-CO). The catalysts were prepared by deposition-precipitation (DEP) and co-precipitation (COP) methods and the catalytic performance reveals that the preparation method influences the properties of solids prepared, where a direct consequence is the difference in behavior of the catalysts in the PROX-CO reaction. A high specific area and a better dispersion of the metallic phase were obtained in the catalyst prepared by co-precipitation. The redox properties during the reaction were reported by measures of temperature programmed reduction (TPR), OSC measurements and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES-TPR) in situ showed the relationship between the preparation method, the physicochemical characteristics and redox properties in the PROX-CO reaction. By this means, the good dispersion of CuO and the best oxygen capacity are the response of the high performance of CuO/CeO2-COP catalysts for the PROX-CO reaction. Crown Copyright (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CeO2 nanoparticles synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method: evolution from nanospheres to nanorods

Ceria (CeO2) plays a vital role in emerging technologies for environmental and energy-related applications. The catalytic efficiency of ceria nanoparticles depends on its morphology. In this study, CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method under different synthesis temperatures. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering results indicated that all the synthesized samples had a pure cubic CeO2 structure. Rietveld analysis and Raman scattering also revealed the presence of structural defects due to an associated reduction in the valence of the Ce4+ ions to Ce3+ ions caused by an increasing molar fraction of oxygen vacancies. The morphology of the samples was controlled by varying the synthesis temperature. The TEM images show that samples synthesized at 80 degrees C consisted of spherical particles of about 5 nm, while those synthesized at 120 degrees C presented a mix of spherical and rod-like nanoparticles and the sample synthesized at 160 degrees C consisted of nanorods with 10 nm average diameter and 70 nm length. The microwave-assisted method proved to be highly efficient for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles with different morphologies.

Low content cerium oxide nanoparticles on carbon for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis

A comparative study using different proportions of CeO2/C (4%, 9% and 13% CeO2) was performed to produce H2O2, a reagent used in the oxidation of organic pollutants and in electro-Fenton reactions for the production of the hydroxyl radical (OH center dot), a strong oxidant agent used in the electrochemical treatment of aqueous wastewater. The CeO2/C materials were prepared by a modified polymeric precursor method (PPM). X-ray diffraction analysis of the CeO2/C prepared by the PPM identified two phases. CeO2 and CeO2. The average size of the crystallites in these materials was close to 7 nm. The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were evaluated by the rotating ring-disk electrode technique. The results showed that the 4% CeO2/C prepared by the PPM was the best composite for the production of H2O2 in a 1 mol L-1 NaOH electrolyte solution. For this material, the number of electrons transferred and the H2O2 percentage efficiency were 3.1 and 44%, respectively. The ring-current of the 4% CeO2/C was higher than that of Vulcan carbon, the reference material for H2O2 production, which produced 41% H2O2 and transferred 3.1 electrons per molecule of oxygen. The overpotential for this reaction on the ceria-based catalyst was substantially lower (approximately 200 mV), demonstrating the higher catalytic performance of this material. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) containing the catalyst were used to evaluate the real amount of H2O2 produced during exhaustive electrolysis. The 4% CeO2/C GDE produced 871 mg L-1 of H2O2, whereas the Vulcan carbon GDE produced a maximum amount of only 407 mg L-1. Thus, the 4% CeO2/C electrocatalyst prepared by the PPM is a promising material for H2O2 electrogeneration in alkaline media. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In-situ XANES experiments on Ni K-edge in mesoporous ZrO2-CeO2:Ni.

