Viral membrane fusion: is glycoprotein G of rhabdoviruses a representative of a new class of viral fusion proteins?

Enveloped viruses always gain entry into the cytoplasm by fusion of their lipid envelope with a cell membrane. Some enveloped viruses fuse directly with the host cell plasma membrane after virus binding to the cell receptor. Other enveloped viruses enter the cells by the endocytic pathway, and fusion depends on the acidification of the endosomal compartment. In both cases, virus-induced membrane fusion is triggered by conformational changes in viral envelope glycoproteins. Two different classes of viral fusion proteins have been described on the basis of their molecular architecture. Several structural data permitted the elucidation of the mechanisms of membrane fusion mediated by class I and class II fusion proteins. In this article, we review a number of results obtained by our laboratory and by others that suggest that the mechanisms involved in rhabdovirus fusion are different from those used by the two well-studied classes of viral glycoproteins. We focus our discussion on the electrostatic nature of virus binding and interaction with membranes, especially through phosphatidylserine, and on the reversibility of the conformational changes of the rhabdovirus glycoprotein involved in fusion. Taken together, these data suggest the existence of a third class of fusion proteins and support the idea that new insights should emerge from studies of membrane fusion mediated by the G protein of rhabdoviruses. In particular, the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the G protein or even of the fusion peptide at different pH's might provide valuable information for understanding the fusion mechanism of this new class of fusion proteins.

Structural properties of lipid reconstructs and lipid composition of normotensive and hypertensive rat vascular smooth muscle cell membranes

Multiple cell membrane alterations have been reported to be the cause of various forms of hypertension. The present study focuses on the lipid portion of the membranes, characterizing the microviscosity of membranes reconstituted with lipids extracted from the aorta and mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive control rat strains (WKY and NWR). Membrane-incorporated phospholipid spin labels were used to monitor the bilayer structure at different depths. The packing of lipids extracted from both aorta and mesenteric arteries of normotensive and hypertensive rats was similar. Lipid extract analysis showed similar phospholipid composition for all membranes. However, cholesterol content was lower in SHR arteries than in normotensive animal arteries. These findings contrast with the fact that the SHR aorta is hyporeactive while the SHR mesenteric artery is hyperreactive to vasopressor agents when compared to the vessels of normotensive animal strains. Hence, factors other than microviscosity of bulk lipids contribute to the vascular smooth muscle reactivity and hypertension of SHR. The excess cholesterol in the arteries of normotensive animal strains apparently is not dissolved in bulk lipids and is not directly related to vascular reactivity since it is present in both the aorta and mesenteric arteries. The lower cholesterol concentrations in SHR arteries may in fact result from metabolic differences due to the hypertensive state or to genes that co-segregate with those that determine hypertension during the process of strain selection.

Elucidation of a mechanism of cell lysis by chorhexidine : a biophysical approach

Chlorhexidine is an effective antiseptic used widely in disinfecting products (hand soap), oral products (mouthwash), and is known to have potential applications in the textile industry. Chlorhexidine has been studied extensively through a biological and biochemical lens, showing evidence that it attacks the semipermeable membrane in bacterial cells. Although extremely lethal to bacterial cells, the present understanding of the exact mode of action of chlorhexidine is incomplete. A biophysical approach has been taken to investigate the potential location of chlorhexidine in the lipid bilayer. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance was used to characterize the molecular arrangement of mixed phospholipid/drug formulations. Powder spectra were analyzed using the de-Pake-ing technique, a method capable of extracting both the orientation distribution and the anisotropy distribution functions simultaneously. The results from samples of protonated phospholipids mixed with deuterium-labelled chlorhexidine are compared to those from samples of deuterated phospholipids and protonated chlorhexidine to determine its location in the lipid bilayer. A series of neutron scattering experiments were also conducted to study the biophysical interaction of chlorhexidine with a model phospholipid membrane of DMPC, a common saturated lipid found in bacterial cell membranes. The results found the hexamethylene linker to be located at the depth of the glycerol/phosphate region of the lipid bilayer. As drug concentration was increased in samples, a dramatic decrease in bilayer thickness was observed. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments have revealed a depression of the DMPC bilayer gel-to-lamellar phase transition temperature with an increasing drug concentration. The enthalpy of the transition remained the same for all drug concentrations, indicating a strictly drug/headgroup interaction, thus supporting the proposed location of chlorhexidine. In combination, these results lead to the hypothesis that the drug is folded approximately in half on its hexamethylene linker, with the hydrophobic linker at the depth of the glycerol/phosphate region of the lipid bilayer and the hydrophilic chlorophenyl groups located at the lipid headgroup. This arrangement seems to suggest that the drug molecule acts as a wedge to disrupt the bilayer. In vivo, this should make the cell membrane leaky, which is in agreement with a wide range of bacteriological observations.

