Experimental Basis and New Insights for Cell Therapy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) can be briefly described as air flow limitation and chronic dyspnea associated to an inflammatory response of the respiratory tract to noxious particles and gases. Its main feature is the obstruction of airflow and consequent chronic dyspnea. Despite recent advances, and the development of new therapeutic, medical and clinical approaches, a curative therapy is yet to be achieved. Therapies involving the use of tissue-specific or donor derived cells present a promising alternative in the treatment of degenerative diseases and injuries. Recent studies demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to modulate immune responses in acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in animal models, as well as in human patients. Due to these aspects, different groups raised the possibility that the stem cells from different sources, such as those found in bone marrow or adipose tissue, could act preventing the emphysematous lesion progression. In this paper, it is proposed a review of the current state of the art and future perspectives on the use of cell therapy in obstructive lung diseases.

Evaluation of the capability of decentralized management of epidemiological surveillance in the state of Bahia

Evaluative research into the capability of decentralized management of epidemiological vigilance (EV) was conducted in the operational, organizational and sustainable dimensions in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The quantitative approach was used in the construction of a baseline, with primary data obtained through an online questionnaire answered by thirty-eight municipal EV managers. In the qualitative approach to analyze the context and assess the management capability of municipalities in two case studies, techniques adapted to the analysis of discursive practices were used. This was done through semi-structured interviews with managers of regional and municipal government, health workers and representatives of the municipal health council. The case studies showed that the municipality with enhanced management capability is that in which the manager has the greatest potential of using the resources of his position, in addition to his ability to control, negotiate and coordinate with other actors. Due to decentralization of EV, considering the shared nature of management between the three spheres of government, there is a marked variation in the management capability of municipalities, determined by social, economic, political inequalities and management mechanisms adopted.

A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States

For over 75 years housing cooperatives have been a source of affordable housing. Currently, the 376,000 dwelling units of affordable cooperatives is equivalent to seventeen percent of the rent reduction units owned by publichousing authorities. Understanding that affordable cooperatives have been developed under varying historical circumstances provides insights on how they could play a role in the future supply of affordable housing. The history of affordable co-ops starts during the 1920s and after World War II with the ethnic, union, and New York government financed co-ops. Through the 1960s and the early 1970s cooperatives were financed by various federal direct assistance programs. Since the late 1970s co-ops have been sponsored by nonprofit organizations and by federal and municipal government privatization programs. A workable institutional structure for affordable cooperatives has developed as a result of this historical evolution.

La participación ciudadana para la mejora de la gestión local : Realidades, mitos y desafíos sobre los Presupuestos Participativos

Las concepciones sobre el fenómeno participativo son amplias y generan varias posiciones. Diversos autores coinciden en que el municipio, por ser la cara del Estado más próxima a los ciudadanos, aparece como un lugar privilegiado para el desarrollo de políticas públicas participativas, contribuyendo a una gestión más transparente, eficiente, inclusiva y democrática. Esta cercanía permitiría una participación de los actores locales en los procesos de desarrollo comunal, posibilitando que diagnostiquen sus problemas, participen de instancias de decisión, elaboración y evaluación de las políticas públicas. Por otra parte, se advierte que mediante las políticas de participación el Estado traslada sus responsabilidades a la sociedad y se emplean como medio para la construcción artificial de consensos y manipulaciones políticas. Este artículo indaga acerca de los fundamentos, las metodologías de implementación y los resultados de cuatro casos de Presupuesto Participativo (La Plata, San Fernando, San Miguel y San Martín). Los ejes de análisis indagan acerca de la caracterización de los proyectos surgidos de esta política, los cambios en las modalidades de gestión local y el tipo de participación de la sociedad. Se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad semi estructuradas, observaciones, estrategia de investigación documental sobre fuentes secundarias de información elaboradas por los municipios (página web, normativa, documentación institucional, folletería, estadísticas) y trabajos académicos elaborados por otros investigadores.