Ordered mesoporous ZrO2-CeO2 mixed oxides are potential candidates for catalytic applications. These systems, used as anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), may lead to better performance of SOFCs, due to an enhancement on surface area, aiming to achieve a lower working temperature. The aim of this studies is to evaluate the reduction capacity of Ni2+ to Ni in ZrO2-x(mol)%CeO2 (x=50 and 90) samples impregnated with 60(wt.)%NiO. The synthesis was made with Zr and Ce chloride precursors, HCl aqueous solution, Pluronic P123, NH4OH to adjust the pH (3-4) and a teflon autoclave to perform a hydrothermal treatment (80oC/48h). The samples were dried and calcined, until 540oC in N2 and 4 hours in air. The NiO impregnation was made with an ethanol dispersion of Ni(NO3)£6H2O. The powder was calcinated in air until 350oC for 2 hours. Temperature-resolved XANES data at the Ni K-edge were collected at the DXAS beam line of the LNLS in transmission mode, using a Si(111) monochromator and a CCD detector. Sample preparation consisted of mixing »6mg of the powder samples with boron nitride and pressing into pellets. The data were acquired during an experiment of temperature programmed reduction (TPR) under a 5% H2/He until 600oC and mixtures of 20%CH4:5%O2/He, at temperatures from 400 to 600oC. All the reactions were monitored with a mass spectrometer. The data was analyzed with a linear combination fit of 2 standards for each valence number using Athena software. The Ni K-edge experiments demonstrated that for both contents of CeO2, NiO embedded in the porous zirconia-ceria matrix reduces at lower temperatures than pure NiO, revealing that the ZrO2-CeO2 support improves the reduction of impregnated NiO. Ni was oxidized to NiO after all reactions with methane and oxygen. Hydrogenated carbonaceous species were detected, but under reducing conditions, the hydrocarbon compounds are removed. The reaction of total oxidation of methane CH4:O2 (1:2 ratio) was observed at lower temperatures (around 400oC) for both samples.

Structural and textural studies of NiO impregnation in mesoporous ZrO2-CeO2 for catalysis applications.

The synthesis of zirconia-based ordered mesoporous structures for catalytic applications is a research area under development. These systems are also potential candidates as anodes in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (it-SOFC) due to an enhancement on their surface area [1-4]. The structural features of mesoporous zirconia-ceria materials in combination with oxygen storage/release capacity (OSC) are crucial for various catalytic reactions. The direct use of hydrocarbons as fuel for the SOFC (instead of pure H2), without the necessity of reforming and purification reactors can improve global efficiency of these systems [4]. The X-ray diffraction data showed that ZrO2-x%CeO2 samples with x>50 are formed by a larger fraction of the cubic phase (spatial group Fm3m), while for x<50 the major crystalline structure is the tetragonal phase (spatial group P42/nmc). The crystallite size of the cubic phase increases with increase in ceria content. The tetragonal crystallite size decreases when ceria content increases. After impregnation, the Rietveld analysis showed a NiO content around 60wt.% for all samples. The lattice parameters for the ZrO2 tetragonal phase are lower for higher ZrO2 contents, while for all samples the cubic NiO and CeO2 parameters do not present changes. The calculated densities are higher for higher ceria content, as expected. The crystallite size of NiO are similar (~20nm) for all samples and 55nm for the NiO standard. Nitrogen adsorption experiments revealed a broader particle size distribution for higher CeO2 content. The superficial area values were around 35m2/g for all samples, the average pore diameter and pore volumes were higher when increasing ceria content. After NiO impregnation the particle size distribution was the same for all samples, with two pore sizes, the first around 3nm and a broader peak around 10nm. The superficial area increased to approximately 45m2/g for all samples, and the pore volume was also higher after impregnation and increased when ceria content increased. These results point up that the impregnation of NiO improves the textural characteristics of the pristine material. The complementary TEM/EDS images present a homogeneous coating of NiO particles over the ZrO2-x%CeO2 support, showing that these samples are excellent for catalysis applications. [1] D. Y. Zhao, J. Feng, Q. Huo, N. Melosh, G. H. Fredrickson, B. F. Chmelka, G. D. Stucky, Science 279, 548-552 (1998). [2] C. Yu, Y. Yu, D. Zhao, Chem. Comm. 575-576 (2000). [3] A. Trovarelli, M. Boaro, E. Rocchini, C. de Leitenburg, G. Dolcetti, J. Alloys Compd. 323-324 (2001) 584-591. [4] S. Larrondo, M. A. Vidal, B. Irigoyen, A. F. Craievich, D. G. Lamas, I. O. Fábregas, et al. Catal. Today 107–108 (2005) 53-59.

Effects of synthesis conditions on the nanostructre of CexZr1-xO2 mesoporous ceramics.

