Investigação do papel modulador do Haloperidol sobre os níveis de proteínas relacionadas à plasticidade e preferência por objetos novos em camudongos

Dopamine (DA) is known to regulate both sleep and memory formations, while sleep plays a critical role in the consolidation of different types of memories. We believe that pharmacological manipulation of dopaminergic pathways might disrupt the sleep-wake cycle, leading to mnemonic deficits, which can be observed in both behavioral and molecular levels. Therefore, here we investigated how systemic injections of haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg), immediately after training in dark and light periods, affects learning assessed in the novel object preference test (NOPT) in mice. We also investigated the hippocampal levels of the plasticity-related proteins Zif-268, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKII-P) in non-exposed (naïve), vehicle-injected controls and haloperidol-treated mice at 3, 6 and 12 hours after training in the light period. Haloperidol administration during the light period led to a subsequent impairment in the NOPT. In contrast, preference was not observed during the dark period neither in mice injected with haloperidol, nor in vehicle-injected animals. A partial increase of CaMKII-P in the hippocampal field CA3 of vehicle-injected mice was detected at 3h. Haloperidol-treated mice showed a significant decrease in the dentate gyrus of CaMKII-P levels at 3, 6 and 12h; of Zif-268 levels at 6h, and of BDNF levels at 12h after training. Since the mnemonic effects of haloperidol were only observed in the light period when animals tend to sleep, we suggest that these effects are related to REM sleep disruption after haloperidol injection

Diferenças funcionais das regiões hipocampais na formação da memória do tipo o quê", "quando" e "onde" em ratos

Episodic memory refers to the recollection of what, where and when a specific event occurred. Hippocampus is a key structure in this type of memory. Computational models suggest that the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA3 hippocampal subregions are involved in pattern separation and the rapid acquisition of episodic memories, while CA1 is involved in memory consolidation. However there are few studies with animal models that access simultaneously the aspects ‗what-where-when . Recently, an object recognition episodic-like memory task in rodents was proposed. This task consists of two sample trials and a test phase. In sample trial one, the rat is exposed to four copies of an object. In sample trial two, one hour later, the rat is exposed to four copies of a different object. In the test phase, 1 h later, two copies of each of the objects previously used are presented. One copy of the object used in sample trial one is located in a different place, and therefore it is expected to be the most explored object.However, the short retention delay of the task narrows its applications. This study verifies if this task can be evoked after 24h and whether the pharmacological inactivation of the DG/CA3 and CA1 subregions could differentially impair the acquisition of the task described. Validation of the task with a longer interval (24h) was accomplished (animals showed spatiotemporal object discrimination and scopolamine (1 mg/kg, ip) injected pos-training impaired performance). Afterwards, the GABA agonist muscimol, (0,250 μg/μl; volume = 0,5 μl) or saline were injected in the hippocampal subregions fifteen minutes before training. Pre-training inactivation of the DG/CA3 subregions impaired the spatial discrimination of the objects (‗where ), while the temporal discrimination (‗when ) was preserved. Rats treated with muscimol in the CA1 subregion explored all the objects equally well, irrespective of place or presentation time. Our results corroborate the computational models that postulate a role for DG/CA3 in spatial pattern separation, and a role for CA1 in the consolidation process of different mnemonic episodes

Oscilações Teta no hipocampo do rato durante tarefa de tomada de decisão espacial

The processing of spatial and episodic information during memory tasks depends on hippocampal theta oscillations. In the present study, I investigated the relationship between theta power and choice selection during spatial decision-making. I recorded local field potentials from the CA1 region of rats retrieving reward locations in a 4-arm maze. In trained but not in naïve animals, I observed a significant increase in theta power during decision-making, which could not be explained by changes in locomotion speed. Furthermore, a Bayesian decoder based on theta power predicted choice outcomes in speed-matched trials. The decoding time course revealed that performance increased above chance before the decision moment exclusively for theta power, remaining flat for other frequency bands. These results occurred for trained animals, but no significant prediction could be made for naïve animals. Altogether, the data support a mnemonic function of theta rhythm during spatial decision-making, indicating that these oscillations correlate with the retrieval of memories required for successful decisions

Expressão de zif-268 durante a aquisição, evocação e extinção de uma memória aversiva

