At the dawn of Italo-Chinese modern relations: Ludovico Nocentini's experience

In 1904 Ludovico Nocentini described China as a hub of colonial and commercial development for European powers. Europe in the Far East and the Italian Interests in China was Nocentini’s last and most critical book, in which he compared the performance of the Italian government with that of other countries and showed Rome’s inefficiency overseas. The book expatiated on the “carving up” of China into spheres of influence by the Western powers, while examining how the Italian government’s scant regard for the definition and pursuit of the country’s national interest jeopardized not only the development of its colonial policy, but also its foreign trade and industrial progress.

A (re)fundação do Aqueduto da Água da Prata, em Évora 1533-37: Novos dados arqueológicos

INTRODUÇÃO: O AQUEDUTO DA ÁGUA DA PRATA, do alto do seu estatuto de monumento nacional e de maior projeto de aparato público do Renascimento português, tem exercido ao longo dos séculos um considerável fascínio sobre os que estimam o património histórico da cidade de Évora. E muitas são as razões que justificam um tal sentimento. Além das duas evocadas, talvez valha a pena arrolar a mais pueril de todas: a de que o velho aqueduto quinhentista, resistindo às vicissitudes do tempo, ainda hoje continua a cumprir a sua função original- o abastecimento de água potável e perene a Évora. E não se julgue que este aqueduto se limita à imagem iconográfica do arcaria agigantando-se à passagem da muralha medieval: uma complexa rede de nascentes e sistemas de adução, a montante, e um notável património urbano constituído, sobretudo, por fontes e chafarizes, a jusante, dão corpo a uma vasta estrutura hidráulica de captação, transporte e distribuição de água com mais de 19 km de extensão. E, este sim, é o verdadeiro monumento, tão utilitário quanto grandioso, que os antigos documentos designam, apropriadamente, por Cano Real da Agua da Prata. Naturalmente, nem todo este cano real resistiu ao tempo, sobretudo o troço rural entre S. Bento de Cástris e as nascentes do Divor, onde a estrutura hidráulica original foi edificada com evidente simplicidade de recursos. O seu avançado estado de ruína, obrigou, inclusivamente, a uma profunda reforma iniciada em 1873, de que resultou a catual configuração do Aqueduto, visível, sobretudo, entre a estrada de Arraiolos (monte das Pinas) e Metrogos. Esta reforma foi ampliada em sucessivas campanhas de beneficiação até cerca de 1930, época em que se iniciou a rede de distribuição domiciliária de água com a construção dos reservatórios de chegada, a central elevatória e o depósito elevado, marcas arquitetónicas ainda hoje bem visíveis na cidade, algumas das quais oportunamente integradas num itinerário expositivo municipal. Neste contexto, é natural que a relação afetiva comungada pela generalidade dos eborenses com este património monumental também se insinue na escrita familiar e sincera dos "eborógrafos". E muitos foram - entre nomes de diferentes épocas e desigual dimensão biográfica - os que lhe dedicaram generosas páginas de divulgação histórica4 , contributos científicos diversos, projetos de investigação arquitetónica e arqueológica, estudos de recuperação e valorização patrimonial, e até, como nos assegura Diogo Barbosa Machado, um "Tratado do Aqueducto Real da Fonte da agua da prata dedicado ao Senado da Cidade de Évora, em cujo Cartorio fe guarda" (MACHADO, 1741: 72), obra assinada pelo vereador (1605-1606) e Provedor do Cano, Agostinho de Moura Peçanha, e da qual parece não restar memória nos nossos arquivos. Diga-se, a propósito, que este acentuado interesse público pelo aqueduto de Évora, em especial nos últimos anos, tem sublinhado a importância da dinamização e rentabilização do seu enorme potencial turístico, lúdico e cultural, sendo bom exemplo a recente criação do "Percurso Ambiental da Água da Prata", por iniciativa camarária. Em muitos destes aspetos nos revemos tributários, quando não devedores. Talvez por isso nos sentimos tentados, desde há vários anos, a avançar no estudo e salvaguarda deste importante património local. Vontade adiada, diga-se, sobretudo pela manifesta falta de disponibilidade para levar a cabo um projeto de investigação, coerente e consequente, no mínimo tocado por algum ensaio de novidade. Contudo, em 2007, circunstâncias várias levaram-nos a interessar definitivamente pelo tema. Uma das que mais terá pesado resultou da leitura do um artigo publicado na revista Monumentos com o título "o sistema hidráulico quinhentista da cidade de Évora". Nele, os seus reputados autores sentenciavam a inexistência de um aqueduto romano anterior à obra quinhentista por mera impossibilidade técnica, afirmando-o com tal segurança que nem sentiram necessidade de esboçar a mais leve argumentação topográfica em defesa da sua tese. Dito assim, ficámos a imaginar se valeria o esforço tentar reabilitar alguma vez o tema do aqueduto romano. Em boa hora o decidimos fazer. E partimos do princípio de que a interpretação dos factos devia ser feita por cuidadosa recolha de prova que a diligência (não raras vezes a ventura) permitisse carrear com sucesso. E sendo correta esta premissa, a sua oportunidade ganhou mais força com a materialização de resultados concretos a compulsar toda a bibliografia para confronto de dúvidas e incoerências; a recolher indícios de estruturas e materiais arqueológicos; a esmiuçar a toponímia e a cartografia; a rever os locais-chave uma e outra vez; a seguir pistas abandonadas; a filtrar informação variada no mesmo crivo da dúvida; a entusiasmar gente da historiografia local a acreditar na viabilidade de hipóteses. Foi, justamente, esta a metodologia adotada ao decidirmo-nos pelo tema do Aqueduto. E, ao segui-la, julgamos ter logrado alcançar, além de um lastro de legitimidade científica, as bases conceptuais de um projeto de investigação consistente e coerente onde muito ajudou a imediata estudaram a hidráulica em Évora. ...

