Instability of Coupled Longitudinal and Transverse Electromagnetic Modes of Wave‐Propagation in Bounded Streaming Plasmas

The instability of coupled longitudinal and transverse electromagnetic modes associated with long wavelengths is studied in bounded streaming plasmas. The main conclusions are as follows: (i) For long waves for which O (k 2)=0, in the absence of relative streaming motion of electrons and ions and aωp/c<0.66, the whole spectrum of harmonic waves is excited due to finite temperature and boundary effects consisting of two subseries. One of these subseries can be identified with Tonks-Dattner resonance oscillations for the electrons, and arises primarily due to the electrons with frequencies greater than the electrostatic plasma frequency corresponding to the electron density in the midplane in the undisturbed state. The other series arises primarily due to ion motion. When aωp/c>0.66, in addition to the above spectrum of harmonic waves, the system admits an infinite number of growing and decaying waves. The instability associated with these modes is found to arise due to the interaction of the waves inside the plasma with the external electromagnetic field. (ii) For modes with comparatively shorter wavelengths for which O (k3)=0, the coupling due to finite temperature sets in, and it is found that the two series of harmonic waves obtained in (i) deriving energy from the transverse modes also become unstable. Thus, for these wavelengths the system admits three sets of growing and decaying modes, first two for all values of aωp/c and the third for (aωp/c) > 0.66. (iii) The presence of streaming velocities introduces various other coupling mechanisms, and we find that even for the wavelengths for which O (k2)=0, we get three sets of growing and decaying waves. The numerical values for the growth rates show that the streaming velocities enhance the growth rates of instability significantly.

Aspects of tautomerism. Part IV. A kinetic study of the dimerization reaction of pseudo-acid chlorides

The kinetics of dimerization of 4-substituted- and unsubstituted o-benzoylbenzoyl chlorides, with iodide ion can be described by the expression, rate =k2[acid chloride][iodide]. The value for the reaction in dimethylformamide solution is –0·38. The entropy of activation for the reaction is –34·2 cal mol–1 K–1 and the activation energy is 10·7 kcal mol–1. These results have been interpreted as evidence for the formation of pseudo-iodide in the rate-determining step and its fast decomposition to radicals which combine to give a mixture of stereoisomeric dilactones.

Identification and Epidemiological Typing of Campylobacter strains isolated from Patients in Finland

C. jejuni constitutes the majority of Campylobacter strains isolated from patients in Finland, and C. coli strains are also reported. To improve the species identification, a combination of phenotype- and genotype-based methods was applied. Standardising the cell suspension turbidity in the hippurate hydrolysis test enabled the reliable identification of hippurate-positive Campylobacter strains as C. jejuni. The detection of species-specific genes by PCR showed that about 30% of the hippurate-negative strains were C. jejuni. Three typing methods, serotyping, PCR-RFLP analysis of LOS biosynthesis genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were evaluated as epidemiological typing tools for C. jejuni. The high number of non-typeable strains lowered the discriminatory ability of serotyping. PCR-RFLP typing offered high discrimination for both serotypeable and non-typeable strains, but the correlation between serotypes and RFLP-types was not high enough to enable its use for molecular serotyping of non-typeable strains. PFGE was a highly discriminative typing method. Although the use of two restriction enzymes generally increases the discriminatory ability, KpnI alone offered almost as high discrimination as the use of SmaI and KpnI. The characteristic seasonal distribution of Campylobacter infections with a peak in summer and low incidence in winter was mainly due to domestically acquired infections. Of the C. jejuni strains, 41% were of domestic origin compared to only 17% of the C. coli strains. Serotypes Pen 12, Pen 6,7 and Pen 27 were significantly associated with domestic C. jejuni infections, Pen 1,44, Pen 3 and Pen 37 with travel-related infections. Pen 2 and Pen 4-complex were common both in domestic and travel-related infections. Serotype Pen 2 was less common among patients 60 years or older than in younger patients, more prevalent in Western Finland than in other parts of the country and more prevalent than other serotypes in winter. The source of Pen 2 infections may be related to cattle, since Pen 2 is the most common serotype in isolates from Finnish cattle. PFGE subtypes among isolates from patients and chickens during the summer 2003 and from cattle during the whole year were compared. The analysis of indistinguishable SmaI/KpnI subtypes suggested that up to 31% of the human infections may have been mediated by chickens and 19% by cattle. Human strains isolated during two one-year sampling periods were studied by PFGE. Of the domestic strains, 69% belonged to SmaI subtypes found during both sampling periods. Four SmaI subtypes accounted for 45% of the domestic strains, further typing of these subtypes by KpnI revealed six temporally persistent SmaI/KpnI subtypes. They were only occasionally identified in travel-related strains, and therefore, can be considered to be national subtypes. Each subtype was associated with a serotype: Pen 2, Pen 12, Pen 27, Pen 4-complex, Pen 41, and Pen 57. Five of these subtypes were identified in cattle (S5/K27, S7/K1, S7/K2, S7/K5 and S64/K19), and two in chickens (S7/K1 and S64/K19) with a temporal association with human infections in 2003. Cattle are more likely potential sources of these persistent subtypes, since long-term excretion of Campylobacter strains by cattle has been reported.

