Codisposição de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde com resíduos sólidos urbanos

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a codisposição de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde (RSSS) com resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), dando ênfase aos microrganismos normalmente encontrados nos RSSS. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas, julgadas relevantes para o entendimento da codisposição de RSSS com RSU, denominadas de forma geral: Codisposição, Recirculação e Inoculação. A Codisposição foi implementada a partir da montagem de seis células de 70 m3, portanto em escala real, escavadas sobre a Célula 4 do Aterro Sanitário Zona Norte, na cidade de Porto Alegre. As células experimentais foram dispostas lado a lado, apresentando base inferior 2 x 3 m, base superior 7 x 8 m e profundidade 2,5 m. Cada célula recebeu, nesta ordem, cobertura de BIDIM 400, PEAD 2 mm e BIDIM 180. As duas coberturas de BIDIM funcionaram como membranas protetoras da manta de PEAD (impermeabilizante), visando minorar possíveis danos mecânicos determinados principalmente por elementos pérfuro-cortantes. As drenagens dos efluentes líquidos e gasosos de cada célula foram realizadas através de tubos hidráulicos de DN 40 mm, possuindo estes comunicação entre si no interior de cada célula, mas não entre células. Os tubos de saída de gás e lixiviado foram furados em sua superfície para garantir a remoção dos efluentes do interior das células, sendo forrados com BIDIM 400 nas regiões perfuradas para impedir a obstrução dos furos pelo resíduo. As células foram denominadas C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 e C6, diferindo entre si devido às relações de RSSS/RSU que foram utilizadas em seu preenchimento. De C1 a C6, as percentagens de RSU e RSSS foram, respectivamente, (100% e 0%), (95% e 5%), (75% e 25%), (50% e 50%), (25% e 75%) e (0% e 100%). Depois de preenchidas, as células receberam uma camada de argila compactável de 60 cm. Foram analisadas diversas variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de controle. Na etapa de Recirculação, estudou-se a influência da reposição de todo o lixiviado gerado em uma célula sobre a argila de recobrimento desta mesma célula. Foi estudado ainda o Poder Germinativo de quatro espécies vegetais das quais uma delas viria a ser utilizada para remoção de poluentes do lixiviado recirculado, sendo plantada sobre a superfície superior das células. Foram elas ervilhaca (Vicia sativa), aveia preta (Avena strigosa), alfafa (Medicago sativa) e pensacola (Paspalum notatum), testadas na presença e ausência de lixiviado;. Nesta etapa, foi testada a influência da espécie vegetal ervilhaca (Vicia sativa) – leguminosa de inverno –, plantada na argila, como agente de depuração do lixiviado recirculado. Verificou-se que a utilização desta espécie vegetal não teve influência significativa na remoção de poluentes do lixiviado, nas condições do experimento. A redução das concentrações de poluentes se deveu, portanto, à operação de recirculação. Na etapa denominada Inoculação, foram estudadas as curvas de crescimento de três espécies de microrganismos em lixiviado bruto e esterilizado. Foram utilizados reatores de 1,5 L preenchidos com 1 L de lixiviado esterilizado previamente, sendo inoculadas concentrações conhecidas dos microrganismos Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, separadamente. Para cada microrganismo, foram montados doze reatores: quatro com pH 5, quatro com pH 7 e quatro com pH 9. De cada conjunto de reatores de mesmo pH, três foram inoculados com igual concentração de microrganismos, e um, considerado reator de controle, recebeu somente água deionizada e esterilizada. Desenvolveram-se, como esperado, as curvas de crescimento para as espécies estudadas. A espécie Pseudomonas aeruginosa se adaptou melhor (maior tempo de sobrevivência e concentrações mais elevadas) no pH neutro, enquanto que a espécie Escherichia coli se desenvolveu melhor no pH ácido. No pH 9, ambas as espécies foram inviabilizadas desde a primeira contagem. Para Staphylococcus aureus a concentração reduziu-se drasticamente nas primeiras 24 h para todos os valores de pH. Comparando-se os pH, essa espécie se adaptou melhor no pH neutro e depois no pH ácido. A partir dos estudos desenvolvidos, a codisposição de RSSS com RSU se mostrou uma técnica aceitável.

