Medidas de energia no ensaio SPT

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo detalhado da monitoração de energia durante a cravação do amostrador no ensaio SPT, bem como da identificação dos fatores que influenciam estas medidas. Para tanto foi desenvolvido um equipamento para a aquisição dos sinais de força e de aceleração que consta de uma célula de carga, amplificadores e condicionadores de sinais de força e aceleração, sistema de aquisição de sinal e tratamento numérico dos registros. Paralelamente foi implementado um programa embasado na técnica de diferenças finitas que simula numericamente o ensaio, inclusive o balanço das distintas energias ao longo do processo. De posse dessas ferramentas e tecnologia efetuou-se uma extensa campanha de ensaios totalmente controlados. Os resultados da campanha experimental, associados aos fundamentados e princípios básicos da física, permitiram o entendimento do processo de cravação do amostrador no solo com a determinação das perdas (eficiências) ocorridas ao longo do processo e a proposição de uma nova abordagem de interpretação fundamentada no trabalho efetivamente consumido na cravação do amostrador no solo. O conhecimento deste trabalho abre uma gama de alternativas para a estimativa de propriedades de comportamento de solos com base em resultados de medidas de SPT. Exemplos da aplicação destas alternativas são apresentados Ao longo do trabalho verificou-se que: O intervalo de integração utilizado na apropriação da energia deve ser tal que leva em consideração os golpes subseqüentes mesmo em se tratando de hastes longas; A energia assim determinada é dependente da resistência do solo; Existem perdas de energia ao longo das hastes; Estas perdas são diretamente proporcionais ao comprimento das hastes; O ensaio é um fenômeno de grandes deslocamentos e, portanto, deve ser interpretado com a adoção de um referencial fixo e fora do sistema; A variação da energia potencial das hastes deve ser considerada no computo da energia consumida na cravação do amostrador no solo e esta variação da energia é diretamente proporcional à massa das hastes.

Low cost BIST techniques for linear and non-linear analog circuits

With the ever increasing demands for high complexity consumer electronic products, market pressures demand faster product development and lower cost. SoCbased design can provide the required design flexibility and speed by allowing the use of IP cores. However, testing costs in the SoC environment can reach a substantial percent of the total production cost. Analog testing costs may dominate the total test cost, as testing of analog circuits usually require functional verification of the circuit and special testing procedures. For RF analog circuits commonly used in wireless applications, testing is further complicated because of the high frequencies involved. In summary, reducing analog test cost is of major importance in the electronic industry today. BIST techniques for analog circuits, though potentially able to solve the analog test cost problem, have some limitations. Some techniques are circuit dependent, requiring reconfiguration of the circuit being tested, and are generally not usable in RF circuits. In the SoC environment, as processing and memory resources are available, they could be used in the test. However, the overhead for adding additional AD and DA converters may be too costly for most systems, and analog routing of signals may not be feasible and may introduce signal distortion. In this work a simple and low cost digitizer is used instead of an ADC in order to enable analog testing strategies to be implemented in a SoC environment. Thanks to the low analog area overhead of the converter, multiple analog test points can be observed and specific analog test strategies can be enabled. As the digitizer is always connected to the analog test point, it is not necessary to include muxes and switches that would degrade the signal path. For RF analog circuits, this is specially useful, as the circuit impedance is fixed and the influence of the digitizer can be accounted for in the design phase. Thanks to the simplicity of the converter, it is able to reach higher frequencies, and enables the implementation of low cost RF test strategies. The digitizer has been applied successfully in the testing of both low frequency and RF analog circuits. Also, as testing is based on frequency-domain characteristics, nonlinear characteristics like intermodulation products can also be evaluated. Specifically, practical results were obtained for prototyped base band filters and a 100MHz mixer. The application of the converter for noise figure evaluation was also addressed, and experimental results for low frequency amplifiers using conventional opamps were obtained. The proposed method is able to enhance the testability of current mixed-signal designs, being suitable for the SoC environment used in many industrial products nowadays.

