Laureano Figuerola, nuestro pedagogo de la Ilustración (1816-1903).

Estudiar la persona y pensamiento pedagógico de Laureano Figuerola. Estudia las diferentes etapas biográficas del autor así como su obra pedagógica. Faceta política, economista y de jurisconsultor. Formación jurídica y pedagógica. Inspector de Enseñanza Primaria. Primer Director de la Escuela Normal. Docencia universitaria. Intervención en la 'Institución Libre de Enseñanza'. Análisis de sus obras pedagógicas. El proceso de la investigación se basa en una búsqueda de información en material muchas veces inédito que va desarrollándose en diferentes etapas, antes mencionadas, que conforman una exposición que sigue un orden biográfico, hasta llegar al último aspecto tratado que es la obra bibliográfica. Al final de cada capítulo extrae sus conclusiones correspondientes. Realiza una búsqueda de información en fuentes muy diversas inéditas o manuscritas, realizando un análisis de diferentes facetas de la vida de Laureano Figuerola, hasta llegar a las conclusiones sobre su bibliografía que están en consonancia con todo lo anterior.

Sobre la Educación Física como introducción a una propuesta de gimnasia elemental, en una serie de ejercicios corporales (1807) de Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Johann Sebastian Bach y el gusto francés.

Resumen en inglés

La influencia del estilo italiano en la obra de Johann Sebastian Bach

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en inglés

La contrarrevolución del virrey Abascal: Lima, 1806-1816 (Estudios)

Durante los años del colapso de la monarquía española, el Virreinato del Perú estuvo gobernado por Fernando de Abascal, quien, en alianza con la élíte de Lima, aplicó una política de represión en términos ideológicos y militares ante cualquier intento separatista o revolucionario, tanto dentro de su jurisdicción virreinal como fuera de ella, entre cuyos territorios vecinos estaban Quito, Chile y Charcas. Asimismo, mediante esta estrategia, el Virreinato de Lima intentó recuperar parte de la influencia perdida en América del Sur como consecuencia de la aplicación de las reformas borbónicas, especialmente durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. El presente artículo pone atención a la respuesta de Lima contra al movimiento insurgente desatado en Quito a partir de 1809.

Las mujeres de la plebe de la ciudad de Quito frente a las políticas y prácticas de control social: el caso del Hospicio Jesús, María y José (1785-1816)

Las mujeres presas en el Hospicio de Quito durante los primeros treinta años de existencia constituyen el objeto de estudio del presente trabajo. A través de este sector circunscrito de la plebe quiteña se identifican algunas características sobre la forma en que “desde arriba” se proyectan las políticas y los mecanismos de control y algunas agencias que “desde abajo” se activan frente a la situación de disciplinamiento en la ciudad. Para abordar estas dos perspectivas se recurre a documentación oficial y a la búsqueda del “deber ser” institucional, al mismo tiempo que se procura recuperar la voz de los sectores subalternos, particularmente de las mujeres. El trabajo se asienta por lo tanto, en buena medida, en aquella documentación primaria que permite escuchar algunas de las preocupaciones de las mujeres relacionadas con sus experiencias. Específicamente se detectan algunas prácticas que activan frente a las injusticias que perciben y su reacción frente al incumplimiento de los objetivos de la institución definidos en el discurso ilustrado que justificaron su creación. Ambos temas traducen la percepción que tienen los sectores subalternos respecto a su rol y al del Hospicio.

Voces de mujeres de la plebe en el Hospicio de Quito, 1785-1816

Este estudio se propone recuperar las voces de algunas mujeres presas en el Hospicio Jesús, María y José, fundado en Quito en 1786, en el marco de las políticas sociales borbónicas de control de la población marginal de la ciudad. El Hospicio, creado para recluir a sujetos considerados improductivos –fundamentalmente, pobres-mendigos, ociosos y lazarinos–, también castigó con el encierro a mujeres imputadas de transgresiones sociales, con la intensión de redimirlas a partir del trabajo en la producción textil. Bajo la perspectiva de los nuevos enfoques respecto al concepto de control social, se pueden identificar algunos mecanismos que activaron las mujeres presas para elevar reclamos cuando percibían injusticias o para demandar su libertad. Esta perspectiva permite abordar el tema del control social bajo una doble visión: la forma como se proyecta el control desde «arriba», articulando diversas instancias de autoridad, y las respuestas de los sectores subalternos «desde abajo», activando no solo mecanismos de resistencia, sino también de agencia.

Symmetry breaking, mixing, instability, and low frequency variability in a minimal Lorenz-like system

Starting from the classical Saltzman two-dimensional convection equations, we derive via a severe spectral truncation a minimal 10 ODE system which includes the thermal effect of viscous dissipation. Neglecting this process leads to a dynamical system which includes a decoupled generalized Lorenz system. The consideration of this process breaks an important symmetry and couples the dynamics of fast and slow variables, with the ensuing modifications to the structural properties of the attractor and of the spectral features. When the relevant nondimensional number (Eckert number Ec) is different from zero, an additional time scale of O(Ec−1) is introduced in the system, as shown with standard multiscale analysis and made clear by several numerical evidences. Moreover, the system is ergodic and hyperbolic, the slow variables feature long-term memory with 1/f3/2 power spectra, and the fast variables feature amplitude modulation. Increasing the strength of the thermal-viscous feedback has a stabilizing effect, as both the metric entropy and the Kaplan-Yorke attractor dimension decrease monotonically with Ec. The analyzed system features very rich dynamics: it overcomes some of the limitations of the Lorenz system and might have prototypical value in relevant processes in complex systems dynamics, such as the interaction between slow and fast variables, the presence of long-term memory, and the associated extreme value statistics. This analysis shows how neglecting the coupling of slow and fast variables only on the basis of scale analysis can be catastrophic. In fact, this leads to spurious invariances that affect essential dynamical properties (ergodicity, hyperbolicity) and that cause the model losing ability in describing intrinsically multiscale processes.

