Sensibilidade e especificidade do "California Mastitis Test" como recurso diagnóstico da mastite subclínica em relação à contagem de células somáticas

O "California Mastitis Test" (CMT) estima o conteúdo de células somáticas no leite e é interpretado subjetivamente, estabelecendo-se escores que, na maioria dos casos, variam de 1 a 5. O escore 1 indica uma reação completamente negativa e os de 2-5 indicam graus crescentes de resposta inflamatória do úbere, sendo normalmente considerados como indicativos de mastite subclínica. Dependendo da interpretação dos escores, o CMT pode produzir resultados falso-positivos ou falso-negativos. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do CMT em relação à contagem de células somáticas (CCS). Foram utilizadas 3.012 amostras de leite provenientes de 760 vacas Holandesas ou mestiças Holandês-Zebu, pertencentes a 15 rebanhos. Todas as amostras foram submetidas ao CMT e processadas para CCS em equipamento Fossomatic 90. Os valores médios de CCS (x 1.000 células/ml) obtidos para os escores de CMT foram 1 (79,9), 2 (333,5), 3 (670,3), 4 (1.354,0) e 5 (4.455,6). Três opções de interpretação (doente/não-doente) para o CMT foram testadas, em relação aos valores de CCS, iniciando com 100.000 células/ml: (a) 1 versus 2, 3, 4, e 5; (b) 1 e 2 versus 3, 4 e 5; (c) 1, 2, 3 versus 4 e 5. As sensibilidades do CMT em identificar corretamente quartos mamários acima de 200.000 células/ml foram 79%, 61% e 34%, para as opções a, b e c, respectivamente. Para identificar corretamente contagens acima de 500.000 células/ml, as sensibilidades do CMT, para as opções a, b e c, foram, respectivamente: 93%, 82% e 54%. A sensibilidade do CMT em identificar quartos mamários com mastite subclínica foi adequada (acima de 80%) quando a interpretação do teste foi mais rigorosa (opções a e b). A interpretação da reação 3 como negativa (opção c) só alcançou sensibilidade de 80% para contagens entre 1.200.000 e 1.400.000 células/ml. As especificidades do CMT, para CCS de 200.000 e 500.000 foram, respectivamente, 90% e 80% (opção a), 97% e 90% (opção b) e 99% e 97% (opção c).

Magnum Mare del Zur cum insula California = De groote Zuyd-Zee en 't eylandt California

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Collective redundancies in the State of California of the United States and in the Republic of Finland. Procedures and Provisions

Video games industry has recently bonded California and Finland in a new way and where the employers are recruiting they also need to be aware of the provisions and procedures related to terminations. In general, collective dismissals are on a relatively high level both in Finland and in California. In California, collective redundancies are regulated under the WARN law. The WARN obligates employers with 75 or more employees to give a 60-day notice prior to a mass lay off and some other similar events. Employers with less than 75 employees are free to administer the terminations without the WARN notice period. Generally, the California at-will presumption allows employment relationship to be terminated any day with or without reason and without notice period if conditions of collective agreements or employment contract do not limit this right. Termination cannot anyhow be in violation of the anti-discrimination law. In Finland the termination related provisions are part of the Employment Contracts Act and the Act on Co-operation within Undertakings. Collective redundancies are allowed under financial and production related grounds. Small employers with less than 20 employees follow the termination provisions of the Employment Contracts Act and are obligated to inform the employee to be terminated on the details of the termination itself and also the services of the Employment and Economic Development Office. Employers with 20 or more employees are to initiate co-operation procedure under the Act on Co-operation within Undertakings when reducing personnel. The co- operation negotiations are to inform employees on the employer’s plans and financial situation as well as to involve them in the decision making regarding the terminations. The employer’s duty to inform the employees of the services of Employment and Economic Development Office needs to be fulfilled also in terminations under the co-operation procedure. Discrimination is prohibited in Finland in terminations of employment. As an alternative for terminations, employees can for example be transferred to another position or be temporarily laid off. Employer’s duties related to search of alternatives for layoff are broader in Finland than in California. The recent development of the labor laws in Finland and in California suggests that the labor law is not static in either one of these environments but changes can be expected as the needs of the business life so require.

Dr. Vernon Stauffer [left] on the California Christian College campus, Los Angeles, California, 1921

Dr. Vernon Stauffer [left], Dean and Professor of New Testament and Church History and unidentified on the California Christian College campus [later Chapman College], Los Angeles, California, 1921.

Dr. Vernon Stauffer, first dean of California Christian College, Los Angeles, California

Seated outside the building entrance is Dr. Vernon Stauffer, first dean of California Christian College, Los Angeles, California, ca. 1921. [Later Chapman College]

Hesperian College football team, Woodland, California, 1891

Hesperian College football team, Woodland, California, 1891. Standing, left to right: Sidney Elston, Ernest Norton, Charlie Elston, Charlie Merritt, Jimmie Johnston, Rolls Bray, Frank Zimmerman. Seated, left to right: John Gardner, Bill Banks, Jerry Rust, Bob Simons. On floor, left to right: Joe Harlan, George Martin.

Hesperian College, Woodland, California

Hesperian College building, constructed in 1860-61, Woodland, California, ca. 1862. [Chapman University was founded by members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) as Hesperian College in Woodland, Calif., on March 4, 1861. In 1920, the assets of Hesperian College were absorbed by California Christian College, which held classes in downtown Los Angeles. In 1934, the school was renamed after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C.C. Chapman.]

Hesperian College, Woodland, California

Hesperian College building, constructed in 1860-61, with students and faculty, Woodland, California, ca. 1862. [Chapman University was founded by members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) as Hesperian College in Woodland, Calif., on March 4, 1861. In 1920, the assets of Hesperian College were absorbed by California Christian College, which held classes in downtown Los Angeles. In 1934, the school was renamed after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C.C. Chapman.]

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, 1966

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, 1966. Looking diagonally to the northeast. Corner of North Glassell Street and Palm Avenue in lower middle, with the five original buildings just beyond. The old gymnasium is by the oval playing field and stadium. Photographed by Rene Laursen, 702 N. Grand, Santa Ana, California [No. 1499#1].

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, 1973

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, February 23, 1973. Looking north; athletic field and stadium in center. Photographed by "Aerial Eye Inc. - Custom Aerial Photography - 1330 Bristol S. E. #103 - Santa Ana, California 92707." [#9]

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, 1973

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, February 23, 1973. North at left; athletic field and stadium in center. Photographed by "Aerial Eye Inc. - Custom Aerial Photography - 13

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, 1973

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, January, 1973. North at left; athletic field and stadium in center. Photographed by "Aerial Eye Inc. - Custom Aerial Photography - 1330 Palisades #92 - Santa Ana, California 92707." [#1]

Aerial view of the Chapman College residence halls, Orange, California

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus residence halls, Orange, California.

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California. Looking northwest; the Moulton Fine Arts complex is at lower right. After 1978.

Aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California

Color postcard featuring an aerial view of the Chapman College campus, Orange, California, ca. 1995. Looking north. On message side: "Produced by Wayne Salvatti/Photografx; Copyright Photografx"