An operationally simple sonogashira reaction for an undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory class

An operationally simple, reliable, and cheap Sonogashira reaction suitable for an undergraduate laboratory class that can be completed within a day-long (8 h) laboratory session has been developed. Cross-coupling is carried out between 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and various aryl iodides using catalytic amounts of bis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, with copper(I) iodide as a cocatalyst, in triethylamine at room temperature, so a range of products can be prepared within a single group and results compared. The coupling itself is usually complete within 1.5 h and is easily monitored by TLC, leaving up to 6 h for purification and characterization. Purification is by “mini flash column chromatography” through a plug of silica encased in the barrel of a plastic syringe, so the procedure is amenable to large class sizes.

Loops, Chains, Sheets, and Networks from Variable Coordination of Cu(hfac)(2) with a Flexibly Hinged Aminoxyl Radical Ligand

One pair of reactants, Cu(hfac)(2) = M and the hinge-flexible radical ligand 5-(3-N-tert-butyl-N-aminoxylphenyl)pyrimidine (3PPN = L), yields a diverse set of five coordination complexes: a cyclic loop M(2)L(1) dimer; a 1:1 cocrystal between an M(2)L(2) loop and an ML(2) fragment; a ID chain of M(2)L(2) loops linked by M; two 2D M(3)L(2) networks of (M-L)(n) chains crosslinked by M with different repeat length pitches; a 3D M(3)L(2) network of M(2)L(2) loops cross-linking (M-L)(n)-type chains with connectivity different from those in the 2D networks. Most of the higher dimensional complexes exhibit reversible, temperature-dependent spin-state conversion of high-temperature paramagnetic states to lower magnetic moment states having antiferromagnetic exchange within Cu-ON bonds upon cooling, with accompanying bond contraction. The 3D complex also exhibited antiferromagnetic exchange between Cu(II) ions linked in chains through pyrimidine rings.

Formation of out of plane oxime metallacycles in [Cu(2)] and [Cu(4)] complexes

The reaction Of Cu(ClO(4))(2)center dot 6H(2)O with dimethylglyoxime (H(2)dmg) in a 1:1 mole ratio in aqueous methanol at room temperature affords the dinuclear complex [Cu(2)(mu-Hdmg)(4)] (1). Reaction of 1 with [Cu(bpy)(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (bpy = 2,2`-bipyridine) in a 1:1 mole ratio in aqueous methanol at room temperature yields the tetranuclear complex [Cu(2)(mu-HdMg)(2)(mu-dMg)(2)(bpy)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (2). The direct reaction of Cu(ClO(4))(2)center dot 6H(2)O with H(2)dmg and bpy in a 2:21 mole ratio in aqueous methanol at room temperature also yields 2 quantitatively. The complexes 1 and 2 were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Unlike the binding in Ni/Co-dmg, two different types of N-O bridging modes during the oxime based metallacycle formation and stacking of square planar units have been identified in these complexes. The neutral dinuclear complex 1 has CuN(4)O coordination spheres and complex 2 consists of a dicationic [Cu(2)(mu-HdMg)(2)(mu-dMg)(2)(bpy)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) unit and two uncoordinated ClO(4)(-) anions having CuN(4)O and CuN(2)O(3) coordination spheres. The two copper(II) ions are at a distance of 3.846(8) angstrom in 1 for the trans out of plane link and at 3.419(10) and 3.684(10) angstrom in 2 for the trans out of plane and cis in plane arrangements, respectively. The average Cu-N(oxime) distances are 1.953 and 1.935 angstrom, respectively. The average basal and apical Cu-N(oxime) distances are 1.945, 2.295 and 2.429 angstrom. The UV-Vis spectra of 2 is similar to the spectrum of the reaction mixture of 1 and [Cu(bpy)(H(2)O)(2)](2+). Variable temperature magnetic properties measurement shows that the interaction between the paramagnetic copper centers in complex I is antiferromagnetic in nature. The EPR spectra of frozen solution of the complexes at 77 K consist of axially symmetric fine-structure transitions (Delta M(S) = 1) and half-field signals (Delta M(S) = 2) at ca. 1600 G, suggesting the presence of appreciable Cu-Cu interactions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrochemistry of organometallic compounds. Part III. Oxidations of methyl derivatives of organocobalt(III) complexes with delocalized electronic structure in dimethylformamide