Étude structurale conformationnelle des toxines de l’anthrax par cryo-microscopie et dynamique moléculaire

Les toxines de l’anthrax font partie de la famille des toxines A-B dans laquelle la moitié B se fixe à la membrane de la cellule permettant par la suite la translocation de la moitié A. Dans le cas de l’anthrax, la moitié B est représentée par le Protective Antigen (PA) et la moitié A par les deux protéines Edema Factor (EF) et Lethal Factor (LF). Après le recrutement par les récepteurs cellulaires (CMG2 et TEM8), PA s’organise en heptamère. Il peut fixer jusqu'à 3 ligands (EF et LF) avant d'être endocyté. Les modèles actuels de PA suggèrent que la baisse de pH à l’intérieur des endosomes permet un changement de conformation de la forme pré-pore vers la forme pore et que les ligands EF et LF passeraient au travers le pore pour entrer dans le cytoplasme. Cependant, le diamètre du pore est environ dix fois inférieur à celui des ligands (10 Å contre 100 Å). Un processus de folding/unfolding a été proposé mais demeure controversé. Afin d'identifier le processus de passage des facteurs EF et LF dans le cytoplasme, nous avons déterminé par cryo-microscopie électronique combinée avec l’analyse d’image les structures tridimensionnelles des complexes formés par PA et LF aux étapes prépore et pore. Par la suite, une étude complémentaire par dynamique moléculaire nous a permis de modéliser à haute résolution les différentes interactions qui ont lieu au sein du complexe. La structure 3D du complexe prépore combiné à 3 LF a été déterminée à une résolution de 14 Å. Nous avons aussi calculé une structure préliminaire du complexe pore également combiné à 3 LF Celles-ci n’ont jamais été résolues auparavant et leur connaissance permet d’envisager l’étude en profondeur du mécanisme infectieux de l’Anthrax in vivo.

Regulation of excitotoxicity in thiamine deficiency : role of glutamate transporters.