Uma abordagem de óptica física e física moderna para Engenharia Ambiental

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Simulação do comportamento espectral de redes de período longo em fibra óptica

Esta tese é dedicada às redes de período longo, LPG’s, em fibra óptica, escritas por exposição a radiação ultravioleta (UV) ou por exposição a descargas eléctricas, e às suas aplicações em comunicações ópticas e em sistemas sensores. Numa primeira fase estudaram-se os aspectos teóricos fundamentais para a compreensão das LPG, nomeadamente os dois modelos matemáticos propostos na literatura, para a transmissão espectral de uma LPG, o modelo de duas camadas e o modelo de três camadas. Em seguida, estudou-se o deslocamento do comprimento de onda ressonante perante mudanças de parâmetros externos. Aqui, verificou-se que para variações da temperatura no exterior da LPG, o deslocamento do comprimento de onda ressonante é linear. Por outro lado, para variações de índice de refracção exterior, verificou-se que à medida que o índice exterior se aproxima dos valores do índice de refracção da bainha, o comprimento de onda ressonante tende para valores mais baixos. Por último, realizou-se um estudo da transmissão espectral de duas aplicações que envolvem LPG’s, nomeadamente dois tipos de interferómetros e filtros ópticos. Numa segunda fase, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de simulação destes modelos, que permitia não só a obtenção dos espectros de transmissão das LPG’s mas também a obtenção das curvas de phase matching em função do período da rede e do comprimento de onda ressonante. A aplicação permitia também a obtenção das curvas do deslocamento do comprimento de onda ressonante, perante variações do índice de refracção exterior ou da temperatura. Para além disso, essa ferramenta realiza a simulação dos espectros de transmissão de filtros ópticos e de interferómetros de Michelson e de Mach-Zehnder construídos com base em LPG’s. A última fase do trabalho, a componente laboratorial, foi realizada na Unidade de Optoelectrónica e Sistemas Electrónicos do INESC Porto, onde foram construídos e testados os dispositivos estudados anteriormente, com o intuito de validar a aplicação desenvolvida. A ferramenta de simulação demonstrou ser capaz de simular de forma adequada os diversos aspectos do comportamento das LPG’s que foram estudados. A comparação dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir que o modelo mais correcto para o estudo das LPG’s é o modelo de três camadas, o que está de acordo com o esperado.

GPON / FTTH: FTTH_fiber to the home

As redes de comunicação de nova geração, onde se incluem as tecnologias de fibra óptica, têm sido uma área na qual tem havido imensa investigação e desenvolvimento. As tecnologias de FTTx, em especial a FTTH, já são uma realidade em milhares de habitações em variadíssimos países. A presente dissertação descreve um estudo da tecnologia GPON - Gigabit Passive Optical Network - nas instalações da EMACOM, Telecomunicações da Madeira, Unipessoal, Lda. Inicialmente são enumerados os requisitos necessários, quer seja por parte dos clientes como dos fornecedores. Em seguida apresenta-se o padrão do ITU-T G.984, contendo as várias camadas, tais como a camada física e a camada de convergência de transmissão, abordando também a estrutura das tramas e as principais características do referido padrão. Depois é dado a conhecer ao leitor os elementos que constituem uma rede GPON, sejam estes equipamentos passivos ou activos. Seguidamente foi descrito o planeamento para o projecto proposto onde foram estudados os vários tipos de arquitectura utilizados pelo FTTH e definiu-se qual seria a melhor opção para a zona urbana considerada. Utilizou-se o ArcMap da ESRI Portugal - Sistemas e Informação Geográfica, S.A, criando uma base de dados e um esquema da própria rede num mapa da freguesia de São Martinho. Utilizou-se o AutoCad, onde foram elaborados vários sinópticos da rede da área escolhida, nos quais englobam a rede de alimentação, e a rede de distribuição. Toda a informação ilustrada nos sinópticos foi colocada numa folha de cálculo de Excel sendo mais rápida a sua pesquisa. Posteriormente, criou-se uma lista de material com as quantidades necessárias a utilizar para a sua implementação. Para verificar a viabilidade do projecto em termos de potência óptica foi efectuado um cálculo do balanço de potência. Assim, é considerada a ligação mais distante para averiguar se existe potência óptica suficiente para cobrir essa ligação. Caso seja viável, então os outros pontos de distribuição ópticos com distâncias inferiores também estarão suficientemente alimentados em termos ópticos. São ainda abordados os vários tipos de perdas nas fibras ópticas, as definições de link power e link loss budgets. Finalmente, foram efectuados testes de simulação com o programa OptiSystem simulando a ligação usada para o cálculo de potência podendo-se assim comparar valores e verificar o desempenho do sistema através do diagrama de olho obtido.

