Effect of the inclusion of fish residue oils in diets on the fatty acid profile of muscles of males and females lambari (Astyanax altiparanae)

This study evaluated the effects of two lipids sources of fish residue (tilapia and salmon) compared with a vegetable oil source (soybean oil) on the fatty acid profiles of male and female lambari. This experiment was developed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, totaling 6 treatments resulting from the combination of the three experimental diets for both sexes, with four replications for each treatment. This study involved 120 male (2.58 +/- 0.13 g) and 72 female lambari (4.00 +/- 0.09 g), fed the experimental diets twice a day until apparent satiation for a period of 60 days. Oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids were found at higher concentrations in all experimental oils and diets, as well in the muscle of male and female lambari. The low amounts of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the experimental diets and subsequent greater concentrations in muscle tissue, suggested that lambari are able to desaturate and elongate the chain of fatty acids with 18 carbons. The fish of both sexes that received the diet with soybean oil showed high levels of n-6 fatty acids, especially of C18: 2n-6 and low levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The diet with salmon residue oil promoted higher levels of fatty acids of the n-3 series and resulted in the best n-3/n-6 ratio in the muscle of male and female lambari. The oils from fish residues can be a substitute for traditional fish oil and its use in the lambari diets does not impair its growth.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, SPECTROSCOPICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL OBTAINED BY ENZYMATIC ROUTE AS A TOOL TO SELECT THE MOST EFFICIENT IMMOBILIZED LIPASE

Two microbial lipases from Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated as catalysts for the enzymatic transesterification of beef tallow with ethanol and the most efficient lipase source was selected by taking into account the properties of the product to be used as fuel. Both lipases were immobilized on an epoxy silica-polyvinyl alcohol composite by covalent immobilization and used to perform the reactions under the following operational conditions: beef tallow-to-ethanol molar ratio of 1:9, 45 degrees C and 400 units of enzymatic activity per gram of fat. Products, characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosimetry, thermogravimetry and H-1 NMR spectroscopy, suggested that the biodiesel sample obtained in the reaction catalyzed by Burkholderia cepacia lipase has the best set of properties for fuel usage.

Flow injection analysis of free glycerol in biodiesel using a copper electrode as an amperometric detector

The main goal of this work was to develop a simple analytical method for quantification of glycerol based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol on the copper surface adapted in a flow injection system. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak current response increases linearly with glycerol concentration over the range 60-3200 mg kg(-1) (equivalent to 3-160 mg L(-1) in solution). The repeatability of the electrode response in the flow injection analysis (FIA) configuration was evaluated as 5% (n = 10), and the detection limit of the method was estimated to be 5 mg kg(-1) in biodiesel (equivalent to 250 mu g L(-1) in solution) (S/N = 3). The sample throughput under optimised conditions was estimated to be 90 h(-1). Different types of biodiesel samples (B100), as in the types of vegetable oils or animal fats used to produce the fuels, were analysed (seven samples). The only sample pre-treatment used was an extraction of glycerol from the biodiesel sample containing a ratio of 5 mL of water to 250 mg of biodiesel. The proposed method improves the analytical parameters obtained by other electroanalytical methods for quantification of glycerol in biodiesel samples, and its accuracy was evaluated using a spike-and-recovery assay, where all the biodiesel samples used obtained admissible values according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of aliphatic acid esters at room temperature

This work describes the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of saturated aliphatic esters from synthetic aliphatic acids and either methanol or ethanol. The products were isolated in good yields after short reaction times under mild conditions. (C) 2011 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.

The fatty acid profiles and energetic substrates of two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) strains, Red-Stirling and Chitralada, and their hybrid

Protein and lipid content as well as the fatty acid (FA) composition of storage tissues were analysed in two varieties of Oreochromis niloticus (Red-Stirling and Chitralada) and their hybrid. The animals were maintained in cages for 11 months. The samples were taken when the animals weighed 10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 g. The results showed that changes in the metabolic processes occur during an increase in body mass in both varieties of tilapia and also their hybrid, but that these differences are not found in animals collected at the commercial weight. The protein content of the fillet and liver decreased with growth and the same protein content associated with growth was found for fillet lipid content. The genetic variety did not influence the FA profile of the fillet, but different genotypes had different hepatic FA compositions. Even with the same lipid content, the hepatocytes of Chitralada accumulated higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n6 in triglycerides and increased C22:6n3 in the hepatocyte membranes. The higher n6PUFA content was compensated by a lower fraction of saturated FA in the hepatocyte triglycerides. The skin of Chitralada also had higher n6PUFA and C22:6n3 contents, suggesting a higher ability to deposit PUFA in the skin due to alterations in the liver synthetic pathway.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Use of solvents and environmental friendly materials for applications in Green Chemistry

