大块金属玻璃中由热软化和自由体积产生诱导的剪切带行为比较

比较研究了大块金属玻璃中由热软化和自由体积产生诱导的剪切带行为.首先讨论了大块金属玻璃中剪切失稳的热软化和自由体积产生效应.众所周知,在普通金属材料中,由塑性功转变来的热是其形成热塑剪切带的主要原因,并且是与能量直接相关的.与热软化相比,自由体积产生是金属玻璃发生剪切失稳的另外一种主控因素,由自由体积产生诱导的剪切失稳与由热软化诱导的剪切失稳完全不同,失稳判据中不显含能量.尤其是自由体积产生时的长波扰动总是不稳定的.从而,由自由体积产生和热软化耦合时的剪切失稳更像是由自由体积产生引发的.同时,在金属玻璃中,复合自由体积产生提供了一种特殊和内在的剪切失稳特征生长时间.剪切带的特征宽度由剪切带内相应的扩散过程控制:热扩散和自由体积扩散.作为粗略的估计,用无量纲数B,Deborah数(表示失稳生长率和载荷时间关系)和Lewis数(表示不同扩散竞争)表示了热软化和自由体积产生在剪切带形成过程中的相对重要性.这些结果对于理解大块金属玻璃剪切带形成机理具有非常重要的意义.

Mario Covas : ensaio político-biográfico e seleção de textos e de fotos: Osvaldo Martins

Traz a biografia e seleção de discursos de Mário Covas.

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brasil de 1852

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Randomised, crossover clinical trial, in healthy volunteers, to compare the systemic availability of two topical intranasal budesonide formulations

Background: Budesonide has a long history as intranasal drug, with many marketed products. Efforts should be made to demonstrate the therapeutic equivalence and safety comparability between them. Given that systemic availability significantly varies from formulations, the clinical comparability of diverse products comes to be of clinical interest and a regulatory requirement. The aim of the present study was to compare the systemic availability, pharmacodynamic effect, and safety of two intranasal budesonide formulations for the treatment of rhinitis. Methods: Eighteen healthy volunteers participated in this randomised, controlled, crossover, clinical trial. On two separated days, subjects received a single dose of 512 mu g budesonide (4 puffs per nostril) from each of the assayed devices (Budesonida nasal 64 (R), Aldo-Union, Spain and Rhinocort 64 (R), AstraZeneca, Spain). Budesonide availability was determined by the measurement of budesonide plasma concentration. The pharmacodynamic effect on the hypothalamic-adrenal axis was evaluated as both plasma and urine cortisol levels. Adverse events were tabulated and described. Budesonide availability between formulations was compared by the calculation of 90% CI intervals of the ratios of the main pharmacokinetic parameters describing budesonide bioavailability. Plasma cortisol concentration-time curves were compared by means of a GLM for Repeated Measures. Urine cortisol excretion between formulations was compared through the Wilcoxon's test. Results: All the enroled volunteers successfully completed the study. Pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable in terms of AUC(t) (2.6 +/- 1.5 vs 2.2 +/- 0.7), AUCi (2.9 +/- 1.5 vs 2.4 +/- 0.7), t(max) (0.4 +/- 0.1 vs 0.4 +/- 0.2), C(max)/AUC(i) (0.3 +/- 0.1 vs 0.3 +/- 0.0), and MRT (5.0 +/- 1.4 vs 4.5 +/- 0.6), but not in the case of C(max) (0.9 +/- 0.3 vs 0.7 +/- 0.2) and t(1/2) (3.7 +/- 1.8 vs 2.9 +/- 0.4). The pharmacodynamic effects, measured as the effect over plasma and urine cortisol, were also comparables between both formulations. No severe adverse events were reported and tolerance was comparable between formulations. Conclusion: The systemic availability of intranasal budesonide was comparable for both formulations in terms of most pharmacokinetic parameters. The pharmacodynamic effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was also similar. Side effects were scarce and equivalent between the two products. This methodology to compare different budesonide-containing devices is reliable and easy to perform, and should be recommended for similar products intented to be marketed or already on the market.

Laminar Burning Velocities and Markstein Lengths of Premixed Methane/Air Flames near the Lean Flammability Limit in Microgravity

Effects of flame stretch on the laminar burning velocities of near-limit fuel-lean methane/air flames have been studied experimentally using a microgravity environment to minimize the complications of buoyancy. Outwardly propagating spherical flames were employed to assess the sensitivities of the laminar burning velocity to flame stretch, represented by Markstein lengths, and the fundamental laminar burning velocities of unstretched flames. Resulting data were reported for methane/air mixtures at ambient temperature and pressure, over the specific range of equivalence ratio that extended from 0.512 (the microgravity flammability limit found in the combustion chamber) to 0.601. Present measurements of unstretched laminar burning velocities were in good agreement with the unique existing microgravity data set at all measured equivalence ratios. Most of previous 1-g experiments using a variety of experimental techniques, however, appeared to give significantly higher burning velocities than the microgravity results. Furthermore, the burning velocities predicted by three chemical reaction mechanisms, which have been tuned primarily under off-limit conditions, were also considerably higher than the present experimental data. Additional results of the present investigation were derived for the overall activation energy and corresponding Zeldovich numbers, and the variation of the global flame Lewis numbers with equivalence ratio. The implications of these results were discussed. 2010 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

太湖风生流特征的数值模拟研究

该文基于对太湖地形和水动力特征的分析,建立了沿垂向平均的太湖二维浅水动力学模型,给出了模型参数和模型的数值求解方法.通过对太湖风生流的模拟,分析了太湖风生环流的基本形态特征,并得到了实测流场的良好验证.进一步对盛行风场下的太湖流场和水动力特征进行数值研究表明,太湖风生流的形成主要由风场、湖泊边界及湖底地形决定;得到了不同湖区的流动规律和水动力特征,并揭示了不同湖区流动差异的形成原因.