L’excitotoxicité est un mécanisme physiopathologique majeur impliqué dans la pathogenèse de la déficience en thiamine (DT). Dans les régions cérébrales vulnérables à la DT, on observe une mort cellulaire induite par excitotoxicité dont l’origine semble être la conséquence d’une perturbation du métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial, d’une dépolarisation membranaire soutenue et d’une diminution de l’absorption du glutamate par les astrocytes suite à la diminution de l’expression des transporteurs EAAT1 et EAAT2. Il est clairement établi que le glutamate joue un rôle central dans l’excitotoxicité lors de la DT. Ainsi, la mise en évidence des mécanismes impliqués dans la diminution de l’expression des transporteurs du glutamate est essentielle à la compréhension de la physiopathologie de la DT. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste en l’étude de la régulation des transporteurs astrocytaires du glutamate et la mise au point de stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant la pathogenèse de l’excitotoxicité lors de l’encéphalopathie consécutive à la DT. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse démontrent des perturbations des transporteurs du glutamate à la fois dans des modèles animaux de DT et dans des astrocytes en culture soumis à une DT. La DT se caractérise par la perte du variant d’épissage GLT-1b codant pour un transporteur du glutamate dans le thalamus et le colliculus inférieur, les régions cérébrales affectées lors d’une DT, en l’absence de modification des niveaux d’ARNm. Ces résultats suggèrent une régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’expression des transporteurs du glutamate en condition de DT. Les études basées sur l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs spécifiques des facteurs de transcription NFkB et de l’enzyme nucléaire poly(ADP)ribose polymérase-1 (PARP-1) démontrent que la régulation de l’expression du transporteur GLT-1 est sous le contrôle de voies de signalisation NFkB dépendantes de PARP-1. Cette étude démontre une augmentation de l’activation de PARP-1 et de NFkB dans les régions vulnérables chez le rat soumis à une DT et en culture d’astrocytes DT. L’inhibition pharmacologique du facteur de transcription NFkB par le PDTC induit une augmentation des niveaux d’expression de GLT-1, tandis que l’inhibition de PARP-1 par le DPQ conduit à l’inhibition de l’hyperactivation de NFkB observée lors de DT. L’ensemble de ces résultats met en évidence un nouveau mécanisme de régulation des transporteurs du glutamate par l’activation de PARP-1. L’accumulation de lactate est une caractéristique de la DT. Un traitement avec le milieu de culture d’astrocytes en condition de DT sur des cultures d’astrocytes naïfs induit une diminution de l’expression de GLT-1 ainsi qu’une inhibition de la capacité d’absorption du glutamate par les astrocytes naïfs. En revanche, l’administration de lactate exogène ne modifie pas le niveau d’expression protéique de GLT-1. Ainsi, des facteurs solubles autres que le lactate sont sécrétés par des astrocytes en condition de perturbation métabolique et peuvent potentiellement réguler l’activité des transporteurs du glutamate et contribuer à la pathogenèse du syncytium astroglial. En outre, la ceftriaxone, un antibiotique de la famille des β-lactamines, augmente de façon différentielle l’expression du variant-d’épissage GLT-1 dans le colliculus inférieur chez le rat DT et en culture d’astrocytes DT. Ces résultats suggèrent que la ceftriaxone peut constituer une avenue thérapeutique dans la régulation de l’activité des transporteurs du glutamate lors de DT. Pour conclure, la mort cellulaire d’origine excitotoxique lors de DT survient en conséquence d’une dysfonction mitochondriale associée à une perturbation du métabolisme énergétique cérébral. La modification de l’expression des transporteurs du gluatamate est sous le contrôle des voies de signalisation NFkB dépendantes du facteur PARP-1. De plus, l’inhibition métabolique et l’augmentation des sécrétions de lactate observées lors de DT peuvent également constituer un autre mécanisme physiopathologique expliquant la diminution d’expression des transporteurs de glutamate. Enfin, la ceftriaxone pourrait représenter une stratégie thérapeutique potentielle dans le traitement de la régulation de l’expression des transporteurs du glutamate et de la perte neuronale associés à l’excitotoxicité observée lors de DT.

Cell entry by enveloped viruses: redox considerations for HIV and SARS-coronavirus

For enveloped viruses, genome entry into the target cell involves two major steps: virion binding to the cell-surface receptor and fusion of the virion and cell membranes. Virus-cell membrane fusion is mediated by the virus envelope complex, and its fusogenicity is the result of an active virus-cell interaction process that induces conformation changes within the envelope. For some viruses, such as influenza, exposure to an acidic milieu within the cell during the early steps of infection triggers the necessary structural changes. However, for other pathogens which are not exposed to such environmental stress, activation of fusogenicity can result from precise thiol/disulfide rearrangements mediated by either an endogenous redox autocatalytic isomerase or a cell-associated oxidoreductase. Study of the activation of HIV envelope fusogenicity has revealed new knowledge about how redox changes within a viral envelope trigger fusion. We discuss these findings and their implication for anti-HIV therapy. In addition, to compare and contrast the situation outlined for HIV with an enveloped virus that can fuse with the cell plasma membrane independent of the redox status of its envelope protein, we review parallel data obtained on SARS coronavirus entry.

Morphological and physiological changes induced by high hydrostatic pressure in exponential- and stationary-phase cells of Escherichia coli: relationship with cell death

The relationship between a loss of viability and several morphological and physiological changes was examined with Escherichia coli strain J1 subjected to high-pressure treatment. The pressure resistance of stationary-phase cells was much higher than that of exponential-phase cells, but in both types of cell, aggregation of cytoplasmic proteins and condensation of the nucleoid occurred after treatment at 200 MPa for 8 min. Although gross changes were detected in these cellular structures, they were not related to cell death, at least for stationary-phase cells. In addition to these events, exponential-phase cells showed changes in their cell envelopes that were not seen for stationary-phase cells, namely physical perturbations of the cell envelope structure, a loss of osmotic responsiveness, and a loss of protein and RNA to the extracellular medium. Based on these observations, we propose that exponential-phase cells are inactivated under high pressure by irreversible damage to the cell membrane. In contrast, stationary-phase cells have a cytoplasmic membrane that is robust enough to withstand pressurization up to very intense treatments. The retention of an intact membrane appears to allow the stationary-phase cell to repair gross changes in other cellular structures and to remain viable at pressures that are lethal to exponential-phase cells.

