Dislocations in the crystallites of nanocrystalline alpha-Fe - A molecular dynamics study

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out in order to study the atomic structure of crystalline component, of nanocrystalline alpha-Fe when it is consolidated from small grains. A two-dimensional computational block is used to simulate the consolidation process. All the preset dislocations in the original grains glide out of them in the consolidation process, but new dislocations can generate when the grain size is large enough. It shows that dislocations exist in the consolidated material rather than in the original grains. Whether dislocations exist in the crystalline component of the resultant model nana-material depends upon grain size. The critical value of grain size for dislocation generation appears to be about 9 nm. This result agrees with experiments qualitatively.

A study on stratification of concentration in crystal-growth of alpha-liio3 by holographic-interferometry

A new thermoplastic-photoconductor laser holographic recording system has been used for real-time and in situ observation of alpha-LiIO3 crystal growth. The influence of crystallization-driven convection on the concentration stratification in solution has been studied under gravity field. It is found that the stratification is closely related to the seed orientation of alpha-LiIO3 crystal. When the optical axis of crystal seed C is parallel to the gravity vector g, the velocity of the concentration stratification is two times larger than that in the case of C perpendicular-to g. It needs 40 h for the crystalline system of alpha-LiIO3 to reach stable concentration distribution (expressed as tau) at 47.6-degrees-C. The time tau is not sensitive to the seed orientation. Our results provide valuable data for designing the crystal growth experiments ia space.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Promotes Internalisation of Integrins and Raft Components and Decreases Macrophage Adhesion Capacity

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Heterodimerization of integrin Mac-1 subunits studied by single-molecule imaging

Heterodimerization of integrin Mac-1 (alpha(M) beta(2)) Subunits plays important role on regulating leukocytes adhesion to extracellular matrix or endothelial cells. Here, using total internal reflection microscopy, we investigated the heterodimerization of integrin Mac-1 subunits at the single-molecule level in live cells. Individual alpha(M) subunit fused to the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) was imaged at the basal plasma membrane of live Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Through analysis of mean square displacement (MSD), diffusion coefficient, the size of restricted domain and fraction of molecules undergoing restricted diffusion, we found that as compared with the diffusion in the absence of beta(2) subunit, the diffusion of single-molecule of alpha(M)-YFP was suppressed significantly in the presence of beta(2) subunit. Thus, based on the oligomerization-induced trapping model, we suggested that in the presence of beta(2) subunit, the am subunit may form heterodimer with it. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Efeitos da associação da ovariectomia com uma dieta hiperlipídica sobre alterações no metabolismo lipídico, remodelamento e redistribuição do tecido adiposo e sobre os marcadores inflamatórios em camundongas C57BL/6

A menopausa está associada a algumas alterações metabólicas como a obesidade, dislipidemia e inflamação, entre outras anomalias presentes na síndrome metabólica humana. Uma dieta hiperlipídica ou high-fat (HF) associada à menopausa piora tais alterações, aumentando ainda mais o risco de doença cardiovascular. A hipótese de que uma dieta HF agrava as complicações relacionadas à ovariectomia foi testada. Foram avaliadas fêmeas C57BL/6 ovariectomizadas (OVX) ou com operação SHAM e alimentados com ração padrão ou Standard Chow (SC, 10% de gordura) ou uma dieta HF (60% de gordura) por 18 semanas. A eficiência alimentar (EA), massa corporal (MC), distribuição regional das massas de gordura e a morfometria dos adipócitos foram estudados. As análises de sangue (colesterol total, CT, triglicerídeos, TG, citocinas e adipocinas) foram realizadas. Camundongas OVX-HF apresentaram maior EA e maior MC do que os demais grupos (P<0,05). A gordura visceral (ovariana e retroperitoneal) e a gordura subcutânea (gordura inguinal) tiveram o mesmo padrão de distribuição entre os grupos SHAM-SC, SHAM-HF e OVX-SC, mas o grupo OVX-HF apresentou um padrão diferente de acúmulo de gordura - muito maior do que no rupo SHAM-SC. A associação da ovariectomia com a dieta HF aumentou significativamente o diâmetro dos adipócitos dos animais OVX-HF em comparação aos SHAM-HF (P<0,0001) e também agravou a elevação dos níveis de CT, TG e de leptina nas camundongas OVX-HF, em relação aos OVX-SC (P<0,0001). Os níveis de adiponectina foram maiores nas camundongas OVX-SC comparados com as das camundongas SHAM-SC e OVX-HF (P<0,001). A associação da ovariectomia com a dieta HF agravou o aumento dos níveis séricos de leptina em camundongas OVX-HF, em relação aos OVX-SC (P<0,005). TNF-alfa não foi diferente entre os grupos, mas a IL-6 foi significativamente maior nas camundongas OVX-HF comparados a ambos os grupos SHAM-HF e OVX-SC (P<0,0001). Concluindo, a ingestão de uma dieta hiperlipídica por camundongas ovariectomizadas, leva ao aumento do acúmulo e redistribuição inadequada de gordura, à piora dos níveis de citocinas e adipocinas, assim como à desordem metabólica, o que aumenta os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares.