CexZr1-xO2 (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) were synthesized with Zr and Ce chloride precursors, using the triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 and HCl (2 mol/L). The pH adjustment was performed in two ways: synthesis A used 11.4 mL of a NH4OH solution added at once to the initial mixture, composed by metal precursors and template in HCl; synthesis B was done by dripping slowly until the change of pH value (between 3 and 6). In this work, CexZr1-xO2 samples synthesized by these two processes are compared. The effects of pH values in materials characteristics were also evaluated. These samples were analysed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, and Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption. In both processes, the studied materials presented two crystalline phases of CexZr1-xO2 solid solution: cubic and tetragonal. The synthesis A also presented a tetragonal phase of ZrO2. The average crystallite size and the Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area are bigger in process A. Both processes give samples with a mesoporous structure.

Structural and reduction studies of ZrO2-CeO2:Ni for application in SOFC anodes.

Zirconia-ceria solid-solutions are extensively used as promoters for three-way catalysts, which are applied in the control of NOx, CO and hydrocarbons emission from automotive exhausts. In addition, thesematerials can be used as anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operated with hydrocarbons. There areonly few works on ZrO2-CeO2 ordered mesoporous materials for catalytic applications and for anodes inSOFCs. The interest in these anodes relies on the fact that ZrO2-CeO2materials are mixed ionic/electronic conductors in reducing atmosphere and, therefore, fuel oxidation is produced on its entire surface, while it only occurs in the [anode/electrolyte/gas] interface (triple-phase boundaries) for electronic conductors. In this work, a synthesis method was developed usingZr and Ce chloride precursors, HCl aqueous solution, Pluronic P123 as the structure directing agent, NH4OH to adjust the pH (3-4) and a Teflon autoclave to perform hydrothermal treatment (80ºC/48 hours). The samples were dried and calcined, until 540ºC in N2and 4 hours in air. The X-ray diffraction data showed that powders with higher CeO2 content are formed by a larger fraction of the cubic CeO2 phase, while for a lower CeO2content the major crystalline structure is the tetragonal ZrO2 phase. The NiO impregnation was made with an ethanol dispersion of Ni(NO3)×6H2O. The resulting powder was calcinated in air until 350ºC for 2 hours. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) data were collected in order to evaluate the reduction profiles of ZrO2-x%CeO2:Ni samples in H2/Ar atmosphere. Results showed lower reduction temperatures for all ceria content in samples comparing to a NiO standard.

