Resonant Raman characterisation of ultra-thin nano-protective carbon layers for magnetic storage devices

Carbon thin films are very important as protective coatings for a wide range of applications such as magnetic storage devices. The key parameter of interest is the sp3 fraction, since it controls the mechanical properties of the film. Visible Raman spectroscopy is a very popular technique to determine the carbon bonding. However, the visible Raman spectra mainly depend on the configuration and clustering of the sp2 sites. This can result in the Raman spectra of different samples looking similar albeit having a different structure. Thus, visible Raman alone cannot be used to derive the sp3 content. Here we monitor the carbon bonding by using a combined study of Raman spectra taken at two wavelengths (514 and 244 nm). We show how the G peak dispersion is a very useful parameter to investigate the carbon samples and we endorse it as a production-line characterisation tool. The dispersion is proportional to the degree of disorder, thus making it possible to distinguish between graphitic and diamond-like carbon. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determinación de la dosis óptima del insecticida chlorpyrifos aplicada por aspersión para el control de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: noctuidae), en el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.) en época bajo riego y primera

En el presente estudio se evaluó diferente dosis del insecticida clarpyrifos (lorsban), para el control del gusano cogollero spodoptera frugiperda (j.e Smith), (lepidóptera: noctuidae) en el cultivo de maíz. Las dosis en estudio correspondían a 1,0.5, 0.25, 0.125,0.0625 1/mz. Y un testigo sin aplicación. El resultado del estudio nos permitirá obtener la dosis óptima que controla al gusano cogollero y así bajar los costos de producción, tanto en época bajo riego como en época de primera. En la época de siembra bajo riego, la dosis de 0.25 it/mz. Y el resto de la dosis, incluso la dosis de 1 1/mz. De clarpyrifos, no obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre si, en cuanto al promedio de rendimiento se refiere. En esta época todas las dosis ameritaron un promedio de tres aplicaciones en todo el periodo del cultivo, pero sus costo determinan las diferencias, ya que utilizando dosis baja aumentamos la eficiencia del producto, debido a que con la utilización de un litro de insecticida clarpyrifos empleando dosis bajas, es posibles poder aplicarle a una mayor cantidad de áreas del cultivo en esta época. En cuanto la obtención de ganancia, entre las dosis no existió diferencias significativas, sin embargo la dosis de 0.25 1/mz. Obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 17,982.43 por manzana y la dosis de 1 litro obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 19,411.97, como es posible notar la diferencia es mínima. Por otro lado, en la época de siembra de primera, entre las diferente dosis utilizadas no existió diferencias significativas entre sí, pero todas estas fueron diferentes al testigo, en cuanto al promedio de rendimiento se refiere. Es posible señalar que la dosis de 0.5 1t/mz. Alcanzo mayores rendimientos promedios por manzana que la dosis de 1 litro, sin embargo, las dos ameritaron una aplicación promedio en todo el periodo del cultivo en esta época. En cuanto la obtención de ganancia no existió diferencias significativas entre las diferente dosis, sin embargo la dosis de 0.5 1/mz, obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 4,660.06 por manzana y la dosis de 1 litro obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 1,514.06 por manzana. Cabe destacar que en ambas épocas se obtuvieron rendimientos sumamente bajos, por un lado en la época bajo riego el gusano cogollero mantuvo una alta presión de oviposicion, conduciendo esto a un alto nivel de infestación de plantas, reduciendo drásticamente los rendimiento y por otro lado, en la época primera el rendimiento fue afectado por causa de la enfermedad conocida como “achaparramiento”. Todo los anteriores nos permite elegir la dosis óptima más adecuada y así bajar los costos de protección en ambas épocas de siembra.

土壤侵蚀的流体力学机制（Ⅰ）──水蚀

土壤的加速侵蚀对农业发展和人类生存构成了严重威胁，变为当前全球性环境灾害之一，因此，对土壤侵蚀及其预防、控制途径的研究引起了人们的普遍关注。本文通过对国外文献的广泛调研，系统地分析与评价了有关土壤水力侵蚀的研究进展。

流变学研究的若干问题

本文综述了1988年8月第10届国际流变学会议部分大会邀请报告及分组报告的下列几个领域内容:①分子动力学;②光学流变测量;⑧血液的动态测量;④数值仿真;⑤钻探油井;⑥强化采油;⑦减阻;⑧聚合物挤压成形加工;⑨食品流变学.

Crimes contra a flora : análise sucinta

Consultora Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional. Apresenta Quadro comparativo entre os dispositivos do Decreto 6.514/2008 e da Lei de Crimes Ambientais (LCA) que têm a flora como bem tutelado.

Haur hezkuntzako gelen antolaketa espazialaren eta erabilearen deskribapena eta azterketa

V.I: VII, 514 p. y V.II: II, 332 p.