Obtenção de óxidos a base de níquel e cobalto para reação de oxidação parcial do metano

Nickel-based catalysts supported on alumina have been widely used in various reactions to obtain synthesis gas or hydrogen. Usually, higher conversion levels are obtained by these catalysts, however, the deactivation by coke formation and sintering of metal particles are still problems to be solved. Several approaches have been employed in order to minimize these problems, among which stands out in recent years the use of additives such as oxides of alkali metals and rare earths. Similarly, the use of methodologies for the synthesis faster, easier, applicable on an industrial scale and to allow control of the microstructural characteristics of these catalysts, can together provide the solution to this problem. In this work, oxides with spinel type structure AB2O4, where A represents divalent cation and B represents trivalent cations are an important class of ceramic materials investigated worldwide in different fields of applications. The nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) was oxides of spinel type which has attracted considerable interest due to its applicability in several areas, such as chemical sensors, flat panel displays, optical limiters, electrode materials, pigments, electrocatalysis, electronic ceramics, among others. The catalyst precursor NiCo2O4 was prepared by a new chemical synthesis route using gelatine as directing agent. The polymer resin obtained was calcined at 350°C. The samples were calcined at different temperatures (550, 750 and 950°C) and characterized by X ray diffraction, measurements of specific surface area, temperature programmed reduction and scanning electron microscopy. The materials heat treated at 550 and 750°C were tested in the partial oxidation of methane. The set of techniques revealed, for solid preparations, the presence of the phase of spinel-type structure with the NiCo2O4 NixCo1-xO solid solution. This solid solution was identified by Rietveld refinement at all temperatures of heat treatment. The catalyst precursors calcined at 550 and 750°C showed conversion levels around 25 and 75%, respectively. The reason H2/CO was around 2 to the precursor treated at 750°C, proposed reason for the reaction of partial oxidation of methane, one can conclude that this material can be shown to produce synthesis gas suitable for use in the synthesis Fischer-Tropsch process

Fibra de crital fotônico: fundamentação e aplicações

The main purpose of this dissertation, consists of the study and analysis of the PBG (Photonic Band Gap )..tecnology incorporated in optical fiber structures. So, we'l1 present a complete PBG structure theory, and folowing this, we'l1 present also a chapter for convencional optical fiber, due to the need to construct the base theory of them, and latter a more complete work about photonic crystal fiber. Finaly, we'l1 show the results of the signals , dispersion, and obtained curves under the right dimensions according to the required signals, for convencional optical and photonic crystal fiber. Knowing that PBG crystals with low losses act as perfect mirrors for forbidden frequences and knowing that the persence of structures of PBG as substrates, brings some desirable characteristics such as spontaneous emition supression and superficial waves. We' 11 show according to these characteristics its applications in telecomunication. Therefore, the enphasis of this work is to show that the optical fibers are the only practible thing to integrate the enormous quantity of data and video at intemet' s market, developing, manipulating, changing, and multiplexing the optical fibers chanels in an area where we expect that the photonic crystals has an important hole, since the photonic crystals can be projected and made to avoid losses in the bands of certain wavelength which permits the increase in efficiency ofthe optical components projected with crystals. A sequence of this work would be the utilisation of the PBG structures in the new system of optical network without fiber developed by Bell laboratories of the lucent tecnology, last year using light rays for transmiting information through the air. The new system of optical networks without fiber will permit sending the data of 15 cd-rooms in less then one second, what represents 65 times more information than those transmitted through the actual radio frequences

Acoplador e linha de lâmina unilateral e bilateral com substrato fotônico

The aim of this work is to characterize and use the characteristic parameters of the planar structures constructed with fin lines looking for their applications in devices, using PBG Photonic Band Gap photonic materials as substrate, operating in the millimeter and optic wave bands.The PBG theory will be applied for the relative permittivity attainment for the PBG photonic substrate s and p polarizations. The parameters considered in the structures characterization are the complex propagation constant and the characteristic impedance of unilateral and bilateral fin lines that were obtained by the use of the TTL Transverse Transmission Line Method, together with the Method of the Moments. The final part of this work comprises studies related to the behavior of the asymmetric unilateral fin line coupler with photonic substrate. This research opens perspectives for new works in this modern area. Numerical results are shown by means of bi-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics. Conclusions and suggestions for future works are also presented