The present Thesis studies three alternative solvent groups as sustainable replacement of traditional organic solvents. Some aspects of fluorinated solvents, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids, have been analysed with a critical approach and their effective “greenness” has been evaluated from the points of view of the synthesis, the properties and the applications. In particular, the attention has been put on the environmental and human health issues, evaluating the eco-toxicity, the toxicity and the persistence, to underline that applicability and sustainability are subjects with equal importance. The “green” features of fluorous solvents and supercritical fluids are almost well-established; in particular supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is probably the “greenest” solvent among the alternative solvent systems developed in the last years, enabling to combine numerous advantages both from the point of view of industrial/technological applications and eco-compatibility. In the Thesis the analysis of these two classes of alternative solvents has been mainly focused on their applicability, rather than the evaluation of their environmental impact. Specifically they have been evaluated as alternative media for non-aqueous biocatalysis. For this purpose, the hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP), which allows solubilising enzymes in apolar solvents by an ion pairing between the protein and a surfactant, has been investigated as effective enzymatic derivatisation technique to improve the catalytic activity under homogeneous conditions in non conventional media. The results showed that the complex enzyme-surfactant was much more active both in fluorous solvents and in supercritical carbon dioxide than the native form of the enzyme. Ionic liquids, especially imidazolium salts, have been proposed some years ago as “fully green” alternative solvents; however this epithet does not take into account several “brown” aspects such as their synthesis from petro-chemical starting materials, their considerable eco-toxicity, toxicity and resistance to biodegradation, and the difficulty of clearly outline applications in which ionic liquids are really more advantageous than traditional solvents. For all of these reasons in this Thesis a critical analysis of ionic liquids has been focused on three main topics: i) alternative synthesis by introducing structural moieties which could reduce the toxicity of the most known liquid salts, and by using starting materials from renewable resources; ii) on the evaluation of their environmental impact through eco-toxicological tests (Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity tests, and algal growth inhibition), toxicity tests (MTT test, AChE inhibition and LDH release tests) and fate and rate of aerobic biodegradation in soil and water; iii) and on the demonstration of their effectiveness as reaction media in organo-catalysis and as extractive solvents in the recovery of vegetable oil from terrestrial and aquatic biomass. The results about eco-toxicity tests with Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri and algae, and toxicity assay using cultured cell lines, clearly indicate that the difference in toxicity between alkyl and oxygenated cations relies in differences of polarity, according to the general trend of decreasing toxicity by decreasing the lipophilicity. Independently by the biological approach in fact, all the results are in agreement, showing a lower toxicity for compounds with oxygenated lateral chains than for those having purely alkyl lateral chains. These findings indicate that an appropriate choice of cation and anion structures is important not only to design the IL with improved and suitable chemico-physical properties but also to obtain safer and eco-friendly ILs. Moreover there is a clear indication that the composition of the abiotic environment has to be taken into account when the toxicity of ILs in various biological test systems is analysed, because, for example, the data reported in the Thesis indicate a significant influence of salinity variations on algal toxicity. Aerobic biodegradation of four imidazolium ionic liquids, two alkylated and two oxygenated, in soil was evaluated for the first time. Alkyl ionic liquids were shown to be biodegradable over the 6 months test period, and in contrast no significant mineralisation was observed with oxygenated derivatives. A different result was observed in the aerobic biodegradation of alkylated and oxygenated pyridinium ionic liquids in water because all the ionic liquids were almost completely degraded after 10 days, independently by the number of oxygen in the lateral chain of the cation. The synthesis of new ionic liquids by using renewable feedstock as starting materials, has been developed through the synthesis of furan-based ion pairs from furfural. The new ammonium salts were synthesised in very good yields, good purity of the products and wide versatility, combining low melting points with high decomposition temperatures and reduced viscosities. Regarding the possible applications as surfactants and biocides, furan-based salts could be a valuable alternative to benzyltributylammonium salts and benzalkonium chloride that are produced from non-renewable resources. A new procedure for the allylation of ketones and aldehydes with tetraallyltin in ionic liquids was developed. The reaction afforded high yields both in sulfonate-containing ILs and in ILs without sulfonate upon addition of a small amount of sulfonic acid. The checked reaction resulted in peculiar chemoselectivity favouring aliphatic substrates towards aromatic ketones and good stereoselectivity in the allylation of levoglucosenone. Finally ILs-based systems could be easily and successfully recycled, making the described procedure environmentally benign. The potential role of switchable polarity solvents as a green technology for the extraction of vegetable oil from terrestrial and aquatic biomass has been investigated. The extraction efficiency of terrestrial biomass rich in triacylglycerols, as soy bean flakes and sunflower seeds, was comparable to those of traditional organic solvents, being the yield of vegetable oils recovery very similar. Switchable polarity solvents as been also exploited for the first time in the extraction of hydrocarbons from the microalga Botryococcus braunii, demonstrating the efficiency of the process for the extraction of both dried microalgal biomass and directly of the aqueous growth medium. The switchable polarity solvents exhibited better extraction efficiency than conventional solvents, both with dried and liquid samples. This is an important issue considering that the harvest and the dewatering of algal biomass have a large impact on overall costs and energy balance.