Evidence of dispersion relations for the nonlinear response of the Lorenz 63 system

Along the lines of the nonlinear response theory developed by Ruelle, in a previous paper we have proved under rather general conditions that Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations and sum rules apply for a class of susceptibilities describing at any order of perturbation the response of Axiom A non equilibrium steady state systems to weak monochromatic forcings. We present here the first evidence of the validity of these integral relations for the linear and the second harmonic response for the perturbed Lorenz 63 system, by showing that numerical simulations agree up to high degree of accuracy with the theoretical predictions. Some new theoretical results, showing how to derive asymptotic behaviors and how to obtain recursively harmonic generation susceptibilities for general observables, are also presented. Our findings confirm the conceptual validity of the nonlinear response theory, suggest that the theory can be extended for more general non equilibrium steady state systems, and shed new light on the applicability of very general tools, based only upon the principle of causality, for diagnosing the behavior of perturbed chaotic systems and reconstructing their output signals, in situations where the fluctuation-dissipation relation is not of great help.

Estimating Lorenz's reference state in an ocean with a nonlinear equation of state for seawater

The study of the mechanical energy budget of the oceans using Lorenz available potential energy (APE) theory is based on knowledge of the adiabatically re-arranged Lorenz reference state of minimum potential energy. The compressible and nonlinear character of the equation of state for seawater has been thought to cause the reference state to be ill-defined, casting doubt on the usefulness of APE theory for investigating ocean energetics under realistic conditions. Using a method based on the volume frequency distribution of parcels as a function of temperature and salinity in the context of the seawater Boussinesq approximation, which we illustrate using climatological data, we show that compressibility effects are in fact minor. The reference state can be regarded as a well defined one-dimensional function of depth, which forms a surface in temperature, salinity and density space between the surface and the bottom of the ocean. For a very small proportion of water masses, this surface can be multivalued and water parcels can have up to two statically stable levels in the reference density profile, of which the shallowest is energetically more accessible. Classifying parcels from the surface to the bottom gives a different reference density profile than classifying in the opposite direction. However, this difference is negligible. We show that the reference state obtained by standard sorting methods is equivalent, though computationally more expensive, to the volume frequency distribution approach. The approach we present can be applied systematically and in a computationally efficient manner to investigate the APE budget of the ocean circulation using models or climatological data.

Comparing hybrid data assimilation methods on the Lorenz 1963 model with increasing nonlinearity

We systematically compare the performance of ETKF-4DVAR, 4DVAR-BEN and 4DENVAR with respect to two traditional methods (4DVAR and ETKF) and an ensemble transform Kalman smoother (ETKS) on the Lorenz 1963 model. We specifically investigated this performance with increasing nonlinearity and using a quasi-static variational assimilation algorithm as a comparison. Using the analysis root mean square error (RMSE) as a metric, these methods have been compared considering (1) assimilation window length and observation interval size and (2) ensemble size to investigate the influence of hybrid background error covariance matrices and nonlinearity on the performance of the methods. For short assimilation windows with close to linear dynamics, it has been shown that all hybrid methods show an improvement in RMSE compared to the traditional methods. For long assimilation window lengths in which nonlinear dynamics are substantial, the variational framework can have diffculties fnding the global minimum of the cost function, so we explore a quasi-static variational assimilation (QSVA) framework. Of the hybrid methods, it is seen that under certain parameters, hybrid methods which do not use a climatological background error covariance do not need QSVA to perform accurately. Generally, results show that the ETKS and hybrid methods that do not use a climatological background error covariance matrix with QSVA outperform all other methods due to the full flow dependency of the background error covariance matrix which also allows for the most nonlinearity.

Fitting Lorenz curves

This paper presents a functional form, linear in the parameters, to deal with income distribution and Lorenz curves. The function is fitted to the Brazilian income distribution. Data standard deviations were estimated from year-to-year variation of the income share. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

FAST, PARALLEL AND SECURE CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHM USING LORENZ`S ATTRACTOR

A novel cryptography method based on the Lorenz`s attractor chaotic system is presented. The proposed algorithm is secure and fast, making it practical for general use. We introduce the chaotic operation mode, which provides an interaction among the password, message and a chaotic system. It ensures that the algorithm yields a secure codification, even if the nature of the chaotic system is known. The algorithm has been implemented in two versions: one sequential and slow and the other, parallel and fast. Our algorithm assures the integrity of the ciphertext (we know if it has been altered, which is not assured by traditional algorithms) and consequently its authenticity. Numerical experiments are presented, discussed and show the behavior of the method in terms of security and performance. The fast version of the algorithm has a performance comparable to AES, a popular cryptography program used commercially nowadays, but it is more secure, which makes it immediately suitable for general purpose cryptography applications. An internet page has been set up, which enables the readers to test the algorithm and also to try to break into the cipher.