Sviluppi di catalizzatori per l'abbattimento di NOx in presenza di ossigeno

Il traffico veicolare è la principale fonte antropogenica di NOx, idrocarburi (HC) e CO e, dato che la sostituzione dei motori a combustione interna con sistemi alternativi appare ancora lontana nel tempo, lo sviluppo di sistemi in grado di limitare al massimo le emissioni di questi mezzi di trasporto riveste un’importanza fondamentale. Sfortunatamente non esiste un rapporto ottimale aria/combustibile che permetta di avere basse emissioni, mentre la massima potenza ottenibile dal motore corrisponde alle condizioni di elevata formazione di CO e HC. Gli attuali sistemi di abbattimento permettono il controllo delle emissioni da sorgenti mobili tramite una centralina che collega il sistema di iniezione del motore e la concentrazione di ossigeno del sistema catalitico (posto nella marmitta) in modo da controllare il rapporto aria/combustibile (Fig. 1). Le marmitte catalitiche per motori a benzina utilizzano catalizzatori “three way” a base di Pt/Rh supportati su ossidi (allumina, zirconia e ceria), che, dovendo operare con un rapporto quasi stechiometrico combustibile/comburente, comportano una minore efficienza del motore e consumi maggiori del 20-30% rispetto alla combustione in eccesso di ossigeno. Inoltre, questa tecnologia non può essere utilizzata nei motori diesel, che lavorano in eccesso di ossigeno ed utilizzano carburanti con un tenore di zolfo relativamente elevato. In questi ultimi anni è cresciuto l’interesse per il controllo delle emissioni di NOx da fonti veicolari, con particolare attenzione alla riduzione catalitica in presenza di un eccesso di ossigeno, cioè in condizioni di combustione magra. Uno sviluppo recente è rappresentato dai catalizzatori tipo “Toyota” che sono basati sul concetto di accumulo e riduzione (storage/reduction), nei quali l’NO viene ossidato ed accumulato sul catalizzatore come nitrato in condizioni di eccesso di ossigeno. Modificando poi per brevi periodi di tempo le condizioni di alimentazione da ossidanti (aria/combustibile > 14,7 p/p) a riducenti (aria/combustibile < 14,7 p/p) il nitrato immagazzinato viene ridotto a N2 e H2O. Questi catalizzatori sono però molto sensibili alla presenza di zolfo e non possono essere utilizzati con i carburanti diesel attualmente in commercio. Obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di ottimizzare e migliorare la comprensione del meccanismo di reazione dei catalizzatori “storage-reduction” per l’abbattimento degli NOx nelle emissioni di autoveicoli in presenza di un eccesso di ossigeno. In particolare lo studio è stato focalizzato dapprima sulle proprietà del Pt, fase attiva nei processi di storage-reduction, in funzione del tipo di precursore e sulle proprietà e composizione della fase di accumulo (Ba, Mg ed una loro miscela equimolare) e del supporto (γ-Al2O3 o Mg(Al)O). Lo studio è stato inizialmente focalizzato sulle proprietà dei precursori del Pt, fase attiva nei processi di storage-reduction, sulla composizione della fase di accumulo (Ba, Mg ed una loro miscela equimolare) e del supporto (γ-Al2O3 o Mg(Al)O). E’ stata effettuata una dettagliata caratterizzazione chimico-fisica dei materiali preparati tramite analisi a raggi X (XRD), area superficiale, porosimetria, analisi di dispersione metallica, analisi in riduzione e/o ossidazione in programmata di temperatura (TPR-O), che ha permesso una migliore comprensione delle proprietà dei catalizzatori. Vista la complessità delle miscele gassose reali, sono state utilizzate, nelle prove catalitiche di laboratorio, alcune miscele più semplici, che tuttavia potessero rappresentare in maniera significativa le condizioni reali di esercizio. Il comportamento dei catalizzatori è stato studiato utilizzando differenti miscele sintetiche, con composizioni che permettessero di comprendere meglio il meccanismo. L’intervallo di temperatura in cui si è operato è compreso tra 200-450°C. Al fine di migliorare i catalizzatori, per aumentarne la resistenza alla disattivazione da zolfo, sono state effettuate prove alimentando in continuo SO2 per verificare la resistenza alla disattivazione in funzione della composizione del catalizzatore. I principali risultati conseguiti possono essere così riassunti: A. Caratteristiche Fisiche. Dall’analisi XRD si osserva che l’impregnazione con Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 o con la sospensione nanoparticellare in DEG, non modifica le proprietà chimico-fisiche del supporto, con l’eccezione del campione con sospensione nanoparticellare impregnata su ossido misto per il quale si è osservata sia la segregazione del Pt, sia la presenza di composti carboniosi sulla superficie. Viceversa l’impregnazione con Ba porta ad una significativa diminuzione dell’area superficiale e della porosità. B. Caratteristiche Chimiche. L’analisi di dispersione metallica, tramite il chemiassorbimento di H2, mostra per i catalizzatori impregnati con Pt nanoparticellare, una bassa dispersione metallica e di conseguenza elevate dimensioni delle particelle di Pt. I campioni impregnati con Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 presentano una migliore dispersione. Infine dalle analisi TPR-O si è osservato che: Maggiore è la dispersione del metallo nobile maggiore è la sua interazione con il supporto, L’aumento della temperatura di riduzione del PtOx è proporzionale alla quantità dei metalli alcalino terrosi, C. Precursore Metallo Nobile. Nelle prove di attività catalitica, con cicli ossidanti e riducenti continui in presenza ed in assenza di CO2, i catalizzatori con Pt nanoparticellare mostrano una minore attività catalitica, specie in presenza di un competitore come la CO2. Al contrario i catalizzatori ottenuti per impregnazione con la soluzione acquosa di Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 presentano un’ottima attività catalitica, stabile nel tempo, e sono meno influenzabili dalla presenza di CO2. D. Resistenza all’avvelenamento da SO2. Il catalizzatore di riferimento, 17Ba1Pt/γAl2O3, mostra un effetto di avvelenamento con formazione di solfati più stabili che sul sistema Ba-Mg; difatti il campione non recupera i valori iniziali di attività se non dopo molti cicli di rigenerazione e temperature superiori ai 300°C. Per questi catalizzatori l’avvelenamento da SO2 sembra essere di tipo reversibile, anche se a temperature e condizioni più favorevoli per il 1.5Mg8.5Ba-1Pt/γAl2O3. E. Capacità di Accumulo e Rigenerabilità. Tramite questo tipo di prova è stato possibile ipotizzare e verificare il meccanismo della riduzione. I catalizzatori ottenuti per impregnazione con la soluzione acquosa di Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 hanno mostrato un’elevata capacità di accumulo. Questa è maggiore per il campione bimetallico (Ba-Mg) a T < 300°C, mentre per il riferimento è maggiore per T > 300°C. Per ambedue i catalizzatori è evidente la formazione di ammoniaca, che potrebbe essere utilizzata come un indice che la riduzione dei nitrati accumulati è arrivata al termine e che il tempo ottimale per la riduzione è stato raggiunto o superato. Per evitare la formazione di NH3, sul catalizzatore di riferimento, è stata variata la concentrazione del riducente e la temperatura in modo da permettere alle specie adsorbite sulla superficie e nel bulk di poter raggiungere il Pt prima che l’ambiente diventi troppo riducente e quindi meno selettivo. La presenza di CO2 riduce fortemente la formazione di NH3; probabilmente perché la CO2, occupando i siti degli elementi alcalino-terrosi lontani dal Pt, impedisce ai nitriti/nitrati o all’H2 attivato di percorrere “elevate” distanze prima di reagire, aumentando così le possibilità di una riduzione più breve e più selettiva. F. Tempo di Riduzione. Si è migliorata la comprensione del ruolo svolto dalla concentrazione dell’agente riducente e dell’effetto della durata della fase riducente. Una durata troppo breve porta, nel lungo periodo, alla saturazione dei siti attivi, un eccesso alla formazione di NH3 Attraverso queste ultime prove è stato possibile formulare un meccanismo di reazione, in particolare della fase riducente. G. Meccanismo di Riduzione. La mobilità dei reagenti, nitriti/nitrati o H2 attivato è un elemento fondamentale nel meccanismo della riduzione. La vicinanza tra i siti di accumulo e quelli redox è determinante per il tipo di prodotti che si possono ottenere. La diminuzione della concentrazione del riducente o l’aumento della temperatura concede maggiore tempo o energia alle specie adsorbite sulla superficie o nel bulk per migrare e reagire prima che l’ambiente diventi troppo riducente e quindi meno selettivo.