The reduced-alpha-width of the lowest 1¯ state of ^(16)O

Cross sections for the reaction ¹²C(α,γ)¹⁶O have been measured for a range of center-of-mass alpha particle energies extending from 1.72 MeV to 2.94 MeV. Two 8"x5" NaI (Tℓ) crystals were used to detect gamma rays; time-of-flight technique was employed to suppress cosmic ray background and background due to neutrons arising mainly from the ¹³C(α,n)¹⁶O reaction. Angular distributions were measured at center-of-mass alpha energies of 2.18, 2.42, 2.56 and 2.83 MeV. Upper limits were placed on the amount of radiation cascading through the 6.92 or 7.12-MeV states in ¹⁶O. By means of theoretical fits to the measured electric dipole component of the total cross section, in which interference between the 1¯ states in ¹⁶O at 7.12 MeV and at 9.60 MeV is taken into account, it is possible to extract the dimensionless, reduced-alpha-width of the 7.12-MeV state in ¹⁶O. A three-level R-matrix parameterization of the data yields the width Θ_α,F² = 0.14^+0.10_-0.08. A "hybrid" R-matrix-optical-model parameterization yields Θ_α,F² = 0.11^+0.11_-0.07. This quantity is of crucial importance in determining the abundances of ¹²C and ¹⁶O at the end of helium burning in stars.

Epitope mapping of antibodies to alpha-synuclein in LRRK2 mutation carriers, idiopathic Parkinson disease patients, and healthy controls

Alpha-synuclein (Snca) plays a major role in Parkinson disease (PD). Circulating anti-Snca antibodies has been described in PD patients and healthy controls, but they have been poorly characterized. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of anti-Snca reactivity in human subjects carrying the LRRK2 mutation, idiopathic PD (iPD) patients, and healthy controls and to map the epitopes of the anti-Snca antibodies. Antibodies to Snca were detected by ELISA and immunoblotting using purified recombinant Snca in plasma from individuals carrying LRRK2 mutations (104), iPD patients (59), and healthy controls (83). Epitopes of antibodies were mapped using recombinant protein constructs comprising different regions of Snca. Clear positive anti-Snca reactivity showed no correlation with age, sex, years of evolution, or the disability scores for PD patients and anti-Snca reactivity was not prevalent in human patients with other neurological or autoimmune diseases. Thirteen of the positive individuals were carriers of LRRK2 mutations either non-manifesting (8 out 49 screened) or manifesting (5 positive out 55), three positive (out of 59) were iPD patients, and five positive (out of 83) were healthy controls. Epitope mapping showed that antibodies against the N-terminal (a.a. 1-60) or C-terminal (a.a. 109-140) regions of Snca predominate in LRRK2 mutation carriers and iPD patients, being N122 a critical amino acid for recognition by the anti-C-terminal directed antibodies. Anti-Snca circulating antibodies seem to cluster within families carrying the LRRK2 mutation indicating possible genetic or common environmental factors in the generation of anti-Snca antibodies. These results suggest that case-controls' studies are insufficient and further studies in family cohorts of patients and healthy controls should be undertaken, to progress in the understanding of the possible relationship of anti-Snca antibodies and PD patholog

Fabrication of beta-BaB2O4 layers on (001) Sr2+-doped alpha-BaB2O4 by vapor transport equilibration (VTE)

Crystalline beta-BBO layers have been successfully prepared on (0 0 1)-oriented Sr2+-doped alpha-BBO substrates using vapor transport equilibration technique. The layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray rocking curve and transmission spectra. The present results manifest that the VTE treatment time and powder ratio are important factors on the preparation of beta-BBO layers. beta-BBO layers with a highly (0 0 l) preferred orientation were obtained according to XRD profiles. The full width at half-maximum of the rocking curve for the layer is as low as about 1000 in., which shows the high crystallinity of the layer. These results reveal the possibility of fabricating beta-BBO (0 0 1) layers on (0 0 1)-oriented Sr2+-doped alpha-BBO substrates by VTE. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Edge-defined, film-fed growth (EFG) technique for the preparation of alpha-Al2O3 : C crystal with highly sensitive thermoluminescence response

In this work, alpha-Al2O3:C, a highly sensitive thermoluminescence dosimetry crystal, was grown by the EFG method in which a graphite heating unit and shield acted as the carbon source during the growth process. The optical, luminescent properties and dosimetric characteristics of the crystal were investigated. The as-grown crystal shows a single glow peak at 536 K, which is associated with Cr3+ ions. After annealing in H-2 at 1673 K for 80 h, the crystal shows a single glow peak at 460 K and a blue emission band at 415 nm. The thermoluminescent response of the annealed crystal shows linear-sublinear-saturation characteristics in the dose range from 5 x 10(-6) to 100 Gy.

