东湖浮游生物群落DNA指纹结构及其与环境理化因子的关系

对武汉东湖5个不同湖区的浮游生物群落DNA进行了RAPD指纹分析,并探讨了DNA指纹结构与环境理化因子的关系.结果表明:所筛选的9条随机引物共扩增210条大小为150~2 000 bp的谱带,多态率为93.3%.各站点平均有42条谱带,其中Ⅳ站最多(53条),Ⅴ站最少(35条).Ⅰ站的PO43--P、TP含量最高,Ⅴ站的NH4+-N、TN、NO2--N含量最高,Ⅳ站各理化因子含量均低于其他站点,站点间COD、碱度、硬度、钙含量差异不大.相似性聚类分析表明,基于RAPD标记的浮游生物群落指纹将5个站点划分为

三峡水库库首初期蓄水前后理化因子的比较研究

根据2002—2004年对三峡水库库首的监测,对该水域的理化特征及其动态进行了比较分析,并对三峡水库初期蓄水前后的数据进行了差异显著性分析。结果显示主要理化指标空间差异不大,主要随季节变化。部分理化指标在蓄水前后有显著差异。其中TN、TP在蓄水后与蓄水前同期比较有明显降低,分别由蓄水前的周年平均值2.38mg/L、0.274mg/L下降到蓄水后的1.62mg/L0、.132mg/L。在无机氮组成中,NO3-N高达91.25%,而NO2-N仅占1.05%,这表明调查水域有较强的自净能力。透明度、浊度月变化很

In situ nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater by aquatic vegetable Ipomoea aquatica on floating beds

Nutrient-rich effluents caused rising concern due to eutrophication of aquatic environment by utilization of a large amount of formula feed. Nutrient removal and water quality were investigated by planting aquatic vegetable on artificial beds in 36-m(2) concrete fishponds. After treatment of 120 days, 30.6% of total nitrogen (TN) and 18.2% of total phosphorus (TP) were removed from the total input nutrients by 6-m(2) aquatic vegetable Ipomoea aquatica. The concentrations of TN, TP, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chlorophyll a in planted ponds were significantly lower than those in non-planted ponds (P<0.05). Transparency of water in planted ponds was much higher than that of control ponds. No significant differences in the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) were found between planted and non-planted ponds. These results suggested that planting aquatic vegetable with one-sixth covered area of the fishponds could efficiently remove nutrient and improve water quality.

Field studies on the environmental factors in controlling microcystin production in the subtropical shallow lakes of the Yangtze River

Microcystin (MC) problem made more and more care about in China, intercellular MC (Int-MC) and cellular MC (Cel-MC) were important contents to reflect the producing-MC ability by cyanobacteria and by lakes. To study the correlations between Int-MC, Cel-MC concentration and biological and environmental factors, eight cyanobacterial blooming lakes were studied in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were the primary toxin variants in our data. From the linear correlations between MC and environmental factors, cellular-YR had significant correlation with most of chemical factors except total nitrogen (TN) and the ratio of total nitrogen and total phosphorus (TN/TP), most intracellular MC analogues had significant correlations with total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), TP, total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), Microcystis. From the canonal correspondence analysis, Int-MC concentrations were closely related with the chemical and biological factors, such as TP, total organic carbon (TOC), chlorophyll a (Chl a), Microcystis biomass, et al. While Cel-MC contents, especially Cel-RR and Cel-LR, were closely related with light environmental in the lakes such as water depth and transparence.

Nitrite utilization by Chaetoceros muelleri under elevated CO2 concentration

Chaetoceros muelleri (Lemn.) was cultured with nitrite (NO2-) or nitrate (NO3-) as the sole nitrogen source and aerated with air or with CO2-enriched air. Cells of C. muelleri excreted into the medium nitrite produced by reduction of nitrate when grown with 100 mu M NaNO3 as nitrogen source. Accordingly, NO2- concentration reached 10.4 mu M after 95 h at the low CO2 condition (aerated with air); while the maximum NO2- concentration was only around 2.0 mu M at the high CO2 condition (aerated with 5% CO2 in air), furthermore, after 30 h it decreased to no more than 1.0 mu M. NO2- was almost assimilated in 80 h when C. muelleri was cultured at the high CO2 condition with 100 mu M NaNO2 as sole nitrogen source. At the high CO2 condition, after 3 h the activity of nitrite reductase was as much as 50% higher than that at the low CO2 condition. It was indicated that enriched CO2 concentration could inhibit nitrite excretion and enhance nitrite assimilation by cells. Therefore, aeration with enriched CO2 might be an effective way to control nitrite content in aquaculture systems.