Mudanças na taxa de juros e mudanças no risco Brasil

A taxa SELIC contribui para a formação do chamado RISCO Brasil ? A resposta a esta questão é o que este trabalho propõe dar. Seguindo uma metodologia para estabelecer a relação entre ambas variáveis, mostra que realmente existem evidências de que variações na taxa SELIC redundam em variações no RISCO Brasil, assim como evidências de feedbach. Na interação entre ambas variáveis, destaca-se ainda o papel das reuniões do COPOM, prováveis geradoras de expectativas e que reforçam o elo entre taxa SELIC e RISCO Brasil

Application of multivariable control using artificial neural networks in a debutanizer distillation column

LOPES, Jose Soares Batista et al. Application of multivariable control using artificial neural networks in a debutanizer distillation column.In: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - COBEM, 19, 5-9 nov. 2007, Brasilia. Anais... Brasilia, 2007

Ticks' response to feeding on host immunized with glandular extracts of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days. I. Inactivity or early degeneration of salivary glands?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Phosphorus bioavailability in diets for growing horses

A study of phosphorus (P) metabolism was carried out using 12 month old Brasileiro de Hipismo breed of horses to determine the P bioavailability available from feeds commonly fed to horses in Brazil. Five different diets were formulated to contain approximately equivalent levels of crude protein and digestible energy, as well as to supply at least 22 g P/horse/day (NRC, 1989). All 5 diets contained 40% Bermuda coastal hay plus 60% concentrate. The 5 different concentrates contained: C1 (corn+ cottonseed meal) C2 (corn grain+soybean meal) C3 (corn+sugarcane yeast), C4 (oat+cottonseed meal), and C5 (oat+soybean meal). The radioisotope (32)p was injected with 30 NIB. Blood, feces and urine were collected for 7 days to evaluate endogenous fecal P and true absorption. Analysis of variance of P intake showed differences due to dietary effects (P < 0.05). Concentrate C3 had the lowest intake (79.68 mg/ kg BW). All of the diets produced positive P retention. Absolute values for P concentrations in plasma, urine, feces and endogenous feces did not vary between diets. Values for endogenous fecal P were independent of the level of P intake, so the correlation between P intake and P endogenous was not significant. P bioavailability values were 50.75; 40.98; 43.50; 51.03 and 57.68% for diets C1 through C5, respectively. However, differences in P bioavailability were found (P < 0.05) between diets. Diets C2 and C3 had lower P bioavailability than the other diets. The P bioavailability of all dietary treatments in this study exceeded NRC (1989) postulations of 35% true P absorption in diets not supplemented with inorganic P. The results of this study indicate that inorganic P supplementation is not needed for growing yearlings fed common Brazilian feeds. Considering the high cost of P supplementation and the risk of environmental P contamination, inorganic phosphorus supplementation for growing yearlings may not be required. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Técnicas de inteligência artificial para a geração dinâmica de set points para uma coluna de destilação

Artificial Intelligence techniques are applied to improve performance of a simulated oil distillation system. The chosen system was a debutanizer column. At this process, the feed, which comes to the column, is segmented by heating. The lightest components become steams, by forming the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). The others components, C5+, continue liquid. In the composition of the LPG, ideally, we have only propane and butanes, but, in practice, there are contaminants, for example, pentanes. The objective of this work is to control pentane amount in LPG, by means of intelligent set points (SP s) determination for PID controllers that are present in original instrumentation (regulatory control) of the column. A fuzzy system will be responsible for adjusting the SP's, driven by the comparison between the molar fraction of the pentane present in the output of the plant (LPG) and the desired amount. However, the molar fraction of pentane is difficult to measure on-line, due to constraints such as: long intervals of measurement, high reliability and low cost. Therefore, an inference system was used, based on a multilayer neural network, to infer the pentane molar fraction through secondary variables of the column. Finally, the results shown that the proposed control system were able to control the value of pentane molar fraction under different operational situations

Assessment of the In Vivo Genotoxicity of New Lead Compounds to Treat Sickle Cell Disease

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Síntese, caracterizaçao e propriedades catalicas da peneira molecular nanoestruturada modificada com lantanio

The nanostructured molecular sieve SBA-15 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and modified with lanthanum with Si/La molar ratios of 25, 50, 75 and 100. The materials were evaluated as catalysts for the cracking of n-hexane model reaction. Type SBA- 15 and LaSBA-15 mesoporous materials were synthesized using tetraetilortosilicato as a source of silica, hydrochloric acid, heptahydrate lanthanum chloride and distilled water. Pluronic P123 triblock. polymer was used as structure template. The syntheses were carried out by 72 hours. The obtained SBA-15 samples were previously analyzed by thermogravimetry, in order to check the conditions of calcination for removal of organic template. Then, the calcined materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, adsorption and desorption of nitrogen, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis by dispersive energy. The acidity of the samples was determined using adsorption of n-bulinamina and desorption followed by thermogravimetry. It was found that the hydrothermal synthesis method was suitable for the synthesis of the SBA-15 mesoporous materials, with an excellent degree of hexagonal ordering. The reactions of catalytic cracking of n-hexane were carried out using a fixed bed continuous flow microreactor, coupled on-line to a gas chromatograph. From the catalytic evaluation, it was observed that the mesoporous materials containing lanthanum showed different results for the reaction of cracking of nhexane compared to the unmodified mesoporous material SBA-15. As a result of cracking was obtained as main products hydrocarbons in the range of C1 to C5. The catalyst that showed better properties in relation to the acidity and catalytic activity was LaSBA-15 with the ratio Si/La = 50