Riconversione degli impianti saccariferi per la valorizzazione della filiera agro-energetica: analisi di impatto sul comprensorio agricolo

Il presente lavoro trae origine dagli obiettivi e dalle relative misure applicative della riforma dell’OCM zucchero del 2006 e nello specifico dal Piano nazionale per la razionalizzazione e riconversione della produzione bieticolo-saccarifera approvato dal MIPAF nel 2007. Lo studio riguarda la riconversione dello zuccherificio di Finale Emilia (MO), di appartenenza del Gruppo bieticolo-saccarifero Co.Pro.B, in un impianto di generazione di energia elettrica e termica che utilizza biomassa di origine agricola per la combustione diretta. L'alimentazione avviene principalmente dalla coltivazione dedicata del sorgo da fibra (Sorghum bicolor), integrata con risorse agro-forestali. Lo studio mostra la necessità di coltivazione di 4.400 ettari di sorgo da fibra con una produzione annua di circa 97.000 t di prodotto al 75% di sostanza secca necessari per l’alimentazione della centrale a biomassa. L’obiettivo é quello di valutare l’impatto della nuova coltura energetica sul comprensorio agricolo e sulla economia dell’impresa agricola. La metodologia adottata si basa sulla simulazione di modelli aziendali di programmazione lineare che prevedono l’inserimento del sorgo da fibra come coltura energetica nel piano ottimo delle aziende considerate. I modelli predisposti sono stati calibrati su aziende RICA al fine di riprodurre riparti medi reali su tre tipologie dimensionali rappresentative: azienda piccola entro i 20 ha, media da 20 a 50 ha e grande oltre i 50 ha. La superficie di entrata a livello aziendale, se rapportata alla rappresentatività delle aziende dell’area di studio, risulta insufficiente per soddisfare la richiesta di approvvigionamento dell’impianto a biomassa. Infatti con tale incremento la superficie di coltivazione nel comprensorio si attesta sui 2.500 ettari circa contro i 4.400 necessari alla centrale. Lo studio mostra pertanto che occorre un incentivo superiore, di circa 80-90 €/ha, per soddisfare la richiesta della superficie colturale a livello di territorio. A questi livelli, la disponibilità della coltura energetica sul comprensorio risulta circa 9.500 ettari.

Jatropha mahafalensis for rural energy supply in south-western Madagascar?

In many parts of the eastern African region wood-based fuels will remain dominant sources of energy in coming decades. Pressure on forests, especially in semi-arid areas will therefore continue increasing. In this context, the role of liquid biofuels as substitutes for firewood and charcoal, to help reducing pressure on woody biomass and contributing to a better energy security of rural communities, has remained controversial among researchers and practitioners. At household level, the economic and technical feasibility of straight vegetable oil (SVO) was assessed mainly on Jatropha curcas, with unpersuasive results. So far nothing is known about the suitability as an energy carrier of Jatropha mahafalensis Jum. & H. Perrier, the only endemic representative of the Jatropha genus in Madagascar. This paper explores the potential of this plant as a biofuel feedstock in the agro-pastoral area of Soalara, in the semi-arid south-western part of Madagascar. Only hedge-based production was considered to rule out competition over land with food crops. Yield data, the length of currently existing hedges and energy consumption patterns of households were used to assess the quantitative potential and economic viability of J. mahafalensis SVO for lighting and cooking. Tests were conducted with cooking and lighting devices to assess their technical suitability at household level. The paper concludes that J. mahafalensis hedges have some potential to replace paraffin for lighting (though without much economic benefit for the concerned households), but not to replace charcoal or firewood for cooking. The paper recommends that rural energy strategies in similar contexts do not focus only on substituting current fuels with SVO, but should also take into consideration other alternatives. In the case of cooking, there seems to be substantially more potential in increasing the efficiency of current fuel production and consumption technologies (kilns and stoves); and in the case of lighting, solutions based on SVO need to be compared against other options such as portable solar devices.