Atmospheric corrosion of quaternary bronzes (Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb): laboratory tests (accelerated ageing in wet & dry conditions)and field studies (the Bottego monument in Parma, Italy).

The interactions between outdoor bronzes and the environment, which lead to bronze corrosion, require a better understanding in order to design effective conservation strategies in the Cultural Heritage field. In the present work, investigations on real patinas of the outdoor monument to Vittorio Bottego (Parma, Italy) and laboratory studies on accelerated corrosion testing of inhibited (by silane-based films, with and without ceria nanoparticles) and non-inhibited quaternary bronzes are reported and discussed. In particular, a wet&dry ageing method was used both for testing the efficiency of the inhibitor and for patinating bronze coupons before applying the inhibitor. A wide range of spectroscopic techniques has been used, for characterizing the core metal (SEM+EDS, XRF, AAS), the corroded surfaces (SEM+EDS, portable XRF, micro-Raman, ATR-IR, Py-GC-MS) and the ageing solutions (AAS). The main conclusions were: 1. The investigations on the Bottego monument confirmed the differentiation of the corrosion products as a function of the exposure geometry, already observed in previous works, further highlighting the need to take into account the different surface features when selecting conservation procedures such as the application of inhibitors (i.e. the relative Sn enrichment in unsheltered areas requires inhibitors which effectively interact not only with Cu but also with Sn). 2. The ageing (pre-patination) cycle on coupons was able to reproduce the relative Sn enrichment that actually happens in real patinated surfaces, making the bronze specimens representative of the real support for bronze inhibitors. 3. The non-toxic silane-based inhibitors display a good protective efficiency towards pre-patinated surfaces, differently from other widely used inhibitors such as benzotriazole (BTA) and its derivatives. 4. The 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (PropS-SH) additivated with CeO2 nanoparticles generally offered a better corrosion protection than PropS-SH.