Raman spectroscopic study of the magnesium carbonate mineral– hydromagnesite Mg5[(CO3)4(OH)2]•4H2O

Magnesium minerals are important for the understanding of the concept of geosequestration. One method of studying the hydrated hydroxy magnesium carbonate minerals is through vibrational spectroscopy. A combination of Raman and infrared spectroscopy has been used to study the mineral hydromagnesite. An intense band is observed at 1121 cm-1 attributed CO32- ν1 symmetric stretching mode. A series of infrared bands at 1387, 1413, 1474 cm-1 are assigned to the CO32- ν3 antisymmetric stretching modes. The CO32- ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations are extremely weak in the Raman spectrum and are observed at 1404, 1451, 1490 and 1520 cm-1. A series of Raman bands at 708, 716, 728, 758 cm-1 are assigned to the CO32- ν2 in-plane bending mode. The Raman spectrum in the OH stretching region is characterised by bands at 3416, 3516 and 3447 cm-1. In the infrared spectrum a broad band is found at 2940 cm-1 assigned to water stretching vibrations. Infrared bands at 3430, 3446, 3511, 2648 and 3685 cm-1 are attributed to MgOH stretching modes.

Impact of roof surface runoff on urban water quality

The pollutant impacts of urban stormwater runoff on receiving waters are well documented in research literature. However, it is road surfaces that are commonly identified as the significant pollutant source. This paper presents the outcomes of an extensive program of research into the role of roof surfaces in urban water quality with particular focus on solids, nutrients and organic carbon. The outcomes confirmed that roof surfaces play an important role in influencing the pollutant characteristics of urban stormwater runoff. Pollutant build-up and wash-off characteristics for roads and roof surfaces were found to be appreciably different. The pollutant wash-off characteristics exhibited by roof surfaces show that it influences the first flush phenomenon more significantly than road surfaces. In most urban catchments, as roof surfaces constitutes a higher fraction of impervious area compared to road surfaces, it is important that the pollutant generation role of roof surfaces is specifically taken into consideration in stormwater quality mitigation strategies.

How do allied health professionals evaluate new models of care? What are we measuring and why?

The aim of this study was to identify what outcome measures or quality indicators are being used to evaluate advanced and new roles in nine allied health professions and whether the measures are evaluating outcomes of interest to the patient, the clinician, or the healthcare provider. A systematic search strategy was used. Medical and allied health databases were searched and relevant articles extracted. Relevant studies with at least 1 outcome measure were evaluated. A total of 106 articles were identified that described advanced roles, however, only 23 of these described an outcome measure in sufficient detail to be included for review. The majority of the reported measures fit into the economic and process categories. The most reported outcome related to patients was satisfaction surveys. Measures of patient health outcomes were infrequently reported. It is unclear from the studies evaluated whether new models of allied healthcare can be shown to be as safe and effective as traditional care for a given procedure. Outcome measures chosen to evaluate these services often reflect organizational need and not patient outcomes. Organizations need to ensure that high-quality performance measures are chosen to evaluate the success of new health service innovations. There needs to be a move away from in-house type surveys that add little or no valid evidence as to the effect of a new innovation. More importance needs to be placed on patient outcomes as a measure of the quality of allied health interventions.