Proceedings of the 24th Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium

The 24th Biochemical Engineering Symposium was held 9-10 September 1994 at the YMCA of the Rockies conference center in Estes Park, Colorado, under the sponsorship of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Colorado. Previous symposia in this series have been hosted by Kansas State University (1st, 3rd, 5th, 9th, 12th, 16th, 20th), University of Nebraska-Lincoln (2nd, 4th), Iowa State University (6th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 17th, 22nd), University of Missouri-Columbia (8th, 14th, 19th), Colorado State University (11th, 15th, 21st), University of Colorado (18th), and the University of Oklahoma (23rd). The next symposium is scheduled to be held at the University of Missouri-Columbia. The symposia are devoted to talks by students about their ongoing research. Because final publication usually takes place elsewhere, the papers included in the proceedings are brief, and often cover work in progress. ContentsIn-Well Aeration: An Innovative Subsurface Remediation TechnologyPrashant Gandhi, X. Yang, L.E. Erickson, and L. T. Fan; Kansas State University Expression of an Antimicrobial Peptide Analog in Eacherlchill coliChris Haught and Roger G. Harrison; University of Oklahoma Using High-frequency Backpulaing to Maximize Croasflow Filtration PerformanceSanjeev G. Redkar and Robert H. Davis; University of Colorado Low Molecular Weight Organic Compositions of Acid Waters from Vegetable Oil SoapstocksSteven L. Johansen, Arunthathi Sivasothy, Peter J. Reilly, and Earl G. Hammond; Iowa State University; Michael K. Dowd; U.S. Department of Agriculture Gas Phase Composition Effects on Suspension Cultures of Taxus cuspidata Noushin Mirjalili and James C. Linden; Colorado State University Cybernetic Modeling of Spontaneous Oscillations in Continuous Cultures of Ssccharomyces cerevisiaeKenneth D. Jones and Dhinakar S. Kompala; University of Colorado The Effect of Turbulent Shear on Calcium Mobilization in Mammalian CellsChristopher M. Cannizzaro, Pradyumna K. Namdev, and Eric H. Dunlop; Colorado State University Experimental Studies of Droplet Ejection at the Free Surface In Sparged ReactorsT. Y. Yiin, L A. Glasgow, and L. E. Erickson; Kansas State University The Role of Domain E (Starch-Binding Region) on the Activity of a Bacillus macersns Cyclodextrln GlucanotransferaseHai-yin Chang, Trang Le, and Zivko L. Nikolov; Iowa State University Use of the Rotating Wall Vessel for Study of Plant Cell Suspension CulturesXinzhi Sun and James C. Linden; Colorado State University A Novel Counter-Current Distribution Apparatus for the Study of Multi-Stage Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction of Biomolecules and Cell ParticlesMartin R. Guinn and Paul Todd; University of Colorado The Dynamics of Unhooking and Contraction of a Polyelectrolyte Chain Around an Isolated PostLin Zhang and Edith M. Sevick; University of Colorado A Laboratory Study of the Fate of Trichloroathylene and 1,1,1-Trlchloroathane In the Presence of Alfalfa PlantsMuralidharan Narayanan, Ryan M. Green, Lawrence C. Davis, and Larry E. Erickson; Kansas State University Modeling the Fate of Pyrene In the RhIzosphereS.K. Santharam, LE. Erickson, and L. T. Fan; Kansas State University Derivatization of MaltooligosaccharidesDaniela Prinz, Peter J. Reilly, and Zivko L. Nikolov; Iowa State University Probing Surfactant-Protein Binding by EPA SpectroscopyNarendra B. Bam, Yale University; Theodore W. Randolph; University of Colorado Optimization of a Stir-Cell Bioreactor for In Vitro Production of RNANeal T. Williams, Kim A. Wicklund, and Robert H. Davis; University of Colorado