In the behavioral paradigm of discriminative avoidance task, both short and long-term memories have been extensively investigated with behavioral and pharmacological approaches. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, using the abovementioned model, the hippocampal expression of zif-268 - a calcium-dependent immediate early gene involved with synaptic plasticity process - throughout several steps of memory formation, such as acquisition, evocation and extiction. The behavioral apparatus consisted of a modified elevaated plus-maze, with their enclosed arms disposed in "L". A pre-exposure to the maze was made with the animal using all arms enclosed, for 30 minutes, followed by training and test, during 10 minutes each. The between sections interval was 24h. During training, aversive stimuli (bright light and loud noise) were actived whenever the animals entered one of the enclosed armas (aversive arm). Memory acquisiton, retention and extinction were evaluated by the percentage of the total time spent exploring the aversive arm. The parameters evaluated (time spent in the arms and total distance traveled) were estimated with an animal tracking software (Anymaze, Stoelting, USA). Learning during training was estimated by the decrease of the time spent exploring the aversive arm. One hour after the beginning of each section, animals were anaesthetized with sodium-thiopental (i.p.) and perfused with 0.9% heparinized saline solution followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were cryoprotected with 20% sucrose, separeted in three blocks and frozen. The middle block, containing the hippocampus, was sectioned at 20 micro meters in the coronal plane and the resutant sections were submitted to zif-268 immunohistochemistry. Our results show an increased expression of zif-268 in the dentate gyrus (DG) during the evocation and extinction stages. There is a distinct participation of the DG during the memory evocation, but not during its acquisition. Inaddition, all hippocampal regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) presented an increased zif-268 expression during the process of extinction.

Neurofisiologia hipocampal durante sessões de sono intercaladas por exploração espacial: Reverberação do passado ou predição do futuro?

The ability to predict future rewards or threats is crucial for survival. Recent studies have addressed future event prediction by the hippocampus. Hippocampal neurons exhibit robust selectivity for spatial location. Thus, the activity of hippocampal neurons represents a cognitive map of space during navigation as well as during planning and recall. Spatial selectivity allows the hippocampus to be involved in the formation of spatial and episodic memories, including the sequential ordering of events. On the other hand, the discovery of reverberatory activity in multiple forebrain areas during slow wave and REM sleep underscored the role of sleep on the consolidation of recently acquired memory traces. To this date, there are no studies addressing whether neuronal activity in the hippocampus during sleep can predict regular environmental shifts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the activity of neuronal populations in the hippocampus during sleep sessions intercalated by spatial exploration periods, in which the location of reward changed in a predictable way. To this end, we performed the chronic implantation of 32-channel multielectrode arrays in the CA1 regions of the hippocampus in three male rats of the Wistar strain. In order to activate different neuronal subgroups at each cycle of the task, we exposed the animals to four spatial exploration sessions in a 4-arm elevated maze in which reward was delivered in a single arm per session. Reward location changed regularly at every session in a clockwise manner, traversing all the arms at the end of the daily recordings. Animals were recorded from 2-12 consecutive days. During spatial exploration of the 4-arm elevated maze, 67,5% of the recorded neurons showed firing rate differences across the maze arms. Furthermore, an average of 42% of the neurons showed increased correlation (R>0.3) between neuronal pairs in each arm. This allowed us to sort representative neuronal subgroups for each maze arm, and to analyze the activity of these subgroups across sleep sessions. We found that neuronal subgroups sorted by firing rate differences during spatial exploration sustained these differences across sleep sessions. This was not the case with neuronal subgroups sorted according to synchrony (correlation). In addition, the correlation levels between sleep sessions and waking patterns sampled in each arm were larger for the entire population of neurons than for the rate or synchrony subgroups. Neuronal activity during sleep of the entire neuronal population or subgroups did not show different correlations among the four arm mazes. On the other hand, we verified that neuronal activity during pre-exploration sleep sessions was significantly more similar to the activity patterns of the target arm than neuronal activity during pre-exploration sleep sessions. In other words, neuronal activity during sleep that precedes the task reflects more strongly the location of reward than neuronal activity during sleep that follows the task. Our results suggest that neuronal activity during sleep can predict regular environmental changes

Electric and dielectric behavior of CaCu3Ti4O12-based thin films obtained by soft chemical method

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Differential effects of novel wasp toxin on rat hippocampal interneurons

