Análisis y evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de la población de La Fortuna de San Carlos a la actividad volcànica del Volcán Arenal, Costa Rica.

El Volcán Arenal es un joven estratovolcán (7ka) localizado en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Inicio su presente ciclo eruptivo el 29 de Julio de 1968 con una gran explosión lateral que mató alrededor de 90 personas. En el momento inicial de la erupción los alrededores del volcán estaban ocupados principalmente por fincas ganaderas. Hoy día, 40 años después de constante actividad volcánica las tierras dedicadas a la ganadería en los alrededores del volcán han retrocedido como principal actividad económica para dar paso a la creciente infraestructura turística. La población de La Fortuna, la ciudad más cercana al volcán (5 km) ha crecido aceleradamente como producto del desarrollo del turismo y la cercanía al volcán. Considerando los peligros volcánicos presentes, las tendencias de crecimiento de la población, y la extensión de la actividad turística, se propone una zonificación de los usos del suelo en La Fortuna de San Carlos y alrededores del Volcán Arenal. El estudio de percepción del riesgo en la población fue implementado en La Fortuna y alrededores con posee una población de aproximadamente 12000 personas. La población fue dividida en dos segmentos para el análisis. Lo primero fue una muestra (N=32) de la población directamente involucrada en la actividad turística (dueños de hotel, empleados, dueños de restaurante, operadora de tour, etc). La segunda (N=40) fue una muestra de la población residente en la ciudad de La Fortuna y alrededores, relacionados o no con las actividades turísticas. Se diseño una entrevista para cada segmento investigado. Así se investigó la percepción del riesgo de la población directamente beneficiada por el turismo atreves de la actividad volcánica y la población residente. El Volcán Arenal es visto de dos formas diferentes por la población que vive en la zona de La Fortuna. Por un lado, la población que vive directamente de la actividad turística, mencionan que el volcán es la razón del acelerado crecimiento económico en el lugar durante la última década. Además, para este grupo el Arenal es la fuente de cientos de empleos y la fuerza que ha transformado a La Fortuna de un poblado rural a una prospera ciudad con una inusual oferta de servicios para los turistas y residentes. Por otra parte, los residentes que no dependen directamente de la actividad turística creen que el volcán es el más importante peligro natural en la zona, sin embargo han aprendido a convivir con él.

The magma budget of Volcan Arenal, Costa Rica from 1980 to 2004

Using topographic data collected by radar interferometry, stereo-photogrammetry, and field survey we have measured the changing surface of Volcan Arenal in Costa Rica over the period from 1980 to 2004. During this time this young volcano has mainly effused basaltic andesite lava, continuing the activity that began in 1968. Explosive products form only a few percent of the volumetric output. We have calculated digital elevation models for the years 1961, 1988 and 1997 and modified existing models for 2000 and 2004. From these we have estimated the volume of lava effused and coupled this with the data presented by an earlier study for 1968-1980. We find that a dense rock equivalent volume of 551 M m(3) was effused from 1968 to 2004. The dense rock equivalent effusion rate fell from about 2 m(3) s(-1) to about 0.1-0.2 m(3) s(-1) over the same period, with an average rate of about 0.5 m(3) s(-1). Between 1980 and 2004, the average effusion rate was 0.36 m(3) s(-1), a similar rate to that measured between 1974 and 1980. There have been two significant deviations from this long-term rate. The effusion rate increased from 1984 to 1991, at the same time as explosivity increased. After a period of moderate effusion rates in the 1990s, the rate fell to lower levels around 1999. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dynamics of QoI sensitivity in Mycosphaerella fijiensis in Costa Rica during 2000 to 2003

From 1997 onward, the strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin was widely used in the main banana-production zone in Costa Rica against Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. difformis causing black Sigatoka of banana. By 2000, isolates of M. fijiensis with resistance to the quinolene oxidase inhibitor fungicides were common on some farms in the area. The cause was a single point mutation from glycine to alanine in the fungal target protein, cytochrome b gene. An amplification refractory mutation system Scorpion quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was developed and used to determine the frequency of G 143A allele in samples of M. fijiensis. Two hierarchical surveys of spatial variability, in 2001 and 2002,found no significant variation in frequency on spatial scales <10 in. This allowed the frequency of G143A alleles on a farm to be estimated efficiently by averaging single samples taken at two fixed locations. The frequency of G 143A allele in bulk samples from I I farms throughout Costa Rica was determined at 2-month intervals. There was no direct relationship between the number of spray applications and the frequency of G143A on individual farms. Instead, the frequency converged toward regional averages, presumably due to the large-scale mixing of ascospores dispersed by wind. Using trap plants in an area remote from the main producing area, immigration of resistant ascospores was detected as far as 6 km away both with and against the prevailing wind.