Development of the microbial communities in Lake Donghu in relation to water quality

There is increasing recognition that protozoa is very useful in monitoring and evaluating water ecological healthy and quality. In order to study the relationship between structure and function of protozoan communities and water qualities, six sampling stations were set on Lake Donghu, a hypereutrophic subtropical Chinese lake. Microbial communities and protists sampling from the six stations was conducted by PFU (Polyurethane foam unit) method. Species number (S), diversity index (DI), percentage of phytomastigophra, community pollution value (CPV), community similarity and heterophy index (HI) were mensurated. The measured indicators of water quality included total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4 (+), NO2 (-) and NO3-. Every month water samples from stations I, II, III, IV were chemically analyzed for a whole year, Among the chemically analyzed stations, station I was the most heavily polluted, station II was the next, stations III and IV had similar pollution degrees. The variable tendencies of COD, TP, NH3, NO2-, NO3-, and DO during the year was approximately coincident among the six stations. Analysis from the community parameters showed that the pollution of station 0 was much more serious than others, and station V was the most slight. Of the community parameters, CPV and HI were sensitive in reflecting the variables of the water quality. Community similarity index was also sensitive in dividing water qualities and the water quality status of different stations could be correctly classified by the cluster analysis. DI could reflect the tendency of water quality gradient, species number and percentage of Phytomastigophora was not obvious in indicating the water quality gradient.

Environmental mechanism of change in cyanobacterial species composition in the northeastern part of Lake Dianchi (China)

Environmental mechanism of change in cyanobacterial species composition in the northeastern part of Lake Dianchi (also called Macun Bay and Haidong Bay) was studied using canonical correlation analysis (CCA), but also bottom-up control and top-down control were fully discussed. Results from CCA suggest: (1) the abundance and dominance of Microcystis aeruginosa in Macun Bay and Haidong Bay are influenced by total phosphorus (TP), nitrate (NO3--N), nitrite (NO2--N), dissolved oxygen (DO) and water temperature (WT); (2) water temperature has a positive correlation with the abundance of M. aeruginosa and it also has negative correlations with the abundances of Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenonon flos-aquae; and (3) abundances of both Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae have positive correlations with ammonia-N (NH4+-N). Furthermore, cyanobacterial species composition has no significant correlations with light and size-fractioned iron in this study. Grazers, cyanophages and viruses were able to control cyanobacterial blooms and change the composition of cyanobacterial species. Though we studied physical and chemical factors intensely enough, we still are not able to predict the change in the composition of cyanobacterial blooms, because of plankton system in a chaotic behavior.

Relationships between microcystins and environmental parameters in 30 subtropical shallow lakes along the Yangtze River, China

1. A survey of 30 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area in China was conducted during July-September in 2003-2004 to study how environmental and biological variables were associated with the concentration of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin (MC). 2. Mean MC concentration in seasonally river-connected lakes (SL) was nearly 33 times that in permanently river-connected lakes (RL), and more than six times that in city lakes (NC) and non-urban lakes (NE) which were not connected to the Yangtze River. The highest MC (8.574 mu g L-1) was detected in Dianshan Lake. 3. MC-RR and MC-LR were the primary toxin variants in our data. MC-RR, MC-YR and MC-LR were significantly correlated with Ch1 a, biomass of cyanobacteria, Microcystis and Anabaena, indicating that microcystins were mainly produced by Microcystis and Anabaena sp. in these lakes. 4. Nonlinear interval maxima regression indicated that the relationships of Secchi depth, total nitrogen (TN) : total phosphorus UP) and NH4+ with MC were characterised by negative exponential curves. The relationships between MC and TN, TP, NO3- + NO2- were fitted well with a unimodal curve. 5. Multivariate analyses by principal component and classifying analysis indicated that MC was mainly affected by Microcystis among the biological factors, and was closely related with temperature among physicochernical factors.