We studied the effects of a wasp toxin beta-pompilidotoxin (beta-PMTX) on rat hippocampal CA1 interneurons by the current-clamp technique. The firing patterns of pyramidal neurons and pyramidale interneurons were not affected by beta-PMTX, but in oriens and radiatum interneurons, beta-PMTX converted the action potentials to prolonged depolarizing potentials by slowing the inactivation of Na+ channels. In lacunosum moleculare interneurons, beta-PMTX induced initial bursting spikes followed by block of succeeding spikes. Comparison of beta-PMTX with a sea anemone toxin, ATX 11, revealed that ATX 11 altered the firing properties of pyramidal neurons and pyramidale interneurons that were unchanged by beta-PMTX. Our results suggest that beta-PMTX modulates Na+ currents in CAl interneurons differently in various CAl neurons and the toxin is useful to classify Na+ channel subtypes. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

C-terminal processing of the teneurin proteins: Independent actions of a teneurin C-terminal associated peptide in hippocampal cells

Many neuropsychiatric conditions have a common set of neurological substrates associated with the integration of sensorimotor processing. The teneurins are a recently described family of proteins that play a significant role in visual and auditory development. Encoded on the terminal exon of the teneurin genes is a family of bioactive peptides, termed teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP), which regulate mood-disorder associated behaviors. Thus, the teneurin-TCAP system could represent a novel neurological system underlying the origins of a number of complex neuropsychiatric conditions. However, it is not known if TCAP-1 exerts its effects as part of a direct teneurin function, whereby TCAP represents a functional region of the larger teneurin protein, or if it has an independent role, either as a splice variant or post-translational proteolytic cleavage product of teneurin. In this study, we show that TCAP-1 can be transcribed as a smaller mRNA transcript. After translation, further processing yields a smaller 15. kDa protein containing the TCAP-1 region. In the mouse hippocampus, immunoreactive (ir) TCAP-1 is exclusively localized to the pyramidal layers of the CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions. Although the localization of TCAP and teneurin in hippocampal regions is similar, they are distinct within the cell as most ir-teneurin is found at the plasma membrane, whereas ir-TCAP-1 is predominantly found in the cytosol. Moreover, in mouse embryonic hippocampal cell culture, FITC-labeled TCAP-1 binds to the plasma membrane and is taken up into the cytosol via dynamin-dependent caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Our data provides novel evidence that TCAP-1 is structurally and functionally distinct from the larger teneurins. © 2012.

Correlation between photoluminescence and structural defects in Ca 1+x Cu 3 - X Ti 4 O 12 systems

Ca1+xCu3-xTi4O12 powders were synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to verify the formation of cubic CaCu3Ti4O 12 (CCTO) and orthorhombic CaTiO3 (CTO) phases at long range. Rietveld refinements indicate that excess Ca atoms added to the Ca 1-xCu3-xTi4O12 (x = 1.0) composition segregated in a CaTiO3 secondary phase suggesting that solubility limit of Ca atoms in the CaCu3Ti4O12 lattice was reached for this system. The FE-SEM images show that the Ca 1+xCu3-xTi4O12 (0 < x < 3) powders are composed of several agglomerated particles with irregular morphology. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) spectra indicated [TiO5Vo z]-[TiO6] complex clusters in the CaCu3Ti4O12 structure which can be associated with oxygen vacancies (Vo z = V o x, Vo •, and Vo ••) whereas in the CaTiO3 powder, this analysis indicated [TiO6]-[TiO6] complex clusters in the structure. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and photoluminescence (PL) measurements for the analyzed systems revealed structural defects such as oxygen vacancies, distortions, and/or strains in CaCu3Ti4O12 and CaTiO3 lattices, respectively. © 2012 The American Ceramic Society.

Gestational protein restriction induces CA3 dendritic atrophy in dorsal hippocampal neurons but does not alter learning and memory performance in adult offspring

Studies have demonstrated that nutrient deficiency during pregnancy or in early postnatal life results in structural abnormalities in the offspring hippocampus and in cognitive impairment. In an attempt to analyze whether gestational protein restriction might induce learning and memory impairments associated with structural changes in the hippocampus, we carried out a detailed morphometric analysis of the hippocampus of male adult rats together with the behavioral characterization of these animals in the Morris water maze (MWM). Our results demonstrate that gestational protein restriction leads to a decrease in total basal dendritic length and in the number of intersections of CA3 pyramidal neurons whereas the cytoarchitecture of CA1 and dentate gyrus remained unchanged. Despite presenting significant structural rearrangements, we did not observe impairments in the MWM test. Considering the clear dissociation between the behavioral profile and the hippocampus neuronal changes, the functional significance of dendritic remodeling in fetal processing remains undisclosed. © 2012 ISDN.

