Reine und mit einfachen Molekülen bedeckte (100)-Oberflächen von Natriumfluorid, Natriumchlorid und Rubidiumchlorid : Untersuchungen mittels Beugung langsamer Elektronen (LEED) und Fourier-Transformations-Infrarotspektroskopie (FTIRS)

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2013

The finding of eggs of Diphyllobothrium in human coprolites (4.100-1.950 BC) from Northern Chile

Twenty six coprolites from an archaeological site in the province of Iquique, northern Chile, were examined for parasites. Coprolites were found in two excavation units, I and II (Tiliviche site), dated respectively at 5,900 B.C. to 4,110 B.C. and 4,110 B.C. to 1,950 B.C., and identified as of human origin. Only at the unit II coprolites containing helminth eggs identified as Diphyllobothrium pacificum were found. The presence of this tapeworm, a parasite of the American Sea Lion, in human coprolites, points to a diet which included marine fishes and provides information on the antiquity of infection by Diphyllobothrium pacificum. It is interesting to note that Baer (1969) suggests the presence of this tapeworm in pre-Columbian populations when diagnosing the first human cases in today's population in Peru.

Differential effect of long versus short wavelength light exposure on pupillary re-dilation in patients with outer retinal disease.

BACKGROUND: In patients with outer retinal degeneration, a differential pupil response to long wavelength (red) versus short wavelength (blue) light stimulation has been previously observed. The goal of this study was to quantify differences in the pupillary re-dilation following exposure to red versus blue light in patients with outer retinal disease and compare them with patients with optic neuropathy and with healthy subjects. DESIGN: Prospective comparative cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three patients with outer retinal disease, 13 patients with optic neuropathy and 14 normal subjects. METHODS: Subjects were tested using continuous red and blue light stimulation at three intensities (1, 10 and 100 cd/m2) for 13 s per intensity. Pupillary re-dilation dynamics following the brightest intensity was analysed and compared between the three groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The parameters of pupil re-dilation used in this study were: time to recover 90% of baseline size; mean pupil size at early and late phases of re-dilation; and differential re-dilation time for blue versus red light. RESULTS: Patients with outer retinal disease showed a pupil that tended to stay smaller after light termination and thus had a longer time to recovery. The differential re-dilation time was significantly greater in patients with outer retinal disease (median = 28.0 s, P < 0.0001) compared with controls and patients with optic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: A differential response of pupil re-dilation following red versus blue light stimulation is present in patients with outer retinal disease but is not found in normal eyes or among patients with visual loss from optic neuropathy.

" Laennec CD-ROM " Dix ans d'existence d'un outil multimédia pour l'enseignement des gestes cliniques en pneumologie

Résumé « Laennec CD-ROM » est un programme d'enseignement assisté par ordinateur (EAO) pour l'apprentissage de la sémiologie en pneumologie. Son idée de base était de fournir aux étudiants et aux enseignants un outil d'apprentissage interactif et richement illustré des différents gestes cliniques en pneumologie. Primé en 1994 pour la meilleure contribution multimédia à la European Academie Software Award (EASA-94), il représente un bon exemple de ce qui pouvait être réalisé alors. Mais l'histoire de l'EAO remonte aux années 1960. Un bref historique de l'EAO permet de mieux situer ce programme dans le temps. Et comme tout outil pédagogique, celui-ci s'appuie sur une représentation de comment l'apprentissage se fait. Trois courants pédagogiques majeurs sont présentés. Le behaviorisme ou comportementalisme pour qui le savoir est transmis pour être stocké tel quel par l'apprenant. Pour le cognitivisme, par contre, le contenu est retravaillé par l'apprenant avant d'être stocké, et ce traitement de l'information peut être influencé. Quant au constructivisme, celui-ci prédit que le savoir est construit à l'aide des contenus mis à disposition, mettant en avant l'importance du contexte dans lequel l'apprentissage se fait. Mais indépendamment des orientations pédagogiques, une des question fondamentale est : un enseignement assisté par ordinateur est-il meilleur qu'un enseignement traditionnel ? Étonnamment, il n'est pas facile de répondre à cette question, malgré de . nombreuses études sur le sujet. « Laennec CD-ROM » est constitué de trois parties. Un tutoriel présentant de manière didactique l'inspection, la palpation, la percussion et l'auscultation pulmonaire. Il est richement illustré par des dessins, photos, vidéo et sons d'auscultation. La deuxième partie présente sept patients souffrant de maladies pulmonaires fréquentes. Ce volet du cd-rom permet d'appliquer à des cas les principes de sémiologie appris dans le tutoriel. Pour chaque patient, une anamnèse, un examen clinique (avec des sons d'auscultation) et une série d'examens para-cliniques (imagerie, laboratoire) permettent à l'utilisateur de poser un diagnostic différentiel et un traitement. La troisième partie du cd-rom est un petit historique sur René, Théophile, Hyacinthe Laennec, l'inventeur du stéthoscope. Pour terminer, la conception et la réalisation du programme sont présentées en détail ainsi que sa validation et son utilisation.

Sensibilització ambiental mitjançant un recurs educatiu audiovisual a l'alumnat de la Facultat de Ciències de l'Educació de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona: el cd-rom Àmbit

S’ha avaluat la validesa d’un instrument d’ambientalització universitària (el cd-rom Àmbit) que pretén generar un procés de reflexió i autoavaluació de l’impacte ambiental d’estudiants, professors i personal d’administració i serveis. S’ha dissenyat un qüestionari i un grup de discussió que s’han passat a quatre grups d’alumnes de la Facultat de Ciències de l’Educació de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Els resultats han estat analitzats estadísticament mitjançant el programa SPSS, i de forma qualitativa mitjançant l’anàlisi categorial. Es conclou que el cd-rom Àmbit és vàlid com a recurs educatiu ambiental i audiovisual. Per una banda, les dificultats tècniques no dificulten la navegació i els aspectes lúdics no emmascaren els continguts. Per l’altra, es considera, però, que genera poca sensibilització ambiental.