Marine protected areas in artisanal fisheries: a spatial bio-economic model based on observations in Costa Rica and Tanzania

In many lower-income countries, the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) involves significant opportunity costs for artisanal fishers, reflected in changes in how they allocate their labor in response to the MPA. The resource economics literature rarely addresses such labor allocation decisions of artisanal fishers and how, in turn, these contribute to the impact of MPAs on fish stocks, yield, and income. This paper develops a spatial bio-economic model of a fishery adjacent to a village of people who allocate their labor between fishing and on-shore wage opportunities to establish a spatial Nash equilibrium at a steady state fish stock in response to various locations for no-take zone MPAs and managed access MPAs. Villagers’ fishing location decisions are based on distance costs, fishing returns, and wages. Here, the MPA location determines its impact on fish stocks, fish yield, and villager income due to distance costs, congestion, and fish dispersal. Incorporating wage labor opportunities into the framework allows examination of the MPA’s impact on rural incomes, with results determining that win-wins between yield and stocks occur in very different MPA locations than do win-wins between income and stocks. Similarly, villagers in a high-wage setting face a lower burden from MPAs than do those in low-wage settings. Motivated by issues of central importance in Tanzania and Costa Rica, we impose various policies on this fishery – location specific no-take zones, increasing on-shore wages, and restricting MPA access to a subset of villagers – to analyze the impact of an MPA on fish stocks and rural incomes in such settings.

A formulação de politica publica na atividade agroalimenticia: o caso da Costa Rica

A produção de alimentos é um problema em muitos países do planeta. Os estudiosos que se tem preocupado pelo tema observam que a população mundial cresce a um ritmo muito acelerado, enquanto a humanidade não dá sinais de ter a suficiente capacidade para aumentar a disponibilidade de alimentos ao mesmo ritmo que ela cresce

NEW PHYTOSEIIDAE (ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA) FROM COSTA RICA, WITH ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on OTHER SPECIES

This paper reports on a study of phytoseiids collected from the La Selva Biological Field Station, the ALAS (Arthropods of La Selva) Project, made available to us by the Canadian National Collection via Dr. E. E. Lindquist. This material includes two new species, Proprioseiopsis versus n. sp. and Transeius costarricensis n. sp., three new records for Central America, and additional information for nine species previously reported from La Selva.

Avaliação do incremento em volume de madeira de Quassia amara L.- Simaroubaceae, em cultivo agroecológico no trópico úmido da Costa Rica

Quassia amara é arbusto de 3 a 6 metros de altura, tendo sido retirado indiscriminadamente das florestas para extrair do caule as quassinas usadas na indústria farmacêutica e como inseticida em agricultura orgânica. Não se tem muita informação técnica acerca do crescimento desta espécie para subsidiar estratégias de manejo sustentado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o crescimento de Q. amara L. em cultivo agroecológico na Costa Rica. O trabalho consistiu em realizar avaliações do desenvolvimento de indivíduos de Q. amara em parcelas permanentes de medições, instaladas em meio às plantações desta espécie em consórcio com essências arbóreas. Foram efetuadas medições de diâmetro do caule a 10 cm do solo e altura total. Foi observado que em função das taxas de crescimento vegetal e incrementos médio e corrente anuais (IMA e ICA), mesmo após cinco anos de plantio, a madeira de Quassia amara para extração de quassinas não está pronta para colheita.

MORPHOLOGICAL CASTE DIFFERENCES IN POLYBIA AEQUATORIALIS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE: POLISTINAE: EPIPONINI), A SOCIAL WASP of THE HIGHLANDS of COSTA RICA

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Las políticas sociales en Costa Rica

Incluye Bibliografía

Situación actual y política de apoyo a las pequeñas y medianas empresas industriales en Costa Rica

Incluye Bibliografía