De siderúrgica a turística : Breve historia ocupacional de la ciudad de Palpalá (Jujuy-Argentina)

The growth of Palpalá City (Province of Jujuy, argentina) since the 1940s, is linked to altos Hornos Zapla (ahz) the state-owned steel and iron company whose privatization in the early 1990s as part of the external three-sided opening, privatizations and deregulation which characterized convertibility, meant large changes in the local economic structure. In the 1950s, this city was identified by the town hall as 'mother of Industries' ('madre de Industrias'), whereas today, the municipal slogan is 'City of Tourism' ('Ciudad Turística'). Recovering the recent occupational history of this city meets the need to know the labor and socioeconomic reality of this urban area in the Province of Jujuy, about which information is rare. Although it is included in the Home Survey?s sample, it is shown in blocks, making the information very limited. It is paradigmaticin this city to study the means chosen to try to overcome the traumatic shock that ahz's privatization meant, to analyze the policies developed and evaluate their results, some years after their application. In Palpalá, a local development strategy was applied, with a strong impulse to micro-businesses, following, somehow, the model postulated at national level, what will allow us to know the local reality better, as well as the regional and national realities for its characteristics. The methodology used in this work ('From iron and steel industry to tourist city. Brief occupational history of Palpala city) was the bibliographic research of the rare existing studies, interviews to qualified informers as well as the use of secondary data sources, such as data from different national Censuses. To conclude, it can be said that due to the crisis of the 1990s and its state reducing plan, those who suffered its consequences less are, paradoxically, those who are still related to state jobs. In Palpalá, when ahz was privatized and the buyer company failed to fulfill its contract duly, leaving a great number of the local people unemployed, it was the municipal government who had to assume the responsibility of an answer ( in this case, through training, credit and/or counseling to micro-businessmen) In the last years, however, the possibility to work in informal activities has become important in Palpalá, with a high percentage of people working in city fairs selling different kinds of goods. although the change in the model in the recent years has allowed the reactivation in different areas, a preliminary evaluation is that the improvement does not seem to have reached the core of excluded and marginalized of the previous decade

La participación ciudadana para la mejora de la gestión local : Realidades, mitos y desafíos sobre los Presupuestos Participativos

Las concepciones sobre el fenómeno participativo son amplias y generan varias posiciones. Diversos autores coinciden en que el municipio, por ser la cara del Estado más próxima a los ciudadanos, aparece como un lugar privilegiado para el desarrollo de políticas públicas participativas, contribuyendo a una gestión más transparente, eficiente, inclusiva y democrática. Esta cercanía permitiría una participación de los actores locales en los procesos de desarrollo comunal, posibilitando que diagnostiquen sus problemas, participen de instancias de decisión, elaboración y evaluación de las políticas públicas. Por otra parte, se advierte que mediante las políticas de participación el Estado traslada sus responsabilidades a la sociedad y se emplean como medio para la construcción artificial de consensos y manipulaciones políticas. Este artículo indaga acerca de los fundamentos, las metodologías de implementación y los resultados de cuatro casos de Presupuesto Participativo (La Plata, San Fernando, San Miguel y San Martín). Los ejes de análisis indagan acerca de la caracterización de los proyectos surgidos de esta política, los cambios en las modalidades de gestión local y el tipo de participación de la sociedad. Se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad semi estructuradas, observaciones, estrategia de investigación documental sobre fuentes secundarias de información elaboradas por los municipios (página web, normativa, documentación institucional, folletería, estadísticas) y trabajos académicos elaborados por otros investigadores.

De siderúrgica a turística : Breve historia ocupacional de la ciudad de Palpalá (Jujuy-Argentina)