Influência de tensoativos não iônicos na destilação molecular de petróleo

The molecular distillation is show as an alternative for separation and purification of various kinds of materials. The process is a special case of evaporation at high vacuum, in the order from 0.001 to 0.0001 mmHg and therefore occurs at relatively lower temperatures, preserves the material to be purified. In Brazil, molecular distillation is very applied in the separation of petroleum fractions. However, most studies evaluated the temperature of the evaporator, condenser temperature and flow such variables of the molecular distillation oil. Then, to increase the degree of recovery of the fraction of the distillate obtained in the process of the molecular distillation was evaluated the use nonionic surfactants of the class of nonylphenol ethoxylate, molecules able to interact in the liquid-liquid and liquid-vapor interface various systems. In this context, the aim of this work was to verify the influence of commercial surfactant (Ultranex-18 an Ultranex-18-50) in the molecular distillation of a crude oil. The physicochemical characterization of the oil was realized and the petroleum shown an API gravity of 42°, a light oil. Initially, studied the molecular distillation without surfactant using star design experimental (2H ± ) evaluated two variables (evaporator temperature and condenser temperature) and answer variable was the percentage in distillate obtained in the process (D%). The best experimental condition to molecular distillation oil (38% distillate) was obtained at evaporator and condenser temperatures of 120 °C and 10 ° C, respectively. Subsequently, to determine the range of surfactant concentration to be applied in the process, was determined the critical micellar concentration by the technique of scattering X-ray small angle (SAXS). The surfactants Ultranex-18 an Ultranex-18-50 shown the critical micelle concentration in the range of 10-2 mol/L in the hydrocarbons studied. Then, was applied in the study of distillation a concentration range from 0.01 to 0.15 mol/L of the surfactants (Ultranex- 18 and 50). The use of the nonionic surfactant increased the percentage of hydrocarbons in the range from 5 to 9 carbons in comparison to the process carried out without surfactant, and in some experimental conditions the fraction of light compounds in the distilled was over 700% compared to the conventional process. The study showed that increasing the degree of ethoxylation of Ultranex18 to Ultranex-50, the compounds in the range of C5 to C9 reduced the percentage in the distilled, since the increase of the hydrophilic part of the surfactant reduces its solubility in the oil. Finally, was obtained an increase in the degree of recovery of light hydrocarbons, comparing processes with and without surfactant, obtained an increase of 10% and 4% with Ultranex-18 and Ultranex-50, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that the Ultranex- 18 surfactant showed a higher capacity to distillation compared with Ultranex-50 and the application of surfactant on the molecular distillation from petroleum allowed for a greater recovery of light compounds in distillate

Implantes de resina de poliuretana vegetal (Ricinus communis) na tração linear, fixação e fusão vertebral no cão: estudo experimental

Placa e espaçador de polímero derivado do óleo de mamona (PDOM) (Ricinus communis) foram avaliados clínica, radiográfica e histologicamente na tração linear, fixação e fusão vertebral cervical em 20 cães adultos, sem raça definida, pesando entre 17 e 22kg. Foram sacrificados quatro animais aos 10, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de pós-operatório. Após exposição da coluna cervical, por acesso ventral, o disco intervertebral de C4-C5 foi fenestrado e a abordagem ao canal medular foi feita por meio de fenda óssea. Um espaçador de PDOM foi colocado preenchendo o defeito ósseo. Os corpos vertebrais C4-C5 foram fixados com placa do mesmo material, utilizando-se dois parafusos corticais em cada corpo vertebral. Apenas um animal apresentou déficit neurológico no pós-operatório imediato. Radiograficamente as vértebras mostravam-se normais e alinhadas, sem colapso do espaço intervertebral, porém não houve neoformação óssea entre as vértebras. Ao exame mielográfico, não houve compressão da medula espinhal. Os implantes foram efetivos em manter a tração linear e fixação das vértebras cervicais e não ocorreu a fusão vertebral.