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP > 0.1 mgL(-1), NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than anti nitrification. When 0.1 mgL(-1)> TP > 0.035 mgL(-1), TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplankton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP < 0.035 mgL(-1), inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TIP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.

Distribution of the macroinvertebrate communities in the Xiangxi River system and relationships with environmental factors

Surveys of macroinvertebrates were carried out in the Xiangxi River system during July of 2001. Among the 121 taxa collected, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera dominated (41.7, 26.0, and 24.5% of the total relative abundance, respectively). Two-way indictor species analysis and detrended correspondence analysis divided the 49 sites into four groups based on species composition and relative abundance. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that elevation, SiO2, pH, conductivity, hardness, and NO2-N were significant environmental factors affecting the distribution of macroinvertebrates.

Abatement of waste gases and water during the processes of semiconductor fabrication

The purpose of this article is to examine the methods and equipment for abating waste gases and water produced during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. Three separating methods and equipment are used to control three different groups of electronic wastes. The first group includes arsine and phosphine emitted during the processes of semiconductor materials manufacture. The abatement procedure for this group of pollutants consists of adding iodates, cupric and manganese salts to a multiple shower tower (MST) structure. The second group includes pollutants containing arsenic, phosphorus, HF, HCl, NO2, and SO3 emitted during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. The abatement procedure involves mixing oxidants and bases in an oval column with a separator in the middle. The third group consists of the ions of As, P and heavy metals contained in the waste water. The abatement procedure includes adding CaCO3 and ferric salts in a flocculation-sedimentation compact device equipment. Test results showed that all waste gases and water after the abatement procedures presented in this article passed the discharge standards set by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China.

官能化苯乙炔共轭树枝状分子的合成及表征

纳米结构及其潜在应用引起的广泛兴趣使树枝状大分子化学的研究迅速发展。本论文开展了官能化苯乙炔树枝状分子的合成、电化学性质及自组装的初步研究，主要工作总结如下：一、末端为硝基的苯乙炔树枝状分子的合成和电化学性质我们采用树脂固载的"收敛／发散"的合成方案合成了第一、二代末端为硝基的苯乙炔树枝状分子。然后通过偶联将其转化为中心为氨基，末端为硝基的苯乙炔树枝状分子NH2-Gl-（NO2）2，NH2-G2-（NO2）4以及中心为二茂铁、末端为硝基的苯乙炔树枝状分子Fc一Gl一（N。2）2。循环伏安方法测试了各树枝状分子的电化学性质。二、中心为乙酞疏基的苯乙炔树枝状分子的合成和自组装通过树脂固载的"收敛／发散"的合成方案得到的第一、二代末端为三甲基硅的苯乙炔树枝状分子，和第一、二代末端为硝基的苯乙炔树枝状分子，均采用偶联方法在中心修饰上乙酞琉基，得到树枝状分子AcS一Gl一（SiMe_3）_2，Acs－G2-（SiMe_3）_4，AcS-Gl-（NO_2）_2和AcS-G2-（NO_2）_4。然后将它们分别组装在金电极上，通过循环伏安和交流阻抗法研究了修饰后电极表面的钝化行为。三、末端为氨基的苯乙炔树枝状分子的合成为了模拟生物分子并探索苯乙炔树枝状分子在传感器方面的应用，我们尝试合成中心为乙酞疏基末端为氨基的苯乙炔树枝状分子，讨论并得到了末端为氨基的苯乙炔树枝状分子的合成方案。