The influence of the equatorial ligand on the electrochemical oxidation of the compounds [H3CCo(chel)B], where chel is bis (dimethylglyoximato), (DH)2; bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediimine, salen; bis(salicylaldehyde) o-phenylenediimine, salophen; bis(salicylaldehyde)cyclohexylenediimine, salcn; bis(acetylacetone) ethylenediimine, bae; and where B is pyridine when chel is (DH2), and dimethylformamide (DMF) when chel represents a Schiff base (salen, salcn, salophen and bae), was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry in DMF, 0.2 M in tetraethylammonium perchlorate, between 25 and -25°C, with a platinum disk working electrode. Absorption spectra in the visible and near ultraviolet regions for these compounds in DMF at 25°C were obtained. The complexes exhibit a reversible one-electron oxidation, at -20°C with scan rates >0.5 V s-; chemical reactions following electron transfer are not detected under these conditions. At slower potential or higher temperatures, the oxidized product decomposes chemically in a solvent-assisted (or nucleophile-assisted) reaction, yielding products which are electroactive in the applied potential range. The behavior of the [H3CCo (DH2)py] derivative is better described as a quasi-reversible charge transfer followed by an irreversible chemical reaction. Experimental evidence suggests that in the case of the [H3CCo(bae)] derivative at -20°C, the reactive -species is pentacoordinated and weakly adsorbed at the electrode surface. The value of E 1 2 and the energies of the first two absorption bands in the visible spectra reveal the ability of the studied complexes to donate and to delocalize electronic charge. © 1982.

Four new metal complexes with the amino acid deoxyalliin

The solid complexes [Co(C6H10NO2S) 2], [Ni(C6H10NO2S)2], [Cu(C6H10NO2S)2] and [Fe(C 6H10NO2S)2] were obtained from the reaction of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and iron(II) salts with the potassium salt of the amino acid deoxyalliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine). Electronic absorption spectra of the complexes are typical of octahedral structures. Infrared spectroscopy confirms the ligand coordination to the metal ions through (COO-) and (NH2) groups. EPR spectrum of the Cu(II) complex indicates a slight distortion of its octahedral symmetry. Mössbauer parameters permitted to identify the presence of iron(II) and iron(III) species in the same sample, both of octahedral geometry. Thermal decomposition of the complexes lead to the formation of CoO, NiO, CuO and Fe2O3 as final products. The compounds show poor solubility in water and in the common organic solvents. ©2005 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.

Desenvolvimento de sensor biomimético para determinação de captopril em amostras de interesse ambiental, biológico e farmacêutico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo de propriedades dosimétricas utilizando polímero organometálico em solução

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determination of carbofuran and diuron in FIA system using electrochemical sensor modified with organometallic complexes and graphene oxide

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desenvolvimento de sensores eletroquímicos e métodos de extração em fase sólida baseados em sistemas biomiméticos para análise de poluentes ambientais

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Metal biosorption onto dry biomass of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Chlorella vulgaris: Multi-metal systems

Binary and ternary systems of Ni2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ were investigated at initial metal concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM as competitive adsorbates using Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris as biosorbents. The experimental results were evaluated in terms of equilibrium sorption capacity and metal removal efficiency and fitted to the multi-component Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The pseudo second order model of Ho and McKay described well the adsorption kinetics, and the FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed metal binding to both biomasses. Ni2+ and Zn2+ interference on Pb2+ sorption was lower than the contrary, likely due to biosorbent preference to Pb. In general, the higher the total initial metal concentration, the lower the adsorption capacity. The results of this study demonstrated that dry biomass of C. vulgaris behaved as better biosorbent than A. platensis and suggest its use as an effective alternative sorbent for metal removal from wastewater. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ruthenium-based light harvesting complexes