The growth of Palpalá City (Province of Jujuy, argentina) since the 1940s, is linked to altos Hornos Zapla (ahz) the state-owned steel and iron company whose privatization in the early 1990s as part of the external three-sided opening, privatizations and deregulation which characterized convertibility, meant large changes in the local economic structure. In the 1950s, this city was identified by the town hall as 'mother of Industries' ('madre de Industrias'), whereas today, the municipal slogan is 'City of Tourism' ('Ciudad Turística'). Recovering the recent occupational history of this city meets the need to know the labor and socioeconomic reality of this urban area in the Province of Jujuy, about which information is rare. Although it is included in the Home Survey?s sample, it is shown in blocks, making the information very limited. It is paradigmaticin this city to study the means chosen to try to overcome the traumatic shock that ahz's privatization meant, to analyze the policies developed and evaluate their results, some years after their application. In Palpalá, a local development strategy was applied, with a strong impulse to micro-businesses, following, somehow, the model postulated at national level, what will allow us to know the local reality better, as well as the regional and national realities for its characteristics. The methodology used in this work ('From iron and steel industry to tourist city. Brief occupational history of Palpala city) was the bibliographic research of the rare existing studies, interviews to qualified informers as well as the use of secondary data sources, such as data from different national Censuses. To conclude, it can be said that due to the crisis of the 1990s and its state reducing plan, those who suffered its consequences less are, paradoxically, those who are still related to state jobs. In Palpalá, when ahz was privatized and the buyer company failed to fulfill its contract duly, leaving a great number of the local people unemployed, it was the municipal government who had to assume the responsibility of an answer ( in this case, through training, credit and/or counseling to micro-businessmen) In the last years, however, the possibility to work in informal activities has become important in Palpalá, with a high percentage of people working in city fairs selling different kinds of goods. although the change in the model in the recent years has allowed the reactivation in different areas, a preliminary evaluation is that the improvement does not seem to have reached the core of excluded and marginalized of the previous decade

La participación ciudadana para la mejora de la gestión local : Realidades, mitos y desafíos sobre los Presupuestos Participativos

Las concepciones sobre el fenómeno participativo son amplias y generan varias posiciones. Diversos autores coinciden en que el municipio, por ser la cara del Estado más próxima a los ciudadanos, aparece como un lugar privilegiado para el desarrollo de políticas públicas participativas, contribuyendo a una gestión más transparente, eficiente, inclusiva y democrática. Esta cercanía permitiría una participación de los actores locales en los procesos de desarrollo comunal, posibilitando que diagnostiquen sus problemas, participen de instancias de decisión, elaboración y evaluación de las políticas públicas. Por otra parte, se advierte que mediante las políticas de participación el Estado traslada sus responsabilidades a la sociedad y se emplean como medio para la construcción artificial de consensos y manipulaciones políticas. Este artículo indaga acerca de los fundamentos, las metodologías de implementación y los resultados de cuatro casos de Presupuesto Participativo (La Plata, San Fernando, San Miguel y San Martín). Los ejes de análisis indagan acerca de la caracterización de los proyectos surgidos de esta política, los cambios en las modalidades de gestión local y el tipo de participación de la sociedad. Se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad semi estructuradas, observaciones, estrategia de investigación documental sobre fuentes secundarias de información elaboradas por los municipios (página web, normativa, documentación institucional, folletería, estadísticas) y trabajos académicos elaborados por otros investigadores.

De siderúrgica a turística : Breve historia ocupacional de la ciudad de Palpalá (Jujuy-Argentina)

The growth of Palpalá City (Province of Jujuy, argentina) since the 1940s, is linked to altos Hornos Zapla (ahz) the state-owned steel and iron company whose privatization in the early 1990s as part of the external three-sided opening, privatizations and deregulation which characterized convertibility, meant large changes in the local economic structure. In the 1950s, this city was identified by the town hall as 'mother of Industries' ('madre de Industrias'), whereas today, the municipal slogan is 'City of Tourism' ('Ciudad Turística'). Recovering the recent occupational history of this city meets the need to know the labor and socioeconomic reality of this urban area in the Province of Jujuy, about which information is rare. Although it is included in the Home Survey?s sample, it is shown in blocks, making the information very limited. It is paradigmaticin this city to study the means chosen to try to overcome the traumatic shock that ahz's privatization meant, to analyze the policies developed and evaluate their results, some years after their application. In Palpalá, a local development strategy was applied, with a strong impulse to micro-businesses, following, somehow, the model postulated at national level, what will allow us to know the local reality better, as well as the regional and national realities for its characteristics. The methodology used in this work ('From iron and steel industry to tourist city. Brief occupational history of Palpala city) was the bibliographic research of the rare existing studies, interviews to qualified informers as well as the use of secondary data sources, such as data from different national Censuses. To conclude, it can be said that due to the crisis of the 1990s and its state reducing plan, those who suffered its consequences less are, paradoxically, those who are still related to state jobs. In Palpalá, when ahz was privatized and the buyer company failed to fulfill its contract duly, leaving a great number of the local people unemployed, it was the municipal government who had to assume the responsibility of an answer ( in this case, through training, credit and/or counseling to micro-businessmen) In the last years, however, the possibility to work in informal activities has become important in Palpalá, with a high percentage of people working in city fairs selling different kinds of goods. although the change in the model in the recent years has allowed the reactivation in different areas, a preliminary evaluation is that the improvement does not seem to have reached the core of excluded and marginalized of the previous decade

Proposta de metodologia para diagnóstico técnico da iluminação pública.