Untangling membrane rearrangement in the Nidovirales

All known positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses induce host cell membrane rearrangement for purposes of aiding viral genome replication and transcription. Members of the Nidovirales order are no exception, inducing intricate regions of double membrane vesicles and convoluted membranes crucial for the production of viral progeny. Although these structures have been well studied for some members of this order, much remains unclear regarding the biogenesis of these rearranged membranes. Here, we discuss what is known about these structures and their formation, compare some of the driving viral proteins behind this process across the nidovirus order, and examine possible routes of mechanism by which membrane rearrangement may occur.

Membrane-initiated actions of estrogens in neuroendocrinology: emerging principles

Hormonal ligands for the nuclear receptor superfamily have at least two interacting mechanisms of action: 1) classical transcriptional regulation of target genes (genomic mechanisms); and 2) nongenomic actions that are initiated at the cell membrane, which could impact transcription. Although transcriptional mechanisms are increasingly well understood, membrane-initiated actions of these ligands are incompletely understood. Historically, this has led to a considerable divergence of thought in the molecular endocrine field. We have attempted to uncover principles of hormone action that are relevant to membrane-initiated actions of estrogens. There is evidence that the membrane-limited actions of hormones, particularly estrogens, involve the rapid activation of kinases and the release of calcium. Membrane actions of estrogens, which activate these rapid signaling cascades, can also potentiate nuclear transcription. These signaling cascades may occur in parallel or in series but subsequently converge at the level of modification of transcriptionally relevant molecules such as nuclear receptors and/or coactivators. In addition, other hormones or neurotransmitters may also activate cascades to crosstalk with estrogen receptor-mediated transcription. The idea of synergistic coupling between membrane-initiated and genomic actions of hormones fundamentally revises the paradigms of cell signaling in neuroendocrinology.

eNOS T-786C polymorphism affects atorvastatin-induced changes in erythrocyte membrane fluidity

Statins have pleiotropic effects, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) upregulation and increased nitric oxide formation, which can be modulated by a genetic polymorphism in the promoter region of the eNOS gene (T-786C). Here, we report our investigation of whether this polymorphism modulates the effects of atorvastatin on the fluidity of erythrocyte membranes. We genotyped 200 healthy subjects (males, 18-60 years of age) and then randomly selected 15 of these with the TT genotype and 15 with the CC genotype to receive placebo or atorvastatin (10 mg/day oral administration) for 14 days. Cell membrane fluidity was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and spin-labeling method. The EPR spectra were registered on a VARIAN-E4 spectrometer. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBA-RS) and plasma membrane cholesterol were determined in the erythrocytes. Atorvastatin reduced membrane fluidity in CC subjects (P < 0.05) but not in those with the TT genotype (P > 0.05). While no significant differences were found in plasma membrane cholesterol concentrations, higher TBA-RS concentrations were found in the CC subjects than in the TT subjects (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that a short treatment with atorvastatin is disadvantageous to subjects with the CC genotype for the T-786C polymorphism compared to those with TT genotype, at least in terms of the hemorheological properties of erythrocytes.

Functionalization of dendrimers for improved gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cell

