Comparison of the gut microbiota from soldier and worker castes of the termite Reticulitermes grassei

The bacterial microbiota from the whole gut of soldier and worker castes of the termite Reticulitermes grassei was isolated and studied. In addition, the 16S rDNA bacterial genes from gut DNA were PCR-amplified using Bacteria-selective primers, and the 16S rDNA amplicons subsequently cloned into Escherichia coli. Sequences of the cloned inserts were then used to determine closest relatives by comparison with published sequences and with sequences from our previous work. The clones were found to be affiliated with the phyla Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Synergistetes, Verrucomicrobia, and candidate phyla Termite Group 1 (TG1) and Termite Group 2 (TG2). No significant differences were observed with respect to the relative bacterial abundances between soldier and worker phylotypes. The phylotypes obtained in this study were compared with reported sequences from other termites, especially those of phylotypes related to Spirochaetes, Wolbachia (an Alphaproteobacteria), Actinobacteria, and TG1. Many of the clone phylotypes detected in soldiers grouped with those of workers. Moreover, clones CRgS91 (soldiers) and CRgW68 (workers), both affiliated with"Endomicrobia", were the same phylotype. Soldiers and workers also seemed to have similar relative protist abundances. Heterotrophic, poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate-accumulating bacteria were isolated from the gut of soldiers and shown to be affiliated with Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. We noted that Wolbachia was detected in soldiers but not in workers. Overall, the maintenance by soldiers and workers of comparable axial and radial redox gradients in the gut is consistent with the similarities in the prokaryotes and protists comprising their microbiota.

Amphibian albumins as members of the albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, vitamin D-binding protein multigene family.

The Xenopus laevis 68-kd and 74-kd albumin amino acid sequences are examined with respect to their relationship to the other known members of the albumin/alpha-fetoprotein/vitamin D-binding protein gene family. Each of the three members of this family presents a unique pattern of conserved regions indicating a differential selective pressure related to specific functional characteristics. Furthermore, an evolutionary tree of these genes was deduced from the divergence times calculated from direct nucleotide sequence comparisons of individual gene pairs. These calculations indicate that the vitamin D-binding protein/albumin separation occurred 560-600 million years (Myr) ago and the albumin/alpha-fetoprotein divergence 280 Myr ago. This observation leads to the hypothesis according to which the albumin/alpha-fetoprotein gene duplication occurred shortly after the amphibian/reptile separation. Consequently, and unlike mammals, amphibians and fishes should lack an alpha-fetoprotein in their serum at larval stages, which is consistent with a recent analysis of serum proteins in Xenopus laevis larvae. This hypothesis now will have to be tested further in additional lower vertebrates.

Molecular and social regulation of worker division of labour in fire ants.

Reproductive and worker division of labour (DOL) is a hallmark of social insect societies. Despite a long-standing interest in worker DOL, the molecular mechanisms regulating this process have only been investigated in detail in honey bees, and little is known about the regulatory mechanisms operating in other social insects. In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, one of the most studied ant species, workers are permanently sterile and the tasks performed are modulated by the worker's internal state (age and size) and the outside environment (social environment), which potentially includes the effect of the queen presence through chemical communication via pheromones. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these processes are unknown. Using a whole-genome microarray platform, we characterized the molecular basis for worker DOL and we explored how a drastic change in the social environment (i.e. the sudden loss of the queen) affects global gene expression patterns of worker ants. We identified numerous genes differentially expressed between foraging and nonforaging workers in queenright colonies. With a few exceptions, these genes appear to be distinct from those involved in DOL in bees and wasps. Interestingly, after the queen was removed, foraging workers were no longer distinct from nonforaging workers at the transcriptomic level. Furthermore, few expression differences were detected between queenright and queenless workers when we did not consider the task performed. Thus, the social condition of the colony (queenless vs. queenright) appears to impact the molecular pathways underlying worker task performance, providing strong evidence for social regulation of DOL in S. invicta.

Direct Care Worker in Nursing Facilities Turnover Report, December 2015

The 2008 general assembly acknowledged in House File (HF) 2539, Section 71 that employee turnover rates in nursing facilities should be documented but also recognized that this information was not currently being collected. The department was directed to modify the nursing facility cost report to capture information on the turnover rates of direct care and other employees of nursing facilities. The department was also required to submit a report on an annual basis to the governor and general assembly which provides an analysis of direct care worker and other nursing facility employee turnover by individual nursing facility, a comparison of the turnover rate in each individual nursing facility with the state wide average, and an analysis of any improvement or decline in meeting any accountability goals or other measures related to turnover rates. The annual report was to include any data available regarding turnover rate trends, and other information the department deemed appropriate.

