A field and reactive transport model study of arsenic in a basaltic rock aquifer

The use of geothermal energy as a source for electricity and district heating has increased over recent decades. Dissolved As can be an important constituent of the geothermal fluids brought to the Earth's surface. Here the field application of laboratory measured adsorption coefficients of aqueous As species on basaltic glass surfaces is discussed. The mobility of As species in the basaltic aquifer in the Nesjavellir geothermal system, Iceland was modelled by the one-dimensional (1D) reactive transport model PHREEQC ver. 2, constrained by a long time series of field measurements with the chemical composition of geothermal effluent fluids, pH, Eh and, occasionally, Fe- and As-dissolved species measurements. Di-, tri- and tetrathioarsenic species (As(OH)S22-, AsS₃H^2-, AsS33- and As(SH)4-) were the dominant form of dissolved As in geothermal waters exiting the power plant (2.556μM total As) but converted to some extent to arsenite (H₃AsO₃) and arsenate HAsO42- oxyanions coinciding with rapid oxidation of S2- to S2O32- and finally to SO42- during surface runoff before feeding into a basaltic lava field with a total As concentration of 0.882μM following dilution with other surface waters. A continuous 25-a data set monitoring groundwater chemistry along a cross section of warm springs on the Lake Thingvallavatn shoreline allowed calibration of the 1D model. Furthermore, a series of ground water wells located in the basaltic lava field, provided access along the line of flow of the geothermal effluent waters towards the lake. The conservative ion Cl^- moved through the basaltic lava field (4100m) in less than10a but As was retarded considerably due to surface reactions and has entered a groundwater well 850m down the flow path as arsenate in accordance to the prediction of the 1D model. The 1D model predicted a complete breakthrough of arsenate in the year 2100. In a reduced system arsenite should be retained for about 1ka. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

La direction des écoles et l'autodéveloppement, une recherche-action

L'objet de cette recherche-action est la pratique de gestion des membres de la direction des écoles se situant dans la perspective de l'autodéveloppement. Plus d'une quarantaine d'entre eux, sur une période de deux années, se sont réunis dans des cercles d'analyse pour explorer leur pratique de gestion. Lorsque les membres de la direction agissent dans l'optique de l'autodéveloppement, ils se donnent le mandat d'organiser l'auto-organisation de l'école. Notre projet de recherche-action visait à explorer, avec eux, leurs modalités de gestion qui s'inspirent de cette vision. Il visait aussi à explorer des voies nouvelles permettant de mieux utiliser les marges d'action dont ils disposent. L'école est enchevêtrée dans une organisation d'organisations scolaires. La grande organisation scolaire l'intègre en tant que partie. Mais en tant qu'organisation spécifique, elle s'y différencie. À son tour, l'école devient un grand toit intégrant ses parties qui s'y différencient aussi. Les membres de la direction des écoles qui se réfèrent à l'autodéveloppernent veulent amplifier leur différenciation et celle de ses actrices et acteurs. Ils veulent aussi recourir à des modalités de coordination dites de concertation permettant cette différenciation. Les membres de la direction des écoles rencontrés dans les cercles participent et déterminent la mouvance organisationnelle actuellement vécue. Réussiront-ils à actualiser davantage les conceptions de pratique qui'ils avancent? L'idée de l'autodéveloppement est sous-jacente, sinon sous-entendue, à la mouvance organisationnelle vécue dans les écoles actuellement. L'apport principal de cette recherche-action est de rendre compte de pratiques et de conceptions de membres de direction d'école s'inscrivant dans cette idée. Notre cadre théorique, en proposant une articulation conceptuelle de cette vision de l'organisation, a permis de donner corps aux diverses et multiples pratiques et conceptions observées. Il a permis aussi d'y déceler des tendances. Cette articulation, en s'appuyant sur la nouvelle épistémologie de l'auto-organisation, offre une esquisse d'un cadre de référence pour la gestion des écoles. Son application pourrait être approfondie dans de nouvelles recherches-action."--Résumé abrégé par UMI

Clinical Outcomes and Genetic Expression Profile in Human Liver Graft Dysfunction During Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Introduction. This study aims to compare the molecular gene expression during ischemia reperfusion injury. Several surgical times were considered: in the beginning of the harvesting (T0), at the end of the cold ischemia period (T1), and after reperfusion (T2) and compared with graft dysfunction after liver transplant (OLT). Methods. We studied 54 patients undergoing OLT. Clinical, laboratory data, and histologic data (Suzuki classification) as well as the Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT) score were used and compared with the molecular gene expression of the following genes: Interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, perforin, E-selectin (SELE), Fas-ligand, granzyme B, heme oxygenase-1, and nitric oxide synthetase. Results. Fifteen patients presented with graft dysfunction according to SOFT criteria. No relevant data were obtained by comparing the variables graft dysfunction and histologic variables. We observed a statistically significant relation between SELE at T0 (P ¼ .013) and IL-1b at T0 (P ¼ .028) and early graft dysfunction. Conclusions. We conclude that several genetically determined proinflammatory expressions may play a critical role in the development of graft dysfunction after OLT.

L'Écho de Paris

1886/08/11 (Numéro 882).

Faits et gestes de Louis le Pieux : poème / par Ermold le Noir. Annales de Saint-Bertin et de Metz

[De gestis Ludovici Caesaris (français). 1824]

Pollen and grain size records in abyssal sediments of the northwest Pacific Ocean as proxies of Plio-Pleistocene climate change /

A distinctive period of global change occurred during the PUocene between the warm Miocene and subsequent Quaternary cooling. Samples from Ocean Drilling Project Site 11 79 (-5586 mbsl, 41°4'N, 159°57'E), Site 881 (-5765 mbsl, 47°6.133'N, 161°29.490'E) and Site 882 (-3255 mbsl, 50°22'N, 167°36'E) were studied to determine the magnitude and composition ofterrigenous flux to the western mid-latitude North Pacific and its relation to climate change in East Asia since the mid-Pliocene. Dust-sized particles (including pollen), sourced from the arid regions and loess plateaus in East Asia are entrained by prevailing westerly winds and transported to the midlatitude northwest North Pacific Ocean. This is recorded by peaks in the total concentration of pollen and spores, as well as the mean grain size of allochthonous and autochthonous silicate material in abyssal marine sediments. Aridification of the Asian interior due to the phased uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau created the modem East Asian Monsoon system dominated by a strengthening of the winter monsoon. The winter monsoon is further enhanced during glacials due to the expansion of desert and steppe environments at the expense ofwoodlands and forests recorded by the composition of palynological assemblages. The late Pliocene-Pleistocene glacials at ODP Sites 1 179, 881, and 882 are characterized by increases in grain size, magnetic susceptibility, pollen and spore concentrations around 3.5-3.3, 2.6-2.4, 1.7-1.6, and 0.9-0.7 Ma (ages based on magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datums). The peaks during these times are relatively rich in pollen taxa derived primarily from steppe and boreal vegetation zones, recording cool, dry climates. The overall size increase of sediment and abundance of terrestrial palynomorphs record enhanced wind strength. The increase in magnitude of pollen and spore concentrations as well as grain size record global cooling and Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The peaks in grain size as well as pollen and spore abundance in marine sediments correlate with the mean grain size of loess in East Asia, consistent with the deflation of unarmoured surfaces during glacials. The transport of limiting nutrients to marine environments enhanced sea surface productivity and increased the rate of sediment accumulation.