Thermodynamic Study of Mixed Anionic Solid Solutions Using Gradient Solid Electrolytes System K2CO3 - K2SO4

The thermodynamic properties of K2CO3 -KSO, solid solutions with hexagonal structure have been measured using a solid-state cell, incorporating a composite solid electrolyte with step-changes in composition. The cell with the configuration Pt, CO2' + O2' || K2CO3 | K2(CO3)x(SO4)1-x || CO2'' + O2'' + Pt X =1 X=X was investigated in the temperature range of 925 to 1165 K. The composite gradient solid electrolyte consisted of pure K2CO3 at one extremity and the solid solution under study at the other. The Nernstian response of the cell to changes in partial pressures of CO2 and O2 at the electrodes and temperature was demonstrated. The activity of K2CO3 in the solid solution was measured by three techniques. All three methods gave identical results, indicating unit transport number for K+ ions and negligible diffusion potential due to concentration gradients of carbonate and sulfate ions. The activity of K2CO3 exhibits positive deviation from Raoult's law. The excess Gibbs energy of mixing of the solid solution can be represented using a subregular solution model DELTAG(E) = X(1 - X)[5030X + 4715(1 - X)] J mol-1 By combining this information with the phase diagram, mixing properties of the liquid phase were obtained.

Seismic Microzonation: Principles,Practices and Experiments

This paper presents an overview of the seismic microzonation and the grade/level based study along with methods used for estimating hazard. The principles of seismic microzonation along with some current practices are discussed. Summary of seismic microzonation experiments carried out in India is presented. A detailed work of seismic microzonation of Bangalore has been presented as a case study. In this case study, a seismotectonic map for microzonation area has been developed covering 350 km radius around Bangalore, India using seismicity and seismotectonic parameters of the region. For seismic microzonation Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BMP) area of 220 km2 has been selected as the study area. Seismic hazard analysis has been carried out using deterministic as well as probabilistic approaches. Synthetic ground motion at 653 locations, recurrence relation and peak ground acceleration maps at rock level have been generated. A detailed site characterization has been carried out using borehole with standard penetration test (SPT) ―N‖ values and geophysical data. The base map and 3-dimensional sub surface borehole model has been generated for study area using geographical information system (GIS). Multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW)method has been used to generate one-dimensional shear wave velocity profile at 58 locations and two- dimensional profile at 20 locations. These shear wave velocities are used to estimate equivalent shear wave velocity in the study area at every 5m intervals up to a depth of 30m. Because of wider variation in the rock depth, equivalent shear for the soil overburden thickness alone has been estimated and mapped using ArcGIS 9.2. Based on equivalent shear wave velocity of soil overburden thickness, the study area is classified as ―site class D‖. Site response study has been carried out using geotechnical properties and synthetic ground motions with program SHAKE2000.The soil in the study area is classified as soil with moderate amplification potential. Site response results obtained using standard penetration test (SPT) ―N‖ values and shear wave velocity are compared, it is found that the results based on shear wave velocity is lower than the results based on SPT ―N‖ values. Further, predominant frequency of soil column has been estimated based on ambient noise survey measurements using instruments of L4-3D short period sensors equipped with Reftek 24 bit digital acquisition systems. Predominant frequency obtained from site response study is compared with ambient noise survey. In general, predominant frequencies in the study area vary from 3Hz to 12Hz. Due to flat terrain in the study area, the induced effect of land slide possibility is considered to be remote. However, induced effect of liquefaction hazard has been estimated and mapped. Finally, by integrating the above hazard parameters two hazard index maps have been developed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) on GIS platform. One map is based on deterministic hazard analysis and other map is based on probabilistic hazard analysis. Finally, a general guideline is proposed by bringing out the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches.