Polypyridylkomplexe von Ruthenium(II) besitzen eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen, z. B. in Farbstoff-sensibilisierten Solarzellen und als Photokatalysatoren. [Ru(bpy)3]2+ ist einer der prominentesten Ruthenium(II)-Komplexe und besitzt langlebige angeregte 3MLCT-Zustände mit einer Lebensdauer von 1 µs und einer Lumineszenz-Quantenausbeute von 10%. [Ru(bpy)3]2+ ist chiral und kann Stereoisomere bilden, wenn die Liganden unsymmetrisch substituiert sind oder im Falle von oligonuklearen rac/meso-Komplexen. Bis-tridentate Komplexe wie [Ru(tpy)2]2+ sind achiral und umgehen damit unerwünschte Stereoisomere. [Ru(tpy)2]2+ besitzt jedoch enttäuschende photophysikalische Eigenschaften mit einer 3MLCT-Lebensdauer von nur etwa 0.2 ns und einer Quantenausbeute von ≤ 0.0007%. Die Anbringung von Substituenten an [Ru(tpy)2]2+ sowie die Aufweitung der Liganden-Bisswinkel auf 90° bewirken deutlich verbesserte Eigenschaften der emittierenden 3MLCT-Zustände. rnDieser Strategie folgend wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit neue bis-tridentate Ruthenium(II)-Komplexe entwickelt, synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Durch Anbringen von Ester-Substituenten und Verwenden von Liganden mit erweiterten Bisswinkeln konnten 3MLCT-Lebensdauern von bis zu 841 ns und Quantenausbeuten von bis zu 1.1% erreicht werden. Die neuen bis-tridentaten Komplexe weisen eine deutlich erhöhte Photostabilität im Vergleich zu tris-bidentatem [Ru(bpy)3]2+ auf. rnDie Komplexe wurden als Emitter in Licht-emittierenden elektrochemischen Zellen eingebaut und zeigen Elektrolumineszenz mit einer tiefroten Farbe, die bis ins NIR reicht. Ebenso wurden die Komplexe als Lichtsammler in Farbstoff-sensibilisierten Solarzellen getestet und erreichen Licht-zu-Energie-Effizienzen von bis zu 0.26%. rnDinukleare, stereochemisch einheitliche Ruthenium(II)-Komplexe wurden oxidiert um die Metall-Metall-Wechselwirkung zwischen Ru(II) und Ru(III) in der einfach oxidierten Spezies zu untersuchen. Die unterschiedlichen Redoxeigenschaften der beiden Rutheniumzentren in den verwendeten dinuklearen Verbindungen führt zu einer valenzlokalisierten Situation in der keine Metall-Metall-Wechselwirkung beobachtet wird. Ebenso wurde die Oxidation eines einkernigen Ruthenium(II)-Komplexes sowie dessen spontane Rückreduktion untersucht.rnEnergietransfersysteme wurden mittels Festphasensynthese hergestellt. Dabei ist ein Bis(terpyridin)ruthenium(II)-Komplex als Energie-Akzeptor über eine unterschiedliche Anzahl an Glycineinheiten mit einem Cumarin-Chromophor als Energie-Donor verknüpft. Bei einer kleinen Zahl an Glycineinheiten (0, 1) findet effektiver Energietransfer vom Cumarin- zum Ruthenium-Chromophor statt, wogegen bei zwei Glycineinheiten ein effektiver Energietransfer verhindert ist.rnLicht-induzierte Ladungstrennung wurde erreicht, indem Bis(terpyridin)ruthenium(II)-Komplexe als Chromophore in einem Donor-Chromophor-Akzeptor-Nanokomposit eingesetzt wurden. Dabei wurde ein Triphenylamin-enthaltendes Blockcopolymer als Elektronendonor und ZnO-Nanostäbchen als Elektronenakzeptor verwendet. Bei Bestrahlung des Chromophors werden Elektronen in die ZnO-Nanostäbchen injiziert und die Elektronenlöcher wandern in das Triphenylamin-enthaltende Blockcopolymer. rnrn

Location and properties of metal-binding sites on the human prion protein

Although a functional role in copper binding has been suggested for the prion protein, evidence for binding at affinities characteristic of authentic metal-binding proteins has been lacking. By presentation of copper(II) ions in the presence of the weak chelator glycine, we have now characterized two high-affinity binding sites for divalent transition metals within the human prion protein. One is in the N-terminal octapeptide-repeat segment and has a Kd for copper(II) of 10−14 M, with other metals (Ni2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+) binding three or more orders of magnitude more weakly. However, NMR and fluorescence data reveal a previously unreported second site around histidines 96 and 111, a region of the molecule known to be crucial for prion propagation. The Kd for copper(II) at this site is 4 × 10−14 M, whereas nickel(II), zinc(II), and manganese(II) bind 6, 7, and 10 orders of magnitude more weakly, respectively, regardless of whether the protein is in its oxidized α-helical (α-PrP) or reduced β-sheet (β-PrP) conformation. A role for prion protein (PrP) in copper metabolism or transport seems likely and disturbance of this function may be involved in prion-related neurotoxicity.

Morphology Change of C60 Islands on Organic Crystals Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy

Organic-organic heterojunctions are nowadays highly regarded materials for light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and photovoltaic cells with the prospect of designing low-cost, flexible, and efficient electronic devices.1-3 However, the key parameter of optimized heterojunctions relies on the choice of the molecular compounds as well as on the morphology of the organic-organic interface,4 which thus requires fundamental studies. In this work, we investigated the deposition of C60 molecules at room temperature on an organic layer compound, the salt bis(benzylammonium)bis(oxalato)cupurate(II), by means of noncontact atomic force microscopy. Three-dimensional molecular islands of C60 having either triangular or hexagonal shapes are formed on the substrate following a "Volmer-Weber" type of growth. We demonstrate the dynamical reshaping of those C60 nanostructures under the local action of the AFM tip at room temperature. The dissipated energy is about 75 meV and can be interpreted as the activation energy required for this migration process.

Die Mission der Brüdergemeine in Suriname und Berbice im achtzehnten Jahrhundert; eine Missionsgeschichte hauptsächlich in Briefen und Originalberichten ...

Bibliographical footnotes.

Geschichte von England,

The "Register" (containing index to v.6-10 only) form a separate volume, with special t.-p. and series t.-p. added.