The effect of the incident relative phase on the four-wave mixing field and the electromagnetically induced transparency

In a A-type system employing a two-photon pump field, a four-wave mixing field can be generated simultaneously and, hence, a closed-loop system forms. We study theoretically the effect of the relative phase between the two incident fields on the generated four-wave mixing field and the electromagnetically induced transparency. It is found that the phase of the generated four-wave mixing field is the sum of the incident relative phase and a fixed phase that is irrelative to the incident relative phase. Hence, the total phase of the closed-loop system is independent of the incident relative phase. As a result, the incident relative phase has no effect on the electromagnetically induced transparency, which is different from the case of a A-type loop system closed by a third incident field. (c) 2005 Pleiades Publishing, Inc.

Food and feeding habits of Heterotis niloticus from River Kaduna floodplain

A total of 61 Heterotis niloticus specimen were examined and evaluated to determine the food and feeding habits using the frequency of occurrence, point and dominance methods. The specimens had mean standard length of 27.09 plus or minus 4.73cm, total length of 33.40cm body weight of 90-900g. The gut length ranges from 34-104cm while the gut weight range from 2.79-130g. It was observed that the fish fed mostly on plankton with rotifers and polyscysits having the highest number of frequency and dominant value with mean value of 43.03 plus or minus 4.12 and 11.73 plus or minus 1.15, 37.45 plus or minus 3.27 and 8.32 plus or minus 0.38 respectively. Arcella had the least mean frequency of occurrence of 3.27 plus or minus 17. Amoeba sp had the least mean dominance value of 7.06 plus or minus 50 and Aphnocapsa sp had the least mean frequency of occurrence of 1.10 plus or minus 0.29 and Navicula sp had the least mean dominance value of 4.31 plus or minus 1.11. Heterotis niloticus of River Kaduna flood plain is therefore considered to be predominantly planktivorous

Fabrication of microelectrodes deeply embedded in LiNbO3 using a femtosecond laser

We present a novel technique to fabricate deeply embedded microelectrodes in LiNbO3 using femtosecond pulsed laser ablation and selective electroless plating. The fabrication process mainly consists of four steps, which are (1) micromachining of microgrooves on the surface of LiNbO3 by femtosecond laser ablation; (2) formation of AgNO3 films on substrates; (3) scanning the femtosecond laser beam in the fabricated microgrooves for modi. cation of the inner surfaces; and (4) electroless copper plating. The void-free electroless copper plating is obtained with appropriate cross section of microgrooves and uniform initiation of the autocatalytic deposition on the inner surface of grooves. The dimension and shape of the microelectrodes could be accurately controlled by changing the conditions of femtosecond laser ablation, which in turn can control the distribution of electric field inside LiNbO3 crystal for various applications, opening up a new approach to fabricate three-dimensional integrated electro-optic devices. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

LiNbO3：Ru：Fe晶体畴反转过程中的电色效应

观察到了双掺杂LiNbO3：Ru：Fe晶体中电色效应伴随畴反转而发生，且与畴反转一样也具有可逆性，两者相辅相成，畴反转导致了晶体变色，电色效应促进了畴反转，系统的实验结果证明了两者的相辅相成性．基于铌酸锂铁电微结构模型，简要解释了其机理．而且发现在极化过程中电色效应促使了畴核的形成，使之不同于非掺杂同成分比铌酸锂晶体的矫顽场大于击穿电场，用恒定直流电场代替脉冲电场也能实现畴反转，这将为周期性极化铌酸锂的制备提供一种新的技术改进．

Absorption characteristic and nonvolatile holographic recording in LiNbO3 : Cr : Cu crystals

The absorption characteristic of lithium niobate crystals doped with chromium and copper (Cr and Cu) is investigated. We find that there are two apparent absorption bands for LiNbO3:Cr:Cu crystal doped with 0.14 wt.% Cr2O3 and 0.011 wt.% CuO; one is around 480 nm, and the other is around 660 nm. With a decrease in the doping composition of Cr and an increase in the doping composition of Cu, no apparent absorption band in the shorter wavelength range exists. The higher the doping level of Cr, the larger the absorbance around 660 nm. Although a 633 nm red light is located in the absorption band around 660 nm, the absorption at 633 nm does not help the photorefractive process; i.e., unlike other doubly doped crystals, for example, LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystal, a nonvolatile holographic recording can be realized by a 633 nm red light as the recording light and a 390 nm UV light as the sensitizing light. For LiNbO3:Cr:Cu crystals, by changing the recording light from a 633 nm red light to a 514 nm green light, sensitizing with a 390 nm UV light and a 488 nm blue light, respectively, a nonvolatile holographic recording can be realized. Doping the appropriate Cr (for example, N-Cr = 2.795 X 10(25)m(-3) and N-Cr/N-Cu = 1) benefits the improvement of holographic recording properties. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.