Seismic Microzonation of Bangalore - Preliminary Maps

This paper presents an overview of the seismic microzonation and the grade/level based study along with methods used for estimating hazard. The principles of seismic microzonation along with some current practices are discussed. Summary of seismic microzonation experiments carried out in India is presented. A detailed work of seismic microzonation of Bangalore has been presented as a case study. In this case study, a seismotectonic map for microzonation area has been developed covering 350 km radius around Bangalore, India using seismicity and seismotectonic parameters of the region. For seismic microzonation Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BMP) area of 220 km2 has been selected as the study area. Seismic hazard analysis has been carried out using deterministic as well as probabilistic approaches. Synthetic ground motion at 653 locations, recurrence relation and peak ground acceleration maps at rock level have been generated. A detailed site characterization has been carried out using borehole with standard penetration test (SPT) ―N‖ values and geophysical data. The base map and 3-dimensional sub surface borehole model has been generated for study area using geographical information system (GIS). Multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW)method has been used to generate one-dimensional shear wave velocity profile at 58 locations and two- dimensional profile at 20 locations. These shear wave velocities are used to estimate equivalent shear wave velocity in the study area at every 5m intervals up to a depth of 30m. Because of wider variation in the rock depth, equivalent shear for the soil overburden thickness alone has been estimated and mapped using ArcGIS 9.2. Based on equivalent shear wave velocity of soil overburden thickness, the study area is classified as ―site class D‖. Site response study has been carried out using geotechnical properties and synthetic ground motions with program SHAKE2000.The soil in the study area is classified as soil with moderate amplification potential. Site response results obtained using standard penetration test (SPT) ―N‖ values and shear wave velocity are compared, it is found that the results based on shear wave velocity is lower than the results based on SPT ―N‖ values. Further, predominant frequency of soil column has been estimated based on ambient noise survey measurements using instruments of L4-3D short period sensors equipped with Reftek 24 bit digital acquisition systems. Predominant frequency obtained from site response study is compared with ambient noise survey. In general, predominant frequencies in the study area vary from 3Hz to 12Hz. Due to flat terrain in the study area, the induced effect of land slide possibility is considered to be remote. However, induced effect of liquefaction hazard has been estimated and mapped. Finally, by integrating the above hazard parameters two hazard index maps have been developed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) on GIS platform. One map is based on deterministic hazard analysis and other map is based on probabilistic hazard analysis. Finally, a general guideline is proposed by bringing out the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches.

Aza-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 EC-cells by epigenetic co-regulation and ERK signaling

Stem cells in cell based therapy for cardiac injury is being potentially considered. However, genetic regulatory networks involved in cardiac differentiation are not clearly understood. Among stem cell differentiation models, mouse P19 embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells, are employed for studying (epi)genetic regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Here, we comprehensively assessed cardiogenic differentiation potential of 5-azacytidine (Aza) on P19 EC-cells, associated gene expression profiles and the changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and activated-ERK signaling status during differentiation. Initial exposure of Aza to cultured EC-cells leads to an efficient (55%) differentiation to cardiomyocyte-rich embryoid bodies with a threefold (16.8%) increase in the cTnI(+) cardiomyocytes. Expression levels of cardiac-specific gene markers i.e., Isl-1, BMP-2, GATA-4, and alpha-MHC were up-regulated following Aza induction, accompanied by differential changes in their methylation status particularly that of BMP-2 and alpha-MHC. Additionally, increases in the levels of acetylated-H3 and pERK were observed during Aza-induced cardiac differentiation. These studies demonstrate that Aza is a potent cardiac inducer when treated during the initial phase of differentiation of mouse P19 EC-cells and its effect is brought about epigenetically and co-ordinatedly by hypo-methylation and histone acetylation-mediated hyper-expression of cardiogenesis-associated genes and involving activation of ERK signaling.

On piercing (pseudo)lines and boxes

We say a family of geometric objects C has (l;k)-property if every subfamily C0C of cardinality at most lisk- piercable. In this paper we investigate the existence of g(k;d)such that if any family of objects C in Rd has the (g(k;d);k)-property, then C is k-piercable. Danzer and Gr̈ unbaum showed that g(k;d)is infinite for fami-lies of boxes and translates of centrally symmetric convex hexagons. In this paper we show that any family of pseudo-lines(lines) with (k2+k+ 1;k)-property is k-piercable and extend this result to certain families of objects with discrete intersections. This is the first positive result for arbitrary k for a general family of objects. We also pose a relaxed ver-sion of the above question and show that any family of boxes in Rd with (k2d;k)-property is 2dk- piercable.