Disease, injury, and age problems compromise human quality of life and continuously motivate the search for new and more efficacious therapeutic approaches. The field of Tissue Regeneration and Engineering has greatly evolved over the last years, mainly due to the combination of the important advances verified in Biomaterials Science and Engineering with those of Cell and Molecular Biology. In particular, a new and promising area arose – Nanomedicine – that takes advantage of the extremely small size and especial chemical and physical properties of Nanomaterials, offering powerful tools for health improvement. Research on Stem Cells, the self-renewing progenitors of body tissues, is also challenging to the medical and scientific communities, being expectable the appearance of new and exciting stem cell-based therapies in the next years. The control of cell behavior (namely, of cell proliferation and differentiation) is of key importance in devising strategies for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering. Cytokines, growth factors, transcription factors and other signaling molecules, most of them proteins, have been identified and found to regulate and support tissue development and regeneration. However, the application of these molecules in long-term regenerative processes requires their continuous presence at high concentrations as they usually present short half-lives at physiological conditions and may be rapidly cleared from the body. Alternatively, genes encoding such proteins can be introduced inside cells and be expressed using cell’s machinery, allowing an extended and more sustained production of the protein of interest (gene therapy). Genetic engineering of stem cells is particularly attractive because of their self-renewal capability and differentiation potential. For Tissue Regeneration and Engineering purposes, the patient’s own stem cells can be genetically engineered in vitro and, after, introduced in the body (with or without a scaffold) where they will not only modulate the behavior of native cells (stem cell-mediated gene therapy), but also directly participate in tissue repair. Cells can be genetically engineered using viral and non-viral systems. Viruses, as a result of millions of years of evolution, are very effective for the delivery of genes in several types of cells, including cells from primary sources. However, the risks associated with their use (like infection and immunogenic reactions) are driving the search for non-viral systems that will efficiently deliver genetic material into cells. Among them, chemical methods that are promising and being investigated use cationic molecules as carriers for DNA. In this case, gene delivery and gene expression level remain relatively low when primary cells are used. The main goal of this thesis was to develop and assess the in vitro potential of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers based carriers to deliver genes to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PAMAM dendrimers are monodispersive, hyperbranched and nanospherical molecules presenting unique characteristics that make them very attractive vehicles for both drug and gene delivery. Although they have been explored for gene delivery in a wide range of cell lines, the interaction and the usefulness of these molecules in the delivery of genes to MSCs remains a field to be explored. Adult MSCs were chosen for the studies due to their potential biomedical applications (they are considered multipotent cells) and because they present several advantages over embryonic stem cells, such as easy accessibility and the inexistence of ethical restrictions to their use. This thesis is divided in 5 interconnected chapters. Chapter I provides an overview of the current literature concerning the various non-viral systems investigated for gene delivery in MSCs. Attention is devoted to physical methods, as well as to chemical methods that make use of polymers (natural and synthetic), liposomes, and inorganic nanoparticles as gene delivery vectors. Also, it summarizes the current applications of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells using non-viral systems in regenerative medicine, with special focus on bone tissue regeneration. In Chapter II, the potential of native PAMAM dendrimers with amine termini to transfect MSCs is evaluated. The level of transfection achieved with the dendrimers is, in a first step, studied using a plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding for the β-galactosidase reporter gene. The effect of dendrimer’s generation, cell passage number, and N:P ratio (where N= number of primary amines in the dendrimer; P= number of phosphate groups in the pDNA backbone) on the level of transfection is evaluated, being the values always very low. In a second step, a pDNA encoding for bone morphogenetic protein-2, a protein that is known for its role in MSCs proliferation and differentiation, is used. The BMP-2 content produced by transfected cells is evaluated by an ELISA assay and its effect on the osteogenic markers is analyzed through several classical assays including alkaline phosphatase activity (an early marker of osteogenesis), osteocalcin production, calcium deposition and mineralized nodules formation (late osteogenesis markers). Results show that a low transfection level is enough to induce in vitro osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. Next, from Chapter III to Chapter V, studies are shown where several strategies are adopted to change the interaction of PAMAM dendrimers with MSCs cell membrane and, as a consequence, to enhance the levels of gene delivery. In Chapter III, generations 5 and 6 of PAMAM dendrimers are surface functionalized with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) containing peptides – experiments with dendrimers conjugated to 4, 8 and 16 RGD units were performed. The underlying concept is that by including the RGD integrin-binding motif in the design of the vectors and by forming RGD clusters, the level of transfection will increase as MSCs highly express integrins at their surface. Results show that cellular uptake of functionalized dendrimers and gene expression is enhanced in comparison with the native dendrimers. Furthermore, gene expression is dependent on both the electrostatic interaction established between the dendrimer moiety and the cell surface and the nanocluster RGD density. In Chapter IV, a new family of gene delivery vectors is synthesized consisting of a PAMAM dendrimer (generation 5) core randomly linked at the periphery to alkyl hydrophobic chains that vary in length and number. Herein, the idea is to take advantage of both the cationic nature of the dendrimer and the capacity of lipids to interact with biological membranes. These new vectors show a remarkable capacity for internalizing pDNA, being this effect positively correlated with the –CH2– content present in the hydrophobic corona. Gene expression is also greatly enhanced using the new vectors but, in this case, the higher efficiency is shown by the vectors containing the smallest hydrophobic chains. Finally, chapter V reports the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of novel gene delivery vectors based on PAMAM dendrimers (generation 5) conjugated to peptides with high affinity for MSCs membrane binding - for comparison, experiments are also done with a peptide with low affinity binding properties. These systems present low cytotoxicity and transfection efficiencies superior to those of native dendrimers and partially degraded dendrimers (Superfect®, a commercial product). Furthermore, with this biomimetic approach, the process of gene delivery is shown to be cell surface receptor-mediated. Overall, results show the potential of PAMAM dendrimers to be used, as such or modified, in Tissue Regeneration and Engineering. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PAMAM dendrimers are studied as gene delivery vehicles in this context and using, as target, a cell type with clinical relevancy. It is shown that the cationic nature of PAMAM dendrimers with amine termini can be synergistically combined with surface engineering approaches, which will ultimately result in suitable interactions with the cytoplasmic membrane and enhanced pDNA cellular entry and gene expression. Nevertheless, the quantity of pDNA detected inside cell nucleus is always very small when compared with the bigger amount reaching cytoplasm (accumulation of pDNA is evident in the perinuclear region), suggesting that the main barrier to transfection is the nuclear membrane. Future work can then be envisaged based on the versatility of these systems as biomedical molecular materials, such as the conjugation of PAMAM dendrimers to molecules able to bind nuclear membrane receptors and to promote nuclear translocation.