Cluster-derived Gold/Iron catalysts for environmental applications

During the last years we assisted to an exponential growth of scientific discoveries for catalysis by gold and many applications have been found for Au-based catalysts. In the literature there are several studies concerning the use of gold-based catalysts for environmental applications and good results are reported for the catalytic combustion of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recently it has also been established that gold-based catalysts are potentially capable of being effectively employed in fuel cells in order to remove CO traces by preferential CO oxidation in H2-rich streams. Bi-metallic catalysts have attracted increasing attention because of their markedly different properties from either of the costituent metals, and above all their enhanced catalytic activity, selectivity and stability. In the literature there are several studies demostrating the beneficial effect due to the addition of an iron component to gold supported catalysts in terms of enhanced activity, selectivity, resistence to deactivation and prolonged lifetime of the catalyst. In this work we tried to develop a methodology for the preparation of iron stabilized gold nanoparticles with controlled size and composition, particularly in terms of obtaining an intimate contact between different phases, since it is well known that the catalytic behaviour of multi-component supported catalysts is strongly influenced by the size of the metal particles and by their reciprocal interaction. Ligand stabilized metal clusters, with nanometric dimensions, are possible precursors for the preparation of catalytically active nanoparticles with controlled dimensions and compositions. Among these, metal carbonyl clusters are quite attractive, since they can be prepared with several different sizes and compositions and, moreover, they are decomposed under very mild conditions. A novel preparation method was developed during this thesis for the preparation of iron and gold/iron supported catalysts using bi-metallic carbonyl clusters as precursors of highly dispersed nanoparticles over TiO2 and CeO2, which are widely considered two of the most suitable supports for gold nanoparticles. Au/FeOx catalysts were prepared by employing the bi-metallic carbonyl cluster salts [NEt4]4[Au4Fe4(CO)16] (Fe/Au=1) and [NEt4][AuFe4(CO)16] (Fe/Au=4), and for comparison FeOx samples were prepared by employing the homometallic [NEt4][HFe3(CO)11] cluster. These clusters were prepared by Prof. Longoni research group (Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry- University of Bologna). Particular attention was dedicated to the optimization of a suitable thermal treatment in order to achieve, apart from a good Au and Fe metal dispersion, also the formation of appropriate species with good catalytic properties. A deep IR study was carried out in order to understand the physical interaction between clusters and different supports and detect the occurrence of chemical reactions between them at any stage of the preparation. The characterization by BET, XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, ICP-AES and XPS was performed in order to investigate the catalysts properties, whit particular attention to the interaction between Au and Fe and its influence on the catalytic activity. This novel preparation method resulted in small gold metallic nanoparticles surrounded by highly dispersed iron oxide species, essentially in an amorphous phase, on both TiO2 and CeO2. The results presented in this thesis confirmed that FeOx species can stabilize small Au particles, since keeping costant the gold content but introducing a higher iron amount a higher metal dispersion was achieved. Partial encapsulation of gold atoms by iron species was observed since the Au/Fe surface ratio was found much lower than bulk ratio and a strong interaction between gold and oxide species, both of iron oxide and supports, was achieved. The prepared catalysts were tested in the total oxidation of VOCs, using toluene and methanol as probe molecules for aromatics and alchols, respectively, and in the PROX reaction. Different performances were observed on titania and ceria catalysts, on both toluene and methanol combustion. Toluene combustion on titania catalyst was found to be enhanced increasing iron loading while a moderate effect on FeOx-Ti activity was achieved by Au addition. In this case toluene combustion was improved due to a higher oxygen mobility depending on enhanced oxygen activation by FeOx and Au/FeOx dispersed on titania. On the contrary ceria activity was strongly decreased in the presence of FeOx, while the introduction of gold was found to moderate the detrimental effect of iron species. In fact, excellent ceria performances are due to its ability to adsorb toluene and O2. Since toluene activation is the determining factor for its oxidation, the partial coverage of ceria sites, responsible of toluene adsorption, by FeOx species finely dispersed on the surface resulted in worse efficiency in toluene combustion. Better results were obtained for both ceria and titania catalysts on methanol total oxidation. In this case, the performances achieved on differently supported catalysts indicate that the oxygen mobility is the determining factor in this reaction. The introduction of gold on both TiO2 and CeO2 catalysts, lead to a higher oxygen mobility due to the weakening of both Fe-O and Ce-O bonds and consequently to enhanced methanol combustion. The catalytic activity was found to strongly depend on oxygen mobility and followed the same trend observed for catalysts reducibility. Regarding CO PROX reaction, it was observed that Au/FeOx titania catalysts are less active than ceria ones, due to the lower reducibility of titania compared to ceria. In fact the availability of lattice oxygen involved in PROX reaction is much higher in the latter catalysts. However, the CO PROX performances observed for ceria catalysts are not really high compared to data reported in literature, probably due to the very low Au/Fe surface ratio achieved with this preparation method. CO preferential oxidation was found to strongly depend on Au particle size but also on surface oxygen reducibility, depending on the different oxide species which can be formed using different thermal treatment conditions or varying the iron loading over the support.