The physicochemical characteristics and anaerobic degradability of desiccated coconut industry waste water

Desiccated coconut industries (DCI) create various intermediates from fresh coconut kernel for cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The mechanized and non-mechanized DCI process between 10,000 and 100,000 nuts/day to discharge 6-150 m(3) of malodorous waste water leading to a discharge of 2646642 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) daily. In these units, three main types of waste water streams are coconut kernel water, kernel wash water and virgin oil waste water. The effluent streams contain lipids (1-55 g/l), suspended solids (6-80 g/l) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) at concentrations that are inhibitory to anaerobic bacteria. Coconut water contributes to 20-50 % of the total volume and 50-60 % of the total organic loads and causes higher inhibition of anaerobic bacteria with an initial lag phase of 30 days. The lagooning method of treatment widely adopted failed to appreciably treat the waste water and often led to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (propionic acid) along with long-chain unsaturated free fatty acids. Biogas generation during biological methane potential (BMP) assay required a 15-day adaptation time, and gas production occurred at low concentrations of coconut water while the other two streams did not appear to be inhibitory. The anaerobic bacteria can mineralize coconut lipids at concentrations of 175 mg/l; however; they are severely inhibited at a lipid level of = 350 mg/g bacterial inoculum. The modified Gompertz model showed a good fit with the BMP data with a simple sigmoid pattern. However, it failed to fit experimental BMP data either possessing a longer lag phase and/or diauxic biogas production suggesting inhibition of anaerobic bacteria.

Efecto de diferentes niveles de NPK en el comportamiento agronómico del tomate, en el Valle de Sébaco, Nicaragua

Se realizó un estudio sobre niveles de fertilización NPK en el cultivo del tomate cv. Rio Grande, en terrenos de la cooperativa "Leonel Valdivia" del Valle de Sebaco, Nicaragua, en el periodo comprendido de Noviembre 1998 a Marzo de 1999, con el objetivo de determinar las curvas de respuesta optimas a la fertilización N,P y la respuesta a la fertilización con potasio en la producción de tomate, los niveles de fertilizantes evaluados fueron: O, 60, 120 y 180 kg ha-1 de Nitrógeno; O, 40 y 80 kg ha-1 de P2 05 ; O y 80 kg ha-1 de K2O. Los Tratamientos evaluados fueron trece incluyendo tratamientos con y sin potasio para determinar su respuesta. El diseño experimental usado fue de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones con un arreglo factorial 3x3 (N*P), para estudiar los efectos individuales y las interacciones a nitrógeno y fósforo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura, diámetro del tallo, numero de racimos por planta, población final y rendimiento. Los resultados evidencian que aportes de 180 kg ha-1 de nitrógeno combinadas con aplicaciones de fósforo y potasio inducen a un mayor crecimiento, diámetro y numero de racimos en la planta del tomate: sin embargo aplicaciones de 60-40-80 y 60-80-80 kg ha-1 de P2 05 y K2 0 respectivamente garantizan rendimientos significativos mayores de las 52 t ha-1 utilidades netas que alcanzan los 20000 Córdobas por hectárea, relación valor costo de al menos C$ 19.00 por cada Córdoba invertido en fertilización e índices de productividad máximos de 68.0 kg de tomate por cada kg aportado en fertilizantes

Determinación del tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental en el cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Con la finalidad de estudiar en el cultivo de sorgo (Sorghun bicolor L Moench), el tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental considerando su costos y la mejor relación entre el tamaño de la misma, su forma y el número de repeticiones de acurdo al grado de precisión deseado, se estableció un ensayo de uniformidad en la finca El plantel del ISCA. El experimento se desarrolló entre el 20 de agosto al 23 de diciembre de 1988. Se estableció la variedad de “T-E Dinero se utilizó un tamaño de unidad básica de 2.25m2 teniendo un total de 512 unidades básicas. Para estimar el tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental se usó el método descriptivo por Hatheway y Willams (1958) y la ley de costo descriptiva por Smith (1938), resultando un tamaño óptimo de parcela de 9.11m2 con un coeficiente de heterogeneidad de suelo de 0.41 y constantes de costos de k1-215790 y k2-0.37368 , $ u.s. Dólar por unidad básica, respectivamente. En la determinación del Número de repeticiones tomando en cuenta el tamaño de la parcela y el grado de precisión deseado, se utilizó la metodología establecida por Hatheway (1961). Se obtuvieron diferentes relaciones según el grado de significación (1y 5%) y del grado de libertas de error igual 15. Para determinar la mejor relación del tamaño y forma de la parcela experimental, se usó el método de la máxima curvatura descrito por De la loma J.L.(1966). Nuestros resultados indican que la forma no contribuye determinantemente a aumentar la precisión de los datos obtenidos.