Origin of sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat temporomandibular joint: A retrograde axonal tracing study with the fluorescent dye fast blue

Previous studies that have used retrograde axonal tracers (horseradish peroxidase alone or conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin) have shown that the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is supplied with nerve fibers originating mainly from the trigeminal ganglion, in addition to other sensory and sympathetic ganglia. The existence of nerve fibers in the TMJ originating from the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is unclear, and the possible innervation by parasympathetic nerve fibers has not been determined. In the present work, the retrograde axonal tracer, fast blue, was used to elucidate these questions and re-evaluated the literature data. The tracer was deposited in the supradiscal articular space of the rat TMJ, and an extensive morphometric analysis was performed of the labeled perikaryal profiles located in sensory and autonomic ganglia. This methodology permitted us to observe labeled small perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion, clustered mainly in the posterior-lateral region of the dorsal, medial and ventral thirds of horizontal sections, with some located in the anterior-lateral region of the ventral third. Sensory perikarya were also labeled in the dorsal root ganglia from C2 to C5. No labeled perikaryal profiles were found in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. on the other hand, autonomic labeled perikaryal profiles were distributed in the sympathetic superior cervical and stellate ganglia, and parasympathetic otic ganglion. Our results confirmed those of previous studies and also demonstrated that: (i) there is a distribution pattern of labeled perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion; (ii) some perikaryal profiles located in the otic ganglion were labeled; and (iii) the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus did not show any retrogradely labeled perikaryal profiles.

Platelet-rich plasma stimulates cytokine expression and alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblast-derived osteosarcoma cells

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Degeneration of salivary glands of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The present study examined the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus males at days 0, 3, and 7 post-detachment from the host. Degeneration of this organ occurred in the three stages and it advanced as time away from the host progressed. Thus, characteristics of degeneration were more prominent in males at day 7 post-detachment than in males at day 0 post-detachment. In males at day 0 post-detachment, type I acini were intact; while in other stages these acini exhibited signs of degeneration. In type 11 acini of individuals at day 0 post-detachment, cells a, c1-c5, c8, and indeterminate were identified. Only c I and c8 were intact. The remaining cell types were undergoing degeneration, as well as all cells d-f in type III acini, and all g in type IV acini.In males at day 3 post-detachment from the host, all cells (a, c1-c5, c8 and indeterminate) of type 11 acini, cells d and e in type III acini, and g in type IV were undergoing degeneration. In some Indeterminate acini, the boundaries of cells still could be distinguished, while in others, only a cytoplasmic mass was observed. At day 3 post-detachment, apoptotic bodies were present.In males at day 7 post-detachment from the host, the degeneration process progressed. All cells a, cl, c3-c5, c8 and indeterminate in type II, and d and e in type III acini were undergoing degeneration. Type IV acini still contained remnants of secretion and in Indeterminate acini, only a cytoplasmic mass could be observed. At this stage, apoptotic bodies were also present.The present study still revealed that cells of salivary glands of R. sanguineus males when degenerating undergo the following changes: (a) decrease in secretion production with or without granule breakage, (b) changes in nuclear morphology, (c) cytoplasm shrinkage, (d) loss of cell shape, (e) loss of cell boundaries, and (e) cytoplasmic vacuolation. Together, these changes result in cell fragmentation with release of apoptotic bodies. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morpho-histochemical characterization of salivary gland cells of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) at different feeding stages: description of new cell types

This study describes the changes undergone by cells of the salivary glands of unfed and feeding (at day two and four post-attachment) Rhipicephalus sanguineus males, as well as new cell types. In unfed males, types I and II acini are observed with cells undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2 (the latter, with atypical granules), a, c1 and c3; type III is composed of cells d and e; and type IV present cells g. In males at day two post-attachment, type I acini exhibit the same morphology of unfed individuals. An increase in size is observed in types II, III, and IV, as cells are filled with secretion granules. Some granules are still undergoing maturation. In type II acinus, cells a, b and c1-c8 are observed. Cells c7 and c8 are described for the first time. Cells c7 are termed as such due to the addition of polysaccharides in the composition of the secretion granules (in unfed individuals, they are termed undefined 1). Type III acini exhibit cells d and e completely filled with granules, and in type IV, cells g contain granules in several stages of maturation. In males at day four post-attachment, type I acini do not exhibit changes. Granular acini exhibit cells with fewer secretion granules, which are already mature. In type II acini, cells a, b, c1-c5 are present, type III exhibit cells d and e, and type IV contain cells g with little or no secretion. This study shows that in the salivary glands of R. sanguineus males, cells a, c1, and c3 of type II acinus, and cells d and e of type III do not exhibit changes in granular content, remaining continuously active during the entire feeding period. This indicates that during the intervals among feeding stages, gland cells reacquire the same characteristics found in unfed individuals, suggesting that they undergo reprogramming to be active in the next cycle.

Reações de Etanol com CO/H2 na Presença do Sistema Catalítico Ru(acac)3/I-

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)