有机／无机杂化材料的自组装表征及应用

杂化的纳米尺寸的有机／无机化合物开辟了材料科学的新纪元。作为新型功能材料，杂化的有机／无机杂化材料由于在光学、电子、机械、防护涂层、催化、传感器、生物等方面有潜在的应用前景而在材料科学领域引起广泛关注。杂多酸（POMs）作为一种重要的无机化合物，有特异的纳米尺寸结构，优越的物理化学性质和广泛应用价值，因此多酸化合物功能材料的研究引起人们足够的重视。最近，人们把更多的注意力集中到杂化的有机／无机杂化材料范围内，如何更有序的组装杂多酸，因为它们有着更有趣的电、磁、氧化还原和光学性质。1．在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面，我们用层层组装方法制备了六钒取代的理杂多酸（PW6V6）多层膜。表面等离子（SP）技术和循环伏安（CV）法对多层膜进行了表征。结果表明，多层膜生长均匀，平均厚度为2.8nm，并且研究了多层膜对亚硝酸根伽02一）和浪酸根（BrO3-）的催化还原活性。2．研究了通过静电吸附作用，P2W17Fe和QPvP-Os交替组装多层膜。循环伏安（CV），电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）和紫外一可见光谱（UV－vis）研究结果表明了这种多层膜是均一稳定的。多层膜对H2O2，BrO3-和NO2-有很高的催化活性。特别是EIS成功地监测多层膜的形成过程。随着层数增长，电子传输阻抗Rc，线性增加，氧化还原电对Fe（CN）63/4的电子传输受到抑制，这进一步证实了多层膜的均一性。3，首次在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面成功地构建了含杂多酸P2W15V3的多层膜。值得注意的是，该多层膜对BrO3-和NO2-的还原有显著的电催化活性，而且由于过渡金属钒在P2W15V3起催化作用而有很低的过电位。另外，多层膜中QPVP-O5聚合物的Os中心在抗坏血酸氧化时的催化活性仍然存在，而且通过最外层的调整，多巴胺和抗坏血酸能被分别检测，所以在多巴胺存在时它可用作检测抗坏血酸的电化学传感器。4．迄今为止，人们把更多的注意力集中在杂多酸多层膜的制备，电化学和电催化活性的研究，对杂多酸多层膜功能材料的研究却很少，我们首次够构造了发光的杂多酸多层膜，紫外可见光谱，循环伏安，电化学阻抗技术和荧光光谱证明多层膜生长均匀，室温下，多层膜的发光性能显示Eu3+的特征发射峰是5D0→7Fj（j=1，2，3，4）的跃迁。电化学阻抗谱被成功得应用于监测多层膜的沉积过程。我们发现随多层膜的逐步形成，半圆直径有规律地长大。而且，电荷迁移电阻Rc，随双层数线性增长。可以认为多层膜在基底电极上以非常均匀规律的方式沉积，Fe（CN）63/4氧化还原电对的氧化还原反应逐步被多层膜抑制。5．我们用层层组装方法成功构造了金纳米粒子多层膜，紫外可见光谱，循环伏安和原子力显微技术表征了多层膜的形成，金纳米粒子粒径大约14nm，表面粗糙度6.43nm。