Natural articular joints : model of lamellar-rollerbearing lubrication and the nature of the cartilage surface

The influence of pH on interfacial energy and wettability distributed over the phospholipid bilayer surface were studied, and the importance of cartilage hydrophobicity (wettability) on the coefficient of friction (f) was established. It is argued that the wettability of cartilage signifi antly depends on the number of phospholipid bilayers acting as solid lubricant; the hypothesis was proven by conducting friction tests with normal and lipid- depleted cartilage samples. A lamellar-roller-bearing lubrication model was devised involving two mechanisms: (i) lamellar frictionless movement of bilayers, and (ii) roller-bearing lubrication mode through structured synovial fluid, which operates when lamellar spheres, liposomes and macromolecules act like a roller-bearing situated between two cartilage surfaces in effective biological lubrication.

Importance of bearing porosity in engineering and natural lubrication

The multilamellar structure of phospholipids, i.e. the surface amorphous layer (SAL) that covers the natural surface of articular cartilage, and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on the surface of metal porous bearings are two prominent examples of the family of layered materials that possess the ability to deliver lamellar lubrication. This chapter presents the friction study that was conducted on the surfaces of cartilage and the metal porous bearing impregnated with oil (first generation) and with oil + h-BN (second generation). The porosity of cartilage is around 75% and those of metal porous bearings were 15–28 wt%. It is concluded that porosity is a critical factor in facilitating the excellent tribological properties of both articular cartilage and the porous metal bearings studied.

Measuring multidisciplinary team effectiveness in a ward-based healthcare setting : development of the Team Functioning Assessment Tool

Nontechnical skills relating to team functioning are vital to the effective delivery of patient care and safety. In this study, we develop a reliable behavioral marker tool for assessing nontechnical skills that are critical to the success of ward-based multidisciplinary healthcare teams. The Team Functioning Assessment Tool (TFAT) was developed and refined using a literature review, focus groups, card-sorting exercise, field observations, and final questionnaire evaluation and refinement process. Results demonstrated that Clinical Planning, Executive Tasks, and Team Relations are important facets of effective multidisciplinary healthcare team functioning. The TFAT was also shown to yield acceptable inter-rater agreement.

Validity of accelerometry for measurement of activity in people with brain injury

Purpose To evaluate the validity of a uniaxial accelerometer (MTI Actigraph) for measuring physical activity in people with acquired brain injury (ABI) using portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K4b(2)) as a criterion measure. Methods Fourteen people with ABI and related gait pattern impairment (age 32 +/- 8 yr) wore an MTI Actigraph that measured activity (counts(.)min-(1)) and a Cosmed K4b(2) that measured oxygen consumption (mL(.)kg(-1.)min(-1)) during four activities: quiet sitting (QS) and comfortable paced (CP), brisk paced (BP), and fast paced (FP) walking. MET levels were predicted from Actigraph counts using a published equation and compared with Cosmed measures. Predicted METs for each of the 56 activity bouts (14 participants X 4 bouts) were classified (light, moderate, vigorous, or very vigorous intensity) and compared with Cosmed-based classifications. Results Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that walking condition intensities were significantly different (P < 0.05) and the Actigraph detected the differences. Overall correlation between measured and predicted METs was positive, moderate, and significant (r = 0.74). Mean predicted METs were not significantly different from measured for CP and BP, but for FP walking, predicted METs were significantly less than measured (P < 0.05). The Actigraph correctly classified intensity for 76.8% of all activity bouts and 91.5% of light- and moderate-intensity bouts. Conclusions Actigraph counts provide a valid index of activity across the intensities investigated in this study. For light to moderate activity, Actigraph-based estimates of METs are acceptable for group-level analysis and are a valid means of classifying activity intensity. The Actigraph significantly underestimated higher intensity activity, although, in practice, this limitation will have minimal impact on activity measurement of most community-dwelling people with ABI.