Propriedade fotoluminescente dos materiais 'CA''TI''O IND.3' e 'CA IND.1-x''EU IND.x''TI''O IND.3'

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Encefalite viral induzida pelo vírus da dengue em camundongos suíços albinos: a resposta inflamatória do sistema nervoso central do hospedeiro neonato

Para estudar a resposta imune inata produzida especificamente no interior do SNC em desenvolvimento, evitando a influencia do sistema imune, empregamos modelo de infeccao viral induzida pela inoculacao intracerebral do virus da dengue em camundongos neonatos. Oito camundongos lactentes de dois dias de idade da espécie Mus musculus e variedade suica albina foram inoculados por via intracerebral com homogenado cerebral infectado com a especie Flavivirus (DENV3 genotipo III). Outro conjunto de animais foi utilizado como controle (nao infectado) e inoculado com igual volume de homogenado cerebral nao infectante e mantidos nas mesmas condicoes dos infectados. Decorridos 7 dias apos a infeccao os camundongos doentes foram sacrificados e tiveram seus cerebros processados para imunomarcacao de astrocitos e microglias. Quantificou-se a resposta imune glial no stratum lacunosum molecular (Lac Mol), radiatum (Rad) e pyramidale (Pir) de CA1-2 do hipocampo e na camada molecular do giro denteado (GDMol) usando o fracionador optico para estimar o numero de microglias e astrocitos em animais infectados e controles. Intensa astrocitose reativa e intensa ativacao microglial foram encontradas em animais neonatos com sinais clinicos de meningoencefalite. Entretanto, embora tenham sido maiores as estimativas do numero de microglias ativadas nos infectados (Inf) do que nos animais controles (Cont) nas camadas GDMol (Inf: 738,95 } 3,07; Cont: 232,73 } 70,38; p = 0,0035), Rad (Inf: 392,49 } 44,13; Cont: 62,76 } 15,86; p = 0,0004), em relacao ao numero total de microglias (ativadas ou nao) apenas o stratum radiatum mostrou diferença significante (Inf: 6.187,49 } 291,62; Cont: 4.011,89 } 509,73; p = 0,01). Por outro lado apenas a camada molecular do giro denteado mostrou diferenca no numero de astrocitos (Inf: 8.720,17 } 903,11; Cont: 13.023,13 } 1.192,14; p = 0,02). Tomados em conjunto os resultados sugerem que a resposta imune inata do camundongo neonato a encefalite induzida pelo virus da dengue (sorotipo 3, genotipo III) esta associada a um maior aumento do numero de microglias do que de astrocitos reativos e essa mudanca e dependente da camada e da regiao investigada. As implicacoes fisiopatologicas desses achados permanecem por ser investigadas.

Neurodegeneração crônica em modelo murino: ensaios comportamentais e neuropatológicos na doença prion em fêmeas adultas de camundongos albinos suíços

No presente trabalho implantou-se como modelo experimental para estudos de neurodegeneração crônica a doença prion induzida pelo agente ME7 em fêmea adulta no camundongo Suíço albino. As alterações comportamentais e neuropatológicas seguem de perto as previamente descritas para o camundongo C57BL/6j com duas exceções: 1) o septum ao invés do hipocampo é a região onde se detectou mais precocemente o maior número de microglias ativadas e astrócitos reativos e onde houve a maior redução de redes perineuronais nos estágios iniciais da doença; 2) Em relação ao C57BL/6j o curso temporal da doença é em média 4 semanas mais longo (26 semanas) e os sintomas iniciais começam a aparecer 4 semanas mais tarde (16 semanas) na variedade Suíça albina. Semelhante ao encontrado no C57BL/6j não se encontrou diferença nas estimativas do número de neurônios nos animais inoculados com o agente ME7 em relação aos inoculados com homogenado cerebral normal 15 e 1 8 semanas após a inoculação. A análise comparada do número de microglias ativadas astrócitos reativos e redes perineuronais empregando o fracionador óptico revelou diferenças significativas nos animais sacrificados na 15ª em relação aos sacrificados na 18ª semana pós-inoculação, com aumento do número das primeiras e redução do número das últimas na 18ª semana (teste T, bi-caudal p<0.05). A análise de cluster seguida da análise discriminante dos resultados dos testes comportamentais da variedade Suíça albina aplicada a cada quinzena ao longo do curso temporal da doença, revelou que a remoção de comida é a única variável discriminante para detecção de dois grupos distintos: um grupo menor (em torno de 40%, n=4), mais sensível, onde a doença cursa mais rápido e os animais atingem a fase terminal em 22 semanas, e outro maior (em torno de 60%, n=6), menos sensível, onde os animais atingem a fase terminal em 26 semanas. Os resultados são importantes para estudos comparativos de imunopatologia dentro da mesma e entre variedades de modelos murinos de neurodegeneração crônica na doença prion induzida pelo agente ME7.