Utilização de redes neurais artificiais para detecção e diagnóstico de falhas

In a real process, all used resources, whether physical or developed in software, are subject to interruptions or operational commitments. However, in situations in which operate critical systems, any kind of problem may bring big consequences. Knowing this, this paper aims to develop a system capable to detect the presence and indicate the types of failures that may occur in a process. For implementing and testing the proposed methodology, a coupled tank system was used as a study model case. The system should be developed to generate a set of signals that notify the process operator and that may be post-processed, enabling changes in control strategy or control parameters. Due to the damage risks involved with sensors, actuators and amplifiers of the real plant, the data set of the faults will be computationally generated and the results collected from numerical simulations of the process model. The system will be composed by structures with Artificial Neural Networks, trained in offline mode using Matlab®

Equalização neural aplicada a sistemas com modulação bidimensional em fibra óptica

Nowadays, optic fiber is one of the most used communication methods, mainly due to the fact that the data transmission rates of those systems exceed all of the other means of digital communication. Despite the great advantage, there are problems that prevent full utilization of the optical channel: by increasing the transmission speed and the distances involved, the data is subjected to non-linear inter symbolic interference caused by the dispersion phenomena in the fiber. Adaptive equalizers can be used to solve this problem, they compensate non-ideal responses of the channel in order to restore the signal that was transmitted. This work proposes an equalizer based on artificial neural networks and evaluates its performance in optical communication systems. The proposal is validated through a simulated optic channel and the comparison with other adaptive equalization techniques

Sensores de reflectância e fluorescência na avaliação de teores de nitrogênio, produção de biomassa e produtividade do algodoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de utilização dos sensores de reflectância e fluorescência na avaliação de teores de N‑NO3‑ no pecíolo, na produção de biomassa e na produtividade do algodoeiro. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 3x4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três variedades de algodão (ST‑4288‑B2RF, ST‑4498‑B2RF e DP-164‑B2RF) e quatro doses de N (0, 45, 90 e 135 kg ha‑1). Aos 120 dias após a semeadura, foram realizadas leituras com sensores ópticos de reflectância e fluorescência. Não houve correlação significativa dos teores de N‑NO3‑ no pecíolo com os índices de reflectância; porém, houve correlação destes com a produção de biomassa (0,39) e a produtividade (0,32 a 0,41). Os índices do sensor de fluorescência correlacionaram-se significativamente com teores de N‑NO3‑ no pecíolo (0,34 a 0,61), produção de biomassa (0,30 a 0,53) e produtividade (0,34). em comparação com os índices de reflectância, os de fluorescência apresentam maior capacidade de avaliar os teores de N‑NO3‑ no pecíolo, capacidade semelhante em detectar variação na biomassa e menor capacidade de detectar variação da produtividade do algodoeiro, quando se aplicam doses crescentes de N.

Projeto, construção e levantamento de desempenho de um concentrador solar cilíndro parabólico com mecanismo automático de rastreamento solar

An cylinder-parabolic solar concentrator is presented to produce steam for different applications. This prototype was built in glass fiber with dimensions that follow a study of optimization of parameters inherent in the optical reflection of sunlight by the surface of reflection and absorption of the same by tubing that leads the fluid of work. The surface of the concentrator of 2.24 m² has been covered by layers of mirror with 1.0 m of lenght and 2.0 cm wide. The absorb tubing consists of a copper tube diameter equal to 28 mm. The concentrator is moving to follow the apparent motion of the sun. It will be presented the processes of manufacturing and assembly of the concentrator proposed, which has as main characteristics the facilities construction and assembly, in addition to reduced cost. Will be presented data from tests performed to produce steam setting up some parameters that diagnose the efficiency of the concentrator. It will be demonstrated the viabilities thermal, economic and of materials of the proposed system.The maximum temperature achieved in the vacuum tube absorber was 232.1°C and average temperature for 1 hour interval was 171.5°C, obtained in a test with automation. The maximum temperature achieved in the output of water was 197.7°C for a temperature of 200.0°C in the absorber tube. The best average result of the water exit temperature to interval of 1 hour was 170.2°C for a temperature of 171.2°C, in the absorber tube, obtained in test with automation. Water exit mean temperatures were always above of the water steaming temperature. The concentrator present a useful efficiency of 38% and a production cost of approximately R$ 450,00 ( $ 160.34)