APTIC : a social network to improve the quality of life of members of patients' associations

Peer-reviewed

Transnational private authority and the participation of workers' organizations in the regulatory space surrounding the employment relationship

Most corporate codes of conduct and multi-stakeholder sustainability standards guarantee workers' rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining, but many authors are sceptical about the concrete impact of codes and standards of this kind. In this paper we use Hancher and Moran's (1998) concept of 'regulatory space' to assess the potential of private transnational regulation to support the growth of trade union membership and collective bargaining relationships, drawing on some preliminary case study results from a project on the impact of the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) social conditionality on worker organization and social dialogue. One of the major effects of neoliberal economic and industrial policy has been the routine exclusion of workers' organizations from regulatory processes on the grounds that they introduce inappropriate 'political' motives into what ought to be technical decision-making processes. This, rather than any direct attack on their capacity to take action, is what seems best to explain the global decline in union influence (Cradden 2004; Howell 2007; Howe 2012). The evidence we present in the paper suggests that private labour regulation may under certain conditions contribute to a reversal of this tendency, re-establishing the legitimacy of workers' organizations within regulatory processes and by extension the legitimacy of their use of economic and social power. We argue that guarantees of freedom of association and bargaining rights within private regulation schemes are effective to the extent that they can be used by workers' organizations in support of a claim for access to the regulatory space within which the terms and conditions of the employment relationship are determined. Our case study evidence shows that certain trade unions in East Africa have indeed been able to use IFC and other private regulation schemes as levers to win recognition from employers and to establish collective bargaining relationships. Although they did not attempt to use formal procedures to make a claim for the enforcement of freedom of association rights on behalf of their members, the unions did use enterprises' adherence to private regulation schemes as a normative point of reference in argument and political exchange about worker representation. For these unions, the regulation was a useful addition to the range of arguments that they could deploy as means to justify their demand for recognition by employers. By contrast, the private regulation that helps workers' organizations to win access to regulatory processes does little to ensure that they are able to participate meaningfully, whether in terms of technical capacity or of their ability to mobilize social power as a counterweight to the economic power of employers. To the extent that our East African unions were able to make an impact on terms and conditions of employment via their participation in regulatory space it was solely on the basis of their own capacities and resources and the application of national labour law.

Romania and Bulgaria - two new EU members

Euroopan Unionin itälaajentuminen toukokuun 1. päivä 2004 onmerkittävä käännekohta pan-eurooppalaisessa integraatioprosessissa. EU sai kymmenen uutta jäsenmaata, joista kahdeksan on niin kutsuttuja siirtymätalousmaita. Kaksi siirtymätalousmaata, Romania ja Bulgaria, eivät päässeet liittymään Euroopan Unioniin vielä 2004. Niiden tuli parantaa taloudellista kilpailukykyään ennenjäsenyyttä. Ne liittyivät unioniin tammikuun 1. päivä, 2007. Siten 'uusia jäsenmaita' on kaikkiaan kymmenen. Romania and Bulgaria ovat naapurimaita Mustanmeren länsirannalla. Vuonna 2005 Romanian väkiluku oli 21,6 miljoonaa ja Bulgaria 7,7 miljoonaa. Kummankin maan väliluku on ollut laskussa suunnitelmatalouden jälkeisellä kaudella. Ennen suunnitelmatalouden kautta Romania ja Bulgaria olivat maatalousyhteiskuntia, joiden elintaso oli vaatimaton. Keskusjohtoisen suunnitelmatalouden kaudella maat kokivat nopean teollistumisen ja kaupungistumisen.Molemmat yhteiskunnat muuttuivat dramaattisesti lyhyessä ajassa. Suunnitelmatalouden kaudella nopeasti syntynyt teollisuus Romaniassa ja Bulgariassa ei toiminut markkinoiden ehdoilla vaan valtion suunnitelmien mukaisesti. Kun markkinatalous 1990-luvun alussa nosti päätään, kävi ilmeiseksi, että monet teollisuuslaitokset näissä maissa eivät olleet elinkelpoisia globaalin kapitalismin olosuhteissa. Työttömyys alkoi kasvaa nopeasti molemmissa maissa. Kaupungistuminen otti takapakkia: ihmisiä muutti takaisin maatalouden piiriin selviytyäkseen hengissä. Tämä synnytti suuria muuttovirtoja. Taloudellisilla päätöksillä yritettiin helpottaa siirtymäkauden vaikutuksia mm. tukemalla teollisuutta ja viivyttämälläyksityistämistä. Tämä taloudellisen reformin viivytys johti siihen, että Romania ja Bulgaria eivät olleet mukana Euroopan Unionin historiallisessa itälaajenemisessa vuonna 2004. Raportissa tarkastellaan sitä hyvin selvää muutosta, joka näissä maissa on tapahtunut vuosituhannen vaihteessa. Molemmissa uusissa EU-maissa talouden kehitys on hyvin dynaamista ja se yhdistyy melko hyvin kehittyvään vakauteen. Kuitenkin inflaatioaste on selvästi korkeampi kuin läntisessä Euroopassa.Valtiontalous on alijäämäinen sekä Romaniassa että Bulgariassa, mutta vahva ulkomaisten investointien virta auttaa näiden alijääminen rahoittamisessa. Bulgaria and Romania ovat elintasoasteikon alapäässä EU-27 vertailussa. Näillä mailla ei ole varaa tiheään sosiaaliseen turvaverkkoon. Romaniasta ja Bulgariasta on tapahtunut melko mittavaa maastamuuttoa. Molemmissa maissa työttömyysaste on edelleen suhteellisen korkea. Suurista tuloeroista johtuen uusimmissaEU-jäsenmaissa on suuria sosiaalisia jännitteitä. Korruptio ja järjestäytynyt rikollisuus eivät ole kadonneet EU-jäsenyyden myötä. Nykyisissä olosuhteissa ei voida taata myöskään poliittista vakautta. Läheisessä Unkarissa, jossa elintaso on olennaisesti korkeampi kuin Romaniassa ja Bulgariassa, oppositio marssi kaduille vuonna 2006. Väkivaltaisia yhteenottoja syntyi paikallisten poliisivoimien jamielenosoittajien välille. Bulgarian nimellinen palkkataso on hämmästyttävän alhainen ja alle Romanian palkkatason. Bulgarian valuutta on merkittävästi aliarvostettu. Tämä tuo ylimääräistä kilpailukykyä Bulgarian työvoimavaltaisille tuotantoaloille ja lisäksi parantaa Bulgarian hintaetua turismin alalla. Bulgarian valtion budjetti on kuitenkin suhteellisesti alijäämäisempi kuin Romanian,jonka valuutta ei ole yhtä aliarvostettu. Voidaan olettaa, että Romania ja Bulgaria kilpailevat keskenään ulkomaisista investoinneista. Ulkomaisten investointien virta molempiin maihin on osoittanut melko nopeasti kasvavaa trendiä. Tämä positiivinen kehitys vahvistuu erittäin todennäköisesti edelleen EU-jäsenyyden vaikutuksesta.