Intoxicação crônica experimental com alumínio: padrões degenerativos, comportamentais e terapia experimental com magnésio após lesão hipocampal

Evidências experimentais sugerem que o alumínio é um agente neurotóxico com ações deletérias sobre os processos cognitivos. Neste estudo, investigou-se os efeitos comportamentais, histopatológicos e bioquímicos da intoxicação crônica com citrato de alumínio sobre o hipocampo de ratos adultos, e ao mesmo tempo aplicou-se uma terapia experimental de tratamento com magnésio para a reversão das alterações neuropatológicas encontradas. Utilizou-se 70 ratos Wistar machos de 200-250 g, divididos em grupos da seguinte maneira: controle, citrato de sódio (CNa), citrato de alumínio (CAl), citrato de alumínio + sulfato de magnésio (CAl+Mg), citrato de sódio + sulfato de magnésio (CNa+Mg). A dose usada de citrato de alumínio foi de 100 mg/kg e sulfato de magnésio 250 mg/kg durante 30 dias. Os animais foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais do campo aberto, Rota rod, Reconhecimento social e Labirinto em T elevado (LTE), análise bioquímica, histopatológica e imunoistoquímica para GFAP. Além disso, foram verificados os níveis de alumínio no plasma e no hipocampo dos animais em espectrômetro de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GF AAS). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o grupo CAl apresentou um aumento da atividade locomotora no teste do campo aberto em comparação ao grupo controle e já o grupo CAl+Mg apresentou uma diminuição (P<0.001). Nos testes de memória do LTE e de Reconhecimento social, os animais do grupo CAl apresentaram déficits no cognitivos em relação aos demais grupos enquanto os animais do grupo CAl+Mg apresentaram um bom desempenho nos teste (P<0.001). Os níveis de alumínio encontrados no hipocampo do grupo CAl foram consideravelmente elevados e nos demais grupos os níveis ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção. Na análise histopatológica e imunoistoquímica, os animais do grupo CAl apresentaram diminuição da densidade celular e reatividade astrocitária nas camadas CA1, CA3 e hilo do hipocampo. Estes resultados sugerem que a intoxicação experimental com citrato de alumínio induz déficits de aprendizado e memória e que a administração de sulfato de magnésio pode ter a capacidade de minimizar os danos causados pelo metal no hipocampo de animais intoxicados.

Redução do volume hipocampal, perda neuronal e alterações gliais em ratos expostos cronicamente ao etanol da adolescência à fase adulta

O consumo de etanol (EtOH) é considerado um problema de saúde pública do Brasil e no mundo, sendo alvo de pesquisas epidemiológicas e de seus efeitos no organismo durante as várias etapas do desenvolvimento humano. Neste contexto, torna-se necessário o entendimento dos efeitos do EtOH no Sistema Nervoso Central, mais especificamente sobre a formação hipocampal, pois embora seja conhecida como uma estrutura particularmente sensível aos seus efeitos deletérios do EtOH, os mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos de exposição crônica são pouco estabelecidos. O presente estudo objetiva verificar quais as repercussões da exposição crônica ao EtOH em ratos, desde a adolescência até a idade adulta, sobre os padrões morfométricos e morfologia hipocampal. Ratos Wistar, fêmeas, receberam EtOH por gavagem (6,5 g/kg/dia, 22,5% V/v), do 35º ao 90º dia pós-natal, sendo comparado com grupo controle, o qual recebeu apenas água destilada. Foi realizada análise morfométrica e estereológica, bem como histoquímica e imunoistoquímica. Para a marcação imunoistoquímica, utilizou-se os anticorpos Anti-NeuN, Anti-GFAP e Anti-Iba1. Verificou-se perda neuronal significativa em CA1 e hilo, com CA3, apresentando diminuição não significante no número de células Neu-N+. Também foi encontra redução significativa da população microglial em todas as áreas investigadas, com ativação destas células. Houve redução no número de astrócitos em animais expostos ao EtOH em todas as áreas, embora não de forma significativa em CA1. Análise estereológica evidenciou redução de volume na formação hipocampal de ratos expostos ao EtOH em relação ao grupo controle. Desta forma, conclui-se que animais expostos cronicamente ao EtOH, sofrem redução volumétrica e perdas neuronal e glial na formação hipocampal.