Desenvolvimento do pênis durante o período fetal humano (13 a 36 semanas pós-concepção)

Objetivo: Analisar, em fetos humanos, o crescimento da área do pênis, da túnica albugínea e das estruturas eréteis (corpos cavernosos e corpo esponjoso), bem como o aparecimento e modificações das principais estruturas que compõem estes tecidos (colágeno, músculo liso e fibra elástica) durante o período fetal (13 a 36 semanas pós-concepção), fornecendo padrões normativos de crescimento. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizados 56 fetos humanos do sexo masculino com idade gestacional compreendida entre 13 e 36 semanas pós-concepção (SPC). Foram utilizadas técnicas histoquímicas, imunohistoquímicas, e análises morfométricas, e analisados os seguintes parâmetros: área total do pênis, área do corpo cavernoso, área do corpo esponjoso e a espessura da túnica albugínea na região dorsal e ventral do corpo cavernoso. No corpo cavernoso e no corpo esponjoso, as fibras musculares, o colágeno e as fibras do sistema elástico, foram identificados e quantificados por percentagem, no programa Image J (NIH, Bethesda, EUA).Resultados: Da 13 à 36 semana pós-concepção, a área do pênis variou de 0,95mm2 a 24,25mm2. No mesmo período a área do corpo cavernoso variou de 0,28mm2 a 9,12mm2 e a área do corpo esponjoso de 0,14mm2 a 3,99mm2. No corpo cavernoso a percentagem de fibras colágenas, fibras musculares e fibras do sistema elástico variaram, respectivamente, de 19,88% a 36,60%, de 4,39 % a 29,76 % e de 1,91% a 8,92%. No corpo esponjoso a percentagem de fibras colágenas, fibras musculares e fibras do sistema elástico variaram, respectivamente de 34,65% a 45,89%, de 0,60% a 11,90% e de 3,22% a 11,93%. A espessura da túnica albugínea variou de 0,029 a 0,296 na região dorsal e de 0,014 a 0,113 na região ventral do corpo cavernoso.Conclusão: Existe correlação fortemente positiva entre o crescimento da área total, da área do corpo cavernoso e da área do corpo esponjoso, com a idade gestacional, assim como existe correlação entre o crescimento dos elementos constituintes do tecido erétil do pênis (colágeno, fibras musculares lisas e fibras elásticas) com a idade gestacional no período fetal estudado. O ritmo de crescimento do pênis é mais intenso no IIo. trimestre gestacional (13 a 24 SPC). O crescimento da espessura da túnica albugínea também foi diretamente proporcional e apresentou correlação fortemente positiva com a idade gestacional, sendo maior na região dorsal em relação à região ventral do corpo cavernoso.

Órdenes generales del Cuerpo de Ejército nº XIV del Ejército del Norte, dadas entre los días 13 y 15 de agosto de 1937 y firmadas por el Jefe del estado Mayor Ernesto de la Fuente y los Comisarios generales Máximo Astiz y Cecilio Egaña

Orden nº 52 (13 de agosto). Unidad de instalación, Carpeta Rectorado G-12. 1 hoja. Orden nº 53 (15 de agosto). Unidad de instalación, Carpeta Rectorado G-13. 1 hoja. Mecanografiadas

Number of Players and Relative Pitch Area per Player: Comparing Their Influence on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Under-12 and Under-13 Football Players

The aim of the present study is to analyse the influence of different large-sided games (LSGs) on the physical and physiological variables in under-12s (U12) and -13s (U13) soccer players. The effects of the combination of different number of players per team, 7, 9, and 11 (P7, P9, and P11, respectively) with three relative pitch areas, 100, 200, and 300 m(2) (A100, A200, and A300, respectively), were analysed in this study. The variables analysed were: 1) global indicator such as total distance (TD); work:rest ratio (W:R); player-load (PL) and maximal speed (V-max); 2) heart rate (HR) mean and time spent in different intensity zones of HR (<75%, 75-84%, 84-90% and >90%), and; 3) five absolute (<8, 8-13, 13-16 and >16 Km h(-1)) and three relative speed categories (<40%, 40-60% and >60% V-max). The results support the theory that a change in format (player number and pitch dimensions) affects no similarly in the two players categories. Although it can seem that U13 players are more demanded in this kind of LSG, when the work load is assessed from a relative point of view, great pitch dimensions and/or high number of player per team are involved in the training task to the U12 players. The results of this study could alert to the coaches to avoid some types of LSGs for the U12 players such as:P11 played in A100, A200 or A300, P9 played in A200 or A300 and P7 played in A300 due to that U13>U12 in several physical and physiological variables (W:R, time spent in 84-90% HRmax, distance in 8-13 and 13-16 Km h(-1) and time spent in 40-60% V-max). These results may help youth soccer coaches to plan the progressive introduction of LSGs so that task demands are adapted to the physiological and physical development of participants.

Annual report 2006 - North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Fifteenth meeting, Yokohama, Japan, October 13-22, 2006

◾ Report of Opening Session (p. 1) ◾ Report of Governing Council (p. 15) ◾ Report of the Finance and Administration Committee (p. 47) ◾ Reports of Science Board and Committees: Science Board Inter-sessional Meeting (p. 63); Science Board (p. 73); Biological Oceanography Committee (p. 87); Fishery Science Committee (p. 95); Marine Environmental Quality Committee (p. 105); MONITOR Technical Committee (p. 115); Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee (p. 125); Technical Committee on Data Exchange (p. 133) ◾ Reports of Sections, Working and Study Groups: Section on Carbon and Climate (p. 139); Section on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (p. 143); Working Group 18 on Mariculture in the 21st Century - The Intersection Between Ecology, Socio-economics and Production (p. 147); Working Group 19 on Ecosystem-Based Management Science and its Application to the North Pacific (p. 151); Working Group 20 on Evaluations of Climate Change Projections (p. 157); Working Group 21 on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species (p. 159); Study Group to Develop a Strategy for GOOS (p. 165) ◾ Reports of the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Scientific Program: Implementation Panel on the CCCC Program (p. 169); CFAME Task Team (p. 175); MODEL Task Team (p. 181) ◾ Reports of Advisory Panels: Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas (p. 187); Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North Pacific (p. 193); Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean (p. 197); Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and Mammals (p. 201); Advisory Panel on Micronekton Sampling Inter-calibration Experiment (p. 205) ◾ Summary of Scientific Sessions and Workshops (p. 209) ◾ Membership List (p. 259) ◾ List of Participants (p. 277) ◾ List of PICES Acronyms (p. 301) ◾ List of Acronyms (p. 303)