Anti-TNF Therapy in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease G8 Cohort

Background: A nti-TNF d rugs (Infliximab (IFX), Adalimumab (ADA), Certolizumab pegol (CZP)) are effective in inducing and maintaining response a nd remission in i nflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Insufficient response or side effects may lead to a switch o f the anti-TNF d rug. W e aimed to e valuate the frequency and reasons for anti-TNF switches. Methods: Analysis of data from the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort (SIBDCS). Eighty percent of included patients were recruited in hospitals and 20% from private practice. Results: From 2,058 patients ( 1,172 with Crohn's disease (CD), 842 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 44 with indeterminate colitis (IC)), 772 received at least one anti-TNF. Forty-eight % of patients w ith CD, 23% with U C, a nd 30% with IC w ere ever treated with an anti-TNF drug. There was no gender difference with respect to the frequency of a nti-TNF treatment. A total of 584 patients (76%) were treated with one, 142 (18%) with two, and 46 (6%) with three anti-TNF (of which 32 were female). A total of 89% patients were treated with IFX, 28% ADA and 13% with CZP. Overall response rate (defined as drop in CDAI >100 points) to anti-TNF was 50%, with best response rates for the first used anti-TNF. Reasons t o switch t he anti-TNF w ere in 11% a primary non-response, in 38% a loss of response and in 36% anti-TNF s ide effects o r intolerance ( reasons for 15% of treatment failures not documented). Conclusion: A nti-TNF d rugs were used in h alf of the CD patients a nd in o ne quarter of U C patients. Anti-TNF d rug switch d ue to insufficient response a nd/or side effects w as necessary in one quarter of IBD patients. IFX was mainly used as first-line therapy. Best response rates were observed for the first used anti-TNF. Following analyses will identify risk median treatment duration as well as risk factors for anti-TNF switch.

Effects of a dual inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, MDL 100,240, on endocrine and renal functions in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the endocrine and renal effects of the dual inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, MDL 100,240. DESIGN: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study was performed in 12 healthy volunteers. METHODS: MDL 100,240 was administered intravenously over 20 min at single doses of 6.25 and 25 mg in subjects with a sodium intake of 280 (n = 6) or 80 (n = 6) mmol/day. Measurements were taken of supine and standing blood pressure, plasma angiotensin converting enzyme activity, angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide, urinary atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclic GMP excretion, effective renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate as p-aminohippurate and inulin clearances, electrolytes and segmental tubular function by endogenous lithium clearance. RESULTS: Supine systolic blood pressure was consistently decreased by MDL 100,240, particularly after the high dose and during the low-salt intake. Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate did not change. Plasma angiotensin converting enzyme activity decreased rapidly and dose-dependently. In both the high- and the low-salt treatment groups, plasma angiotensin II levels fell and renin activity rose accordingly, while plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels remained unchanged. In contrast, urinary atrial natriuretic peptide excretion increased dose-dependently under both diets, as did urinary cyclic GMP excretion. Effective renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate did not change. The urinary flow rate increased markedly during the first 2 h following administration of either dose of MDL 100,240 (P < 0.001) and, similarly, sodium excretion tended to increase from 0 to 4 h after the dose (P = 0.07). Potassium excretion remained stable. Proximal and distal fractional sodium reabsorption were not significantly altered by the treatment. Uric acid excretion was increased. The safety and clinical tolerance of MDL 100,240 were good. CONCLUSIONS: The increased fall in blood pressure in normal volunteers together with the preservation of renal hemodynamics and the increased urinary volume, atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclic GMP excretion distinguish MDL 100,240 as a double-enzyme inhibitor from inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme alone. The differences appear to be due, at least in part, to increased renal exposure to atrial natriuretic peptide following neutral endopeptidase blockade.

Probiotic microorganisms: 100 years of innovation and efficacy. Modes of action

AbstractArticle StructureFigures and TablesReferences Benefits from probiotic micro-organisms have been recognised for over 100 years, and as being useful in poultry for 50 years. Fuller (1989) redefined probiotics as ‘a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance’. Benefits derived from this improved intestinal microbial balance could be reflected in performance or prevention of pathogen colonisation. Probiotic micro-organisms use in poultry production has been widely accepted and new opportunities arose from the 2006 EU ban on antimicrobial growth promoters. The majority of microbial products for compound feeds are made up from a relatively small number of micro-organisms that are normally present in the GI tract. They include non-sporulated bacteria, sporulated bacteria, fungi or yeasts; and presented from single to multi-strain products. A review on the proposed modes of action is presented including recent approaches to quorum sensing interference

Microdiálisis cerebral de alta resolución: Estudio del perfil funcional y estructural de las membranas de 100 kDa

La microdiàlisi és una tècnica de neuromonitoratge que permet el mostreig continu del contingut molecular i iònic de l’espai intersticial cerebral. Aquesta tècnica es basa en la implantació d’un catèter en el parènquima cerebral humà de manera mínimament invasiva. Actualment, la microdiàlisi s’ha implantat de manera rutinària en moltes unitats de cures intensives pel neuromonitoratge de pacients amb lesions cerebrals agudes. No obstant, l’estudi in vivo del perfil temporal del proteoma en aquestes lesions i la correcta avaluació de la concentració de les molècules d’interès en el líquid extracel•lular cerebral requereix la determinació prèvia in vitro del percentatge de recuperació relativa de les proteïnes d’estudi.