Growth of highly sensitive thermoluminescent crystal alpha-Al2O3 : C by the temperature gradient technique

In this work, an alpha-Al2O3:C crystal with highly sensitive thermoluminescence was directly grown by the temperature gradient technique (TGT) using Al2O3 and graphite powders as raw materials. The optical and luminescent properties and the dosimetric characteristics of the crystal were investigated. An as-grown alpha-Al2O3:C crystal shows a single glow peak at 462 K and a blue emission peak at 415 nm. The thermoluminescence (TL) response of the crystal shows a linear-sublinear-saturation characteristic. In the dose range from 5 x 10(-6) to 10Gy, the alpha-Al2O3:C crystal shows excellent linearity, and saturation was observed at about 30Gy. The sensitivity of the crystal decreases as the heating rate increases. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth of alpha-Al2O3:C crystal with highly sensitive optically stimulated luminescence

In this work. an alpha-Al2O3:C crystal was directly grown by the temperature gradient technique (TGT) using Al2O3 and graphite powders as the raw materials. The optical, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties and dosimetric characteristics of as-grown crystal were investigated. As-grown alpha-Al2O3:C crystal shows strong absorption band at 205, 230 and 256 nm. Three-dimensional thermoluminescence (TL) emission spectrum of the crystal shows a single emission peak at similar to 415 nm. The OSL decay curve can be fitted to two exponentials, the faster component and the slower component. The OSL response of the crystal shows a linear-sublinear-saturation characteristic. As-grown alpha-Al2O3:C crystal shows excellent linearity in the dose range from 5 x 10(-6) to 50 Gy. For doses higher than the saturation dose (100 Gy). the OSL sensitivity decreases as the dose increases. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efeitos intergeracionais da obesidade materna sobre o pâncreas endócrino de camundongos C57BL/6

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da obesidade materna sobre a estrutura do pâncreas e metabolismo de carboidratos no início da vida adulta, com foco na prole da primeira geração (F1) e segunda geração (F2) de progenitoras F0 alimentadas com dieta rica em gordura nos períodos pré-gestacional, durante a gestação e lactação. Métodos: Camundongos C57BL/6 do gênero feminino (F0) foram alimentadas com dieta padrão (SC) ou dieta rica em gordura (HF) durante as oito semanas que antecederam o acasalamento, durante a gestação e lactação para gerar a F1 (F1-SC e F1-HF). As proles geradas receberam dieta SC até o terceiro mês de vida. Aos três meses de idade, fêmeas F1 foram acasaladas para gerar a F2 (F2-SC e F2-HF). Apenas os machos das geração F1 e F2 foram avaliados aos 3 meses de idade. As características metabólicas foram avaliadas pela massa corporal (MC), glicemia de jejum, área sob a curva no teste oral de tolerância a glicose; análise plasmática de insulina, leptina e adiponectina; distribuição e análise morfológica do pâncreas através da imunohistoquímica e imunofluorescência. Resultados: A prole F1-HF teve aumento significativo na massa corporal e glicemia quando comparado à F1-SC. Por outro lado, as proles F2-HF e F2-SC tiveram massas corporais semelhantes. A prole F1-HF e F2-HF mostrou aumento da ingestão de energia, intolerância à glicose, hiperinsulinemia, hiperleptinemia, hipoadiponectinemia, resistência à insulina, aumento da massa pancreática, o aumento da densidade de volume de ilhotas com elevada massa de células alfa e beta, ilhotas hipertrofiadas caracterizadas por uma distribuição alterada de células alfa e beta, e fraca imunoreatividade do pâncreas homeobox duodeno-1 (PDx1). Conclusões: Uma dieta HF materna consumida durante o período pré-concepção e durante toda a gestação e lactação em camundongos promoveu programação metabólica do pâncreas endócrino com pré-disposição ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 precoce nas proles F1 e F2 do gênero masculino, sugerindo que essas mudanças são intergeracionais.

Waterborne exposure to fluorotelomer alcohol 6:2 FTOH alters plasma sex hormone and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of zebrafish

Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) have shown estrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism of this activity is not known. In this study, 18-week-old zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 0, 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 mg/l 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctan-1-ol (6:2 ETCH) for 7 days, and the effects on plasma sex hormone levels were measured followed by use of real-time PCR to examine selected gene expression in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and liver. Exposure to 6:2 FTOH significantly increased plasma estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels in both males and females. Furthermore, the ratio of T/E2 was reduced in females while increased in males. In females, the increase of E2 was accompanied by up-regulated hepatic estrogenic receptor alpha (ER alpha) and vitellogenin (VTG1 and VTG3) expression. In males, the elevation of the T level is consistent with the up-regulation of cytochrome P450 c17 alpha-hydroxylase, 17, 20-lase (CYP17) and the down-regulation of cytochrome P450 aromatase A (CYP19A). The present study demonstrated that waterborne exposure to 6:2 FTOH alter plasma sex hormone levels and the ratio of T/E2, as well as the transcriptional profiles of some genes in the HPG axis and liver. The results suggested that FTOHs may disturb fish reproduction through endocrine disrupted activity. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.