Efeito Peltier em estruturas semicondutoras quasiperiódicas

There is nowadays a growing demand for located cooling and stabilization in optical and electronic devices, haul of portable systems of cooling that they allow a larger independence in several activities. The modules of thermoelectrical cooling are bombs of heat that use efect Peltier, that consists of the production of a temperature gradient when an electric current is applied to a thermoelectrical pair formed by two diferent drivers. That efect is part of a class of thermoelectrical efcts that it is typical of junctions among electric drivers. The modules are manufactured with semiconductors. The used is the bismuth telluride Bi2Te3, arranged in a periodic sequence. In this sense the idea appeared of doing an analysis of a system that obeys the sequence of Fibonacci. The sequence of Fibonacci has connections with the golden proportion, could be found in the reproductive study of the bees, in the behavior of the light and of the atoms, as well as in the growth of plants and in the study of galaxies, among many other applications. An apparatus unidimensional was set up with the objective of investigating the thermal behavior of a module that obeys it a rule of growth of the type Fibonacci. The results demonstrate that the modules that possess periodic arrangement are more eficient

Montagem e construção de um magnetômetro a efeito Kerr magneto-óptico

n this master s dissertation a Kerr Magneto Optic s magnetometer effect was set up to do characterization of samples type films fine and ultra thin, these samples will be grown after the implementation of the sputtering technique at the magnetism laboratory of of this department. In this work a cooled electromagnet was also built the water and that it reaches close values to 10kOe with a gap of 22 mm including an area of uniform field of 25mm of diameter. The first chapter treats of the construction of this electromagnet from its dimensioning to the operation tests that involve measures of reached maximum field and temperature of the reels when operated during one hour. The second chapter is dedicated to the revision of the magnetism and the magnetization processes as well as it presents a theoretical base regarding the magnetic energies found in films and magnetic multilayer. In the sequence, the third chapter, is especially dedicated the description of the effects magneto opticians the effect kerr in the longitudinal, traverse and polar configurations, using for so much only the classic approach of the electromagnetism and the coefficients of Fresnel. Distinguished the two areas of observation of the effect regarding thickness of the film. The constructive aspects of the experimental apparatus as well as the details of its operation are explained at the room surrender, also presenting the preliminary results of the measures made in one serializes of permalloy films and concluding with the results of the characterization of the first films of iron and permalloy grown here at the theoretical and experimental physics department at UFRN

Sistemas Nanoestruturados: Heteroestruturas Quasi-Periódicas de Nitretos e Cálculos Ab initio em Polimorfos CaCO3

The physical properties and the excitations spectrum in oxides and semiconductors materials are presented in this work, whose the first part presents a study on the confinement of optical phonons in artificial systems based on III-V nitrides, grown in periodic and quasiperiodic forms. The second part of this work describes the Ab initio calculations which were carried out to obtain the optoeletronic properties of Calcium Oxide (CaO) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. For periodic and quasi-periodic superlattices, we present some dynamical properties related to confined optical phonons (bulk and surface), obtained through simple theories, such as the dielectric continuous model, and using techniques such as the transfer-matrix method. The localization character of confined optical phonon modes, the magnitude of the bands in the spectrum and the power laws of these structures are presented as functions of the generation number of sequence. The ab initio calculations have been carried out using the CASTEP software (Cambridge Total Sequential Energy Package), and they were based on ultrasoft-like pseudopotentials and Density Functional Theory (DFT). Two di®erent geometry optimizations have been e®ectuated for CaO crystals and CaCO3 polymorphs, according to LDA (local density approximation) and GGA (generalized gradient approximation) approaches, determining several properties, e. g. lattice parameters, bond length, electrons density, energy band structures, electrons density of states, e®ective masses and optical properties, such as dielectric constant, absorption, re°ectivity, conductivity and refractive index. Those results were employed to investigate the confinement of excitons in spherical Si@CaCO3 and CaCO3@SiO2 quantum dots and in calcium carbonate nanoparticles, and were also employed in investigations of the photoluminescence spectra of CaCO3 crystal