Study of the interaction between cardiolipin bilayers and methylene blue in polymer-based Layer-by-Layer and Langmuir films applied as membrane mimetic systems

An increase of the reports involving mimetic systems has been observed. Briefly, these systems use biological phospholipids to exploit specific interactions between membrane-models and drugs. Here, the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) and Langmuir techniques were used to investigate the interaction between cardiolipin (CLP-negative phospholipid) and a cationic-like drug methylene blue (MB). Supported by a cationic polyelectrolyte (PAH), LbL films containing PAH/(CLP + MB) and PAH/(CLP + MB + AgNP) were grown up to 14 bilayers. The optical microscopy analysis revealed a decrease of the CLP vesicle sizes in the presence of MB as a possible consequence of the MB action onto the mechanical properties of the CLP membrane. From FTIR spectra, changes mainly related to peak position and band intensity and shape were observed in the spectra from PAH/CLP when in the presence of MB. The latter supports that the interactions between the phosphate and amine charged groups from CLP and PAH, respectively, established during the LbL film fabrication, besides the CLP hydrocarbon environment, are influenced by the presence of MB. Using the micro-Raman technique, a chemical mapping was build based on MB spectrum by resonance Raman scattering (RRS) and surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS). The later phenomenon was activated by Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) trapped within the LbL film allowing collecting spectra for a single bilayer of PAH/(CLP + MB + AgNP). A rough estimation showed a SERRS amplification of 10(3) in comparison to RRS spectra. As a complementary approach, Langmuir films of CLP in the presence of co-spread MB were investigated through surface pressure vs mean molecular area (pi-A) isotherms. The results showed that for concentrations of MB below 100 mol%, the drug is expelled to water subphase for high values of surface pressure (condensed phase). For concentration at 100% and higher, the MB keeps bound to CLP floating monolayer. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

eNOS T-786C polymorphism affects atorvastatin-induced changes in erythrocyte membrane fluidity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cell enumeration and visualisation by transmission electron microscopy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus treated with cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum B.) essential oil

The use of essential oils (EOs) in functional foods containing probiotic microorganisms must consider the antimicrobial activity of these oils against beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of L. rhamnosus cultures treated with cinnamon EO through viable cell counts and visualisation by transmission electron microscopy. Cinnamon EO at a concentration of 0.04% had a bacteriostatic activity after 2 h of incubation. Although slight alterations were detected in the cell structure, this concentration was considered to be bactericidal, since it led to a significant reduction in cell numbers after 24 h. on the other hand, cinnamon EO at a 1.00% concentration decreased cell counts by 3 log units after 2 h incubation and no viable cell count was detected after 24 h. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that cells treated with 1.00% cinnamon EO were severely damaged and presented cell membrane disruption and cytoplasmic leakage.

Labaditin, a cyclic peptide with rich biotechnological potential: preliminary toxicological studies and structural changes in water and lipid membrane environment

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)