Can smartphones and tablets improve the management of childhood illness in Tanzania? A qualitative study from a primary health care worker's perspective.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy has been less than anticipated because of poor uptake. Electronic algorithms have the potential to improve quality of health care in children. However, feasibility studies about the use of electronic protocols on mobile devices over time are limited. This study investigated constraining as well as facilitating factors that influence the uptake of a new electronic Algorithm for Management of Childhood Illness (ALMANACH) among primary health workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS: A qualitative approach was applied using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with altogether 40 primary health care workers from 6 public primary health facilities in the three municipalities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Health worker's perceptions related to factors facilitating or constraining the uptake of the electronic ALMANACH were identified. RESULTS: In general, the ALMANACH was assessed positively. The majority of the respondents felt comfortable to use the devices and stated that patient's trust was not affected. Most health workers said that the ALMANACH simplified their work, reduced antibiotic prescription and gave correct classification and treatment for common causes of childhood illnesses. Few HWs reported technical challenges using the devices and complained about having had difficulties in typing. Majority of the respondents stated that the devices increased the consultation duration compared to routine practice. In addition, health system barriers such as lack of staff, lack of medicine and lack of financial motivation were identified as key reasons for the low uptake of the devices. CONCLUSIONS: The ALMANACH built on electronic devices was perceived to be a powerful and useful tool. However, health system challenges influenced the uptake of the devices in the selected health facilities.

Twenty years of research into Chlamydia-like organisms: a revolution in our understanding of the biology and pathogenicity of members of the phylum Chlamydiae.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that share a unique but remarkably conserved biphasic developmental cycle that relies on a eukaryotic host cell for survival. Although the phylum was originally thought to only contain one family, the Chlamydiaceae, a total of nine families are now recognized. These so-called Chlamydia-like organisms (CLOs) are also referred to as 'environmental chlamydiae', as many were initially isolated from environmental sources. However, these organisms are also emerging pathogens, as many, such as Parachlamydia sp., Simkania sp. and Waddlia sp., have been associated with human disease, and others, such as Piscichlamydia sp. and Parilichlamydia sp., have been documented in association with diseases in animals. Their strict intracellular nature and the requirement for cell culture have been a confounding factor in characterizing the biology and pathogenicity of CLOs. Nevertheless, the genomes of seven CLO species have now been sequenced, providing new information on their potential ability to adapt to a wide range of hosts. As new isolation and diagnostic methods advance, we are able to further explore the richness of this phylum with further research likely to help define the true pathogenic potential of the CLOs while also providing insight into the origins of the 'traditional' chlamydiae.

Ownership change and banking efficiency in the new EU members

The aim of this study is to analyze how European integration and, especially, changes in ownership, has affected banking efficiency in Central and Eastern European countries which have recently experimented this process more intensely. Using a stochastic frontier approach (SFA) applied to panel data, we have estimated bank efficiency levels in a sample of 189 banks from 12 countries during the period 2000 to 2008 and we have analyzed the influence of some bank characteristics on these efficiency levels. The results show that European integration has significantly improved the cost efficiency of banks in these countries but profit efficiency has significantly decreased. We have found very small differences between different ownership types and only a very small impact of foreign ownership on cost efficiency, showing that the entry of foreign ownership is not enough to explain the significant variations in banking efficiency after the accession.