Determinación del tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental en maíz (Zea mays)

Este trabajo consistió en sembrar una hectárea de maíz, (variedad Salco). Para la cosecha se escogieron 56 surcos de 30 unidades básicas cada uno, resultando 1680 unidades básicas. El método que se uso fue el Hatheway y Williams (6). Para el calculo del coeficiente de regresión ponderado se usa la formula (E). El calculo de la variancia dentro de parcela y variancia entre parcela aparece en los cuadros (cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez y once). Para este estudio se consideraron 8 combinaciones de largo por ancho de parcela a las que se calculo los coeficientes de regresión. Para el calculo de los costos fijos y variables de un ensayo de maíz. se considero un ensayo corriente de unos doscientos datos, con los que se encontró K1=70 por ciento y K2=30 por ciento. La parcela optima resulto de 4.47 metros cuadrados excluyendo las borduras. Los coeficientes obtenidos se distribuyen siguiendo una curva parabólica.

Determinación del tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental en ensayos de sorgo (Sorghum vulgare Pers)

En los campos experimentales de la ENAG, Nicaragua; se llevo a cabo un estudio para determinar el tamaño optimo de la parcela experimental en ensayos de sorgo (Sorghum vulgare) Pers. El experimento tuvo una duración de cinco meses comprendidos entre los meses de agosto de 1969 a enero de 1970. Se uso la variedad de sorgo granifero E-57 (Dekalb). El procedimiento experimental fue el de un ensayo de uniformidad. El tamaño de la unidad básica usada fue de 1,83 metros cuadrados, (un surco de tres metros de largo y 0,61 metros de ancho), en total son 1.024 unidades básicas. Los tamaños de parcelas estudiados se obtuvieron por combinación de las parcelas adyacentes. Dentro de cada surco se agruparon en uno, dos, cuatro, seis, ocho, 16 y 32 unidades básicas. Los datos de rendimiento se obtuvieron individualmente para cada mitad básica. Con estos resultados se uso el método de Hatheway y Williams para el análisis. El coeficiente "b" mínimo calculado fue 0,40; las constantes de costo calculadas para experimentos de sorgo, fueron K1=70,75 por ciento, K2=29,25 por ciento. Se calculo que, el tamaño optimo de la parcela es de tres metros cuadrados para experimentos sin bordes. (un surco de cinco metros de largo, 0.60 metros de ancho).

Determinación del tamaño óptimo de la unidad experimental en Ajonjolí (Sesamun spp)

En los campos experimentales de la ENAG, Nicaragua; se llevo a cabo un estudio para determinar el tamaño optimo de la parcela experimental para ensayar en Ajonjolí (Sesamum spp.). El experimento tuvo una duración de cuatro meses comprendidos entre los meses de Agosto de 1969 a Diciembre del mismo año. Se uso la variedad Mexicana. El procedimiento empleado fue un ensayo de uniformidad. El tamaño de la unidad básica usada fue de 4,57 metros cuadrados, (un surco de cinco metros de largo y 0.91 metros de ancho), en total 384 unidades básicas. Los tamaños de parcela estudiados se obtuvieron combinando las parcelas adyacentes, los tamaños estudiados fueron parcelas de 5, 10, 20 y 40 metros de largo por 12, 6, 3, y 1 surco de ancho. Los datos de rendimiento se obtuvieron individualmente para cada unidad básica. Y se analizaron usando el método H. Fairfield Smith. El coeficiente "b" se calculo por medio de una regresión lineal simple y resulto de 0,6642 las constantes de costo calculadas para experimentos en Ajonjolí fueron de K1=14,98 por ciento y K2= 85,07 por ciento. El tamaño optimo de parcela resulto de 1,50 metros cuadrados excluyendo las borduras.

Higher-order analysis of crack-tip fields in power-law hardening materials

In this paper, we present an exact higher-order asymptotic analysis on the near-crack-tip fields in elastic-plastic materials under plane strain, Mode I. A four- or five-term asymptotic series of the solutions is derived. It is found that when 1.6 < n less-than-or-equal-to 2.8 (here, n is the hardening exponent), the elastic effect enters the third-order stress field; but when 2.8< n less-than-or-equal-to 3.7 this effect turns to enter the fourth-order field, with the fifth-order field independent. Moreover, if n>3.7, the elasticity only affects the fields whose order is higher than 4. In this case, the fourth-order field remains independent. Our investigation also shows that as long as n is larger than 1.6, the third-order field is always not independent, whose amplitude coefficient K3 depends either on K1 or on both K1 and K2 (K1 and K2 arc the amplitude coefficients of the first- and second-order fields, respectively). Firmly, good agreement is found between our results and O'Dowd and Shih's numerical ones[8] by comparison.