Aceptación de aceite transgénico de distinto país de origen en la Región de La Araucanía, Chile

Considerando el rechazo de los consumidores hacia alimentos genéticamente modificados y que el país de origen es usado como indicador de calidad, se estudió la importancia relativa de la existencia de modificación genética (MG), origen y precio en la compra de aceite de girasol en Temuco, Chile, junto con la identificación y la caracterización de diferentes segmentos de mercado, mediante una encuesta a 400 personas. Utilizando análisis conjunto se determinó que la existencia de MG (36,0%) fue levemente más importante que el origen (33,3%) y el precio (30,7%) en la muestra total, con preferencia hacia el producto sin MG, de origen chileno y al menor precio. Mediante análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos se diferenciaron tres segmentos: el mayoritario (45,5%) dio elevada importancia a la existencia de MG y presentó un alto rechazo hacia el aceite transgénico; el segundo grupo (29,7%) asignó mayor relevancia al precio y acepta aceite argentino; el grupo minoritario (24,8%) otorgó mayor importancia al origen y acepta aceite español. Independientemente de lo anterior, los grupos mostraron mayor preferencia por el aceite chileno. La ausencia de MG en aceite es una condición deseable para una importante proporción de consumidores (45,5%), pero el resto se muestra relativamente indiferente hacia la existencia o ausencia de manipulación genética en este producto.

Estudio técnico-económico de una planta de producción de biodiesel

Se explica las posibles razones que han obligado a varias de las plantas de biodiésel en España a cerrar a pesar de estar siendo auspiciadas por la Unión Europea y fomentadas, mediante normativas específicas y ayudas sustanciales en cada uno de los países miembros, a fin de reforzar la utilización de los biocarburantes, como energía alternativa a los combustibles fósiles, debido a las ventajas medioambientales y sociopolíticas que conllevan. Para ello se ha empezado realizando un estudio del sector y de su funcionamiento así como de la evolución reciente del mercado tanto en Europa como en España. Posteriormente se ha modelizado una planta de biodiesel tipo desde las primeras fases de su construcción hasta su puesta en funcionamiento, para, a continuación analizar su desarrollo haciendo especial hincapié en la evolución de las principales variables económicas anteriormente estudiadas que han llevado finalmente a tener que cerrarla por falta de rentabilidad. El proceso de producción del biodiésel desde aceites vegetales y grasas animales mantiene un fuerte crecimiento en los mercados de la Unión Europea al igual que en Estados Unidos y Canadá. La producción de biodiésel se ha incrementado rápidamente en los últimos años, ya que es una alternativa renovable a los carburantes, como el petróleo o el diésel. La producción por trasesterificación de aceites vegetales y grasas animales, dan al biodiésel una densidad, un punto de encendido, viscosidad, estabilidad a la oxidación similares al diésel. Estas propiedades permiten a la mezcla de biodiésel poder usarlo en motores convencionales sin necesidad de grandes modificaciones. El objetivo fundamental de este proyecto es, dentro de un entorno económico hostil, explicar el posible porqué de la situación de las plantas de biodiésel en España, haciendo un análisis de la viabilidad económico – financiera de una planta de producción de biodiésel. La instalación de la que parte el presente proyecto es la de una planta, situada en la provincia de Jaén, con una capacidad de producción de 100 000 t/año, con una previsión de funcionamiento continua y con una vida útil estimada de 15 años. Una vez finalizado el estudio económico, se ha valorado el impacto del mercado en el funcionamiento de la planta, tanto a nivel internacional debido a la competencia desleal, como nacional, debido a las ayudas en los cultivos. Se deduce que la rentabilidad de una planta de biodiésel es relativamente positiva pero viene dada por un gran número de variables internas y externas que hacen un negocio inestable y poco rentable. ABSTRACT It explains the possible reasons that have forced several biodiesel plants in Spain to close in spite of being sponsored by the European Union and promoted by specific regulations and substantial aid in each of the member countries to strengthen the use of biofuels as alternative energy to fossil fuels because of the environmental and sociopolitical involving VII For this we have begun a study of the sector and its operation as well as the recent market developments in Europe and in Spain. Later was modeled biodiesel plant type