OLAND生物脱氮系统运行条件及其微生物群落结构的研究

OLAND两阶段生物脱氮系统是一项正在开发且极具应用前景的处理高氨氮、低COD废水的新技术。在实验室水平，对OLAND系统限氧亚硝化阶段MBR反应器和厌氧氨氧化阶段SBR反应器的启动和运行进行了系统研究。MBR反应器控制参数在DO0.1-0.3mg/L，pH7.8±0.1，温度30±0.5℃，SRT无穷大的条件下，可实现在较高的容积负荷By＝IO00mgN／L，水力停留时间HRT：ld下稳定的亚硝酸型硝化，使NH4+-N和NO2-N的出水比例达到理想的比值（1:1.20±0.20），保证厌氧氨氧化阶段SBR反应器的理想进水；SBR反应器在完全厌氧、pH7.8-8.2，温度30±0．5℃，SRT无穷大的条件下，无需外加任何有机碳源，在较高总氮负荷550mgN／L下，可实现NH4+-N和NO2--N同时稳定的去除，二者的消耗比例为1:（1.21±0.05），总氮去除率高达92％。采用巢式PCR、DGGE、 FISH等分子技术对MBR反应器硝化菌群随溶解氧的动态变化规律和SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化菌群结构、组成进行了研究，并探讨了硝化菌群与氮素组成变化之间的内在联系。结果表明：在限氧亚硝化阶段硝化菌群中氨氧化菌受溶解氧浓度的影响较大，其种群结构从反应器启动初期到稳定后期发生了非常明显的变化。亚硝酸氧化菌NOB的种群组成受溶氧影响并不明显，从启动初期到稳定后期其种群结构无明显变化。硝化菌群中氨氧化菌 AOB与亚硝酸氧化菌NOB的数量比例关系随溶解氧的降低而不断升高，从最初的3.6:1升高到稳定后期的5.5:1。MBR反应器优势硝化菌群主要由A、B、C三类氨氧化菌和硝化杆菌D、硝化螺菌F组成，其中优势菌C为维持MBR反应器稳定出水比例的主要功能菌。硝化菌群组成和结构的变化，带来了不同N素之间组成和比例的规律性变化。厌氧氨氧化阶段基本由厌氧氨氧化菌AnAOB和ANAMMOX两类菌组成，二者空间结构紧密，在反应器中的活菌数量比例分别为55％和42％。厌氧氨氧化菌AnAOB种群多样性相对比较丰富，主要由条带I和H所代表的两种优势菌组成；ANAMMOX菌种群多样性变化较小，其种群主要由优势菌K和J组成。对MBR和SBR反应器中的优势菌进行了克隆、测序和系统发育学分析，结果表明：限氧亚硝化阶段MBR反应器启动初期的优势菌A属于Nitrosomonadaceae科，是否是一个新属，还有待于进一步鉴定。运行中期优势菌B与Nitroso）nonaseurooaea亲缘关系最近，同源性高达99.1％，暂命名为Nilrosomonas sp.BI。稳定后期优势菌C与Nitrosomonas eutroPha亲缘关系最近，同源性为96.3％，暂命名为Nifrosomonas sp．cl。硝化杆菌属优势菌D与Nitrobacter alkalicus、Nitrobacter hambllrgensts和Nitlobac招rwinograsky 亲缘关系较近，同源性分别为95.5-97％、96.5～97％和95.8～96.8％。SBR反应器中AnAOB优势菌I与MBR反应器优势菌B亲缘关系最近，同源性高达98.7％，与Nitlosomonas euroPaea同源性为98.3％。根据序列比较和生理特性分析，优势菌I与优势菌B应为Nitrosomonas属两个不同的种，暂将优势菌I命名为Nitrosomonas sp．II。优势菌H与MBR反应器优势菌C亲缘关系最近，同源性达97.9％，与Nitrosomonas eutropha同源性为96.3％。结合其生理特性分析，二者应为Nitrosomonas属两个不同的种，暂将优势菌H命名为Nitrosomollas sp．Hl。ANAMMox优势菌K与未培养的 Planctomycete和已鉴定的另一种ANAMMoX菌尤uenenia sf况ttgartiensis亲缘关系较近，同源性分别为99.8％和96.6％。优势菌J与Gen bank收录的所有菌的相似性均低于76％，说明该菌是OLAND系统厌氧氨氧化阶段比较独特的菌，是迄今为止在厌氧反应过程中未发现的一个新菌。

鞍山市大气环境容量测算研究

在我国，城市环境空气污染一直是环境保护工作中的一个突出问题，倍受各级政府的重视。控制污染物来源，科学确定城市的环境容量，充分合理地利用大气环境容量，改善环境空气质量，是环境保护工作的一项重要任务。本论文系统地对比了大气环境容量主要理论、方法的优势及应用范围、研究背景、研究动态及发展趋势，在应用3种方法计算并最终明确典型工业城市大气环境容量方面进行了创新。依据鞍山市2002年度主要大气污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2）的监测报告以及2002年度污染源排放清单等相关资料，对鞍山市大气环境质量状况、污染源排放状况、污染气象特征进行了深入研究和系统分析。并以鞍山市为例，应用A-P值法、大气扩散模型模拟逼近法和线性规划法3种方法，分别测算出鞍山市大气环境容量。将3种方法测算结果分别与鞍山市实际污染物排放量进行分析对比：A-P值法使用方便，可以快速计算出一个地区的环境容量；模拟逼近法利用ADMS大气扩散模型建立了污染物排放总量与空气环境质量之间的关系，在模拟得到大气环境容量的同时，又可以得到每一个烟囱的允许排放量；线性规划法，核95％的保证率选取控制日，所得的不等式方程的解就是每个烟囱的允许排放量。研究结果表明，大气扩散模型模拟逼近法测算结果更符合鞍山实际情况，是测量典型工业城市大气环境容量较为理想的方法。然后模拟各类治理方案，结合鞍山市环境总体规划，分别对鞍山市污染削减计划的经济、社会、环境效益及可行性进行了分析。大气环境容量的测算方法应用研究是目前大气环境科学研究中的热门课题，科学确定各城市的大气环境容量，是环境管理工作的迫切需要。