A Iluminação Pública (IP) está num momento de profundas mudanças, principalmente com a popularização da tecnologia LED e dos sistemas de controle a distância. O gestor de serviços públicos precisa conhecer a complexidade do uso final da IP para que possa gerir esse ativo direcionado às necessidades dos usuários, tendo em vista o dinamismo de evolução diária dos centros urbanos. Este estudo tem por objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia que permite levantar, cadastrar, diagnosticar e avaliar, o parque de IP existente em ambientes urbanos. Tem como questão de pesquisa: Como prover os gestores de serviços públicos de conhecimento da situação dos ativos de IP? Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional e descritiva, desenvolvida em uma região que compreende uma área de 26,5 km², com uma população de 344.632 habitantes, localizada em uma região metropolitana brasileira. A metodologia aplicada divide-se em dois momentos: pesquisa documental e de campo. Inicia-se com um levantamento de documentações a respeito da vida pregressa do acervo, disponíveis nos escritórios da Concessionária de Energia local e da Prefeitura Municipal. Posteriormente procede-se uma identificação do perfil da cidade, onde o sistema de iluminação está inserido, buscando compreender como o sistema de IP instalado está integrado às necessidades da população. Essas primeiras ações visam recolher subsídios para a etapa seguinte, de levantamento técnico em campo, que buscou identificar não só os atributos de IP existentes para atualização cadastral, como também identificou anomalias que estavam atrapalhando o desempenho do sistema e a influência provocada pelo meio onde está inserido. A metodologia pode ser uma ferramenta que contribui para a gestão do serviço de IP inserida dentro dos centros urbanos, possibilitando a adoção de medidas de ajustes que visem dotar o acervo de IP de uma estrutura de manutenção direcionada para cada região da cidade, considerando sua especificidade e perfil dos usuários. Antes de qualquer adoção de novas tecnologias, como por exemplo lâmpadas LED, telecomando, etc., é imprescindível que se tenha um diagnóstico do acervo existente e a identificação do uso final da IP no meio em que se encontra.

Recommendations for Creating and Implementing Climate Change Mitigation Strategies for Municipalities

The effects of climate change are beginning to show themselves globally and not enough is being done to counteract these changes. Institutional action is a necessity, and municipalities have an opportunity to fill this void by developing mitigation strategies that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This report critically reviews the municipal climate action plans for Portland, Oregon; Boulder, Colorado; and Toronto, Ontario and provides recommendations for other municipalities who wish to create and implement climate change mitigation plans.

Política pública en el desarrollo de la juventud rural

La política pública es fundamental para cumplir con el propósito de atender los problemas colectivos a través de la negociación colectiva. En el medio rural se expresa en toda su amplitud, como agenda de formulación, de ejecución y de evaluación ajena a los actores municipales. De esta forma, este artículo tiene como objetivo comprobar los procesos, condiciones y efectos que genera en la población que las recibe, las acepta y se adapta a ellas. Desde el enfoque territorial, se encontró que la política pública y algunos programas dirigidos a los jóvenes, se centran en la juventud urbana; mientras que los jóvenes rurales desconocen las políticas públicas y los programas que son creados o aplicados a ellos. Las instancias de gobierno municipal, registran una falta de atención a los jóvenes, por la escases de estructura administrativa y de recursos económicos, que profundizan la ausencia de coordinación y comunicación entre los tres niveles de gobierno y la sociedad civil; causando que la duplicidad de programas con recursos limitados e insuficientes se sumen a los demás factores que limitan la atención de los jóvenes de la Sierra Norte de Puebla.

Reglamentos para el régimen interior de las municipalidades y para la formación, conservación y aumento de los bosques municipales,

Mode of access: Internet.

The cabildo in Peru under the Hapsburgs : a study in the origins and powers of the town council in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1530-1700.

Bibliography: p. 285-298.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the Union of Nova Scotia Municipalities.

Mode of access: Internet.