Sistemi Rh/CeO2-Al2O3 per l'ossidazione catalitica del metano

L’ossidazione catalitica parziale (CPO) del metano è un processo di elevato interesse scientifico ed industriale, permettendo la produzione su piccola scala di H2 o la produzione di syngas con un rapporto H2/CO = 2, utile per la produzione di metanolo o la sintesi di Fischer-Tropsch di idrocarburi. Inoltre, si possono raggiungere elevate conversioni del metano e selettività in syngas operando a bassi valori del tempo di contatto, riducendo così le dimensioni dei reattori. Tuttavia, gli elevati flussi e le temperature raggiunte nel letto possono condurre rapidamente alla disattivazione del catalizzatore; pertanto, è necessario lo sviluppo di materiali non soltanto attivi, ma anche stabili nelle condizioni di reazione. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato lo sviluppo di catalizzatori a base di Rh e ceria, utilizzati sia come pellets che supportati su una schiuma metallica. In particolare, il lavoro è stato focalizzato sulla sintesi, caratterizzazione ed attività catalitica di materiali Rh-CeO2-Al2O3. La presenza di CeO2 può modificare la dispersione del Rh metallico e la sua stabilità nei confronti della sinterizzazione e della formazione del carbone, mentre la stabilità termica è favorita dalla presenza di Al2O3. Poiché queste proprietà e, di conseguenza, le prestazione catalitiche dipendono dalla dimensioni delle particelle di CeO2 sono stati preparati catalizzatori con diverso contenuto di CeO2 (10 e 20 p/p %) ed utilizzando differenti metodi di preparazione per modularne le proprietà. Le sintesi sono effettuate per coprecipitazione e per sintesi con urea per trattamento micronde-idrotermale. Le prestazione dei catalizzatori in pellets sono state analizzate in un impianto di laboratorio operando a bassi valori del tempo di contatto e modificando la temperatura e la concentrazione della miscela gassosa, i.e. sia in condizioni lontane dall’equilibrio termodinamico che in condizioni prossime a quelle industriali. Un catalizzatore con lo stesso contenuto di Rh ed ottenuto da precursori tipo idrotalcite (HT) è stato utilizzato come riferimento. Per incrementare ulteriormente le prestazioni catalitiche, in particolare il trasferimento del calore lungo il letto catalitico, la migliore composizione individuata delle prove precedenti è stata depositata su pellets di una schiuma metallica (FeCrAlloy). E’ stato utilizzato il metodo dell’elettrosintesi per la deposizione di idrossidi di Rh, Ce e Al, ottenendo dopo calcinazione catalizzatori strutturati. Si è valutato l’effetto dei parametri di sintesi, potenziale applicato e tempo, sulle proprietà catalitiche. Anche in questo caso i risultati sono stati confrontati quelli ottenuti con un catalizzatori di riferimento ottenuti da un precursore HT preparati per elettrosintesi.

Ruolo della composizione e metodo di preparazione nelle proprietà di catalizzatori contenenti cerio per l'ossidazione parziale catalitica del metano

Questo a lavoro di tesi si è incentrato sullo sviluppo di catalizzatori attivi nella reazione di ossidazione parziale catalitica (CPO) del metano per la produzione di idrogeno o/e syngas, con un rapporto ottimale di H2/CO, utile per la produzione idrocarburi attraverso la reazione di Fischer-Tropsch o per l’alimentazione delle fuels cells. La scarsa diffusione di questo processo è da attribuirsi alla mancanza di catalizzatori adatti a resistere agli elevati flussi e alle elevate temperature raggiunte nel letto senza subire processi di disattivazione; pertanto, è necessario lo sviluppo di nuovi catalizzatori non soltanto attivi, ma anche stabili nelle condizioni di reazione. In questa tesi si sono studiati catalizzatori con differenti fasi attive Rh e Ru supportati su CeO2-Al2O3, utilizzati in pellets. L'attenzione di questo lavoro di tesi si è focalizzata sullo studio delle proprietà e del ruolo della fase attiva e del promotore ceria nei catalizzatori. Per questo studio sono stati sintetizzati per coprecipitazione due catalizzatori con ugual concentrazione di cerio ma diversa fase attiva, Rodio e Rutenio e se ne sono studiate le proprietà. Della fase attiva con migliori prestazioni, il Rh, se ne è approfondito lo studio, indagando sulla migliore metodologia di attivazione e sul miglior metodo di sintesi del catalizzatore. Infine, per lo studio dell’effetto del cerio sia nelle proprietà chimico-fisiche che nella attività catalitica, sono stati preparati per coprecipitazione diversi catalizzatori di tipo Rh-CeO2-Al2O3, con un contenuto di cerio variabile ma con ugual concentrazione di fase attiva, cosi come dei campioni di riferimento contenti soltanto ceria o allumina. Questi catalizzatori sono stati testati in severe condizioni e per lunghi tempi di reazione per simulare l’utilizzo industriale ed evidenziarne le caratteristiche.

Selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using monometallic and bimetallic supported nanoparticles

This work deals with the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) using metal supported catalysts. Catalysts were prepared from the immobilisation of preformed monometallic (Au, Pd) and bimetallic (AuCu, AuPd) nanoparticles on commercial oxides (TiO2, CeO2). Au-TiO2 catalyst was found to be very active for HMF oxidation; however, this system deactivated very fast. For this reason, we prepared bimetallic gold-copper nanoparticles and an increase in the catalytic activity was observed together with an increase in catalyst stability. In order to optimise the interaction of the metal active phase with the support, Au and AuCu nanoparticles were supported onto CeO2. Au-CeO2 catalyst was found to be more active than the bimetallic one, leading to the conclusion that in this case the most important feature is the interaction between gold and the support. Catalyst pre-treatments (calcination and washing) were carried out to maximise the contact between the metal and the oxide and an increase in the FDCA production could be observed. The presence of ceria defective sites was crucial for FDCA formation. Mesoporous cerium oxide was synthesised with the hard template method and was used as support for Au nanoparticles to promote the catalytic activity. In order to study the role of active phase in HMF oxidation, PdAu nanoparticles were supported onto TiO2. Au and Pd monometallic catalysts were very active in the formation of HMFCA (5-hydroxymethyl-2-furan carboxylic acid), but Pd was not able to convert it, leading to a low FDCA yield. The calcination of PdAu catalysts led to Pd segregation on the particles surface, which changed the reaction pathway and included an important contribution of the Cannizzaro reaction. PVP protected PdAu nanoparticles, synthesised with different morphologies (core-shell and alloyed structure), confirmed the presence of a different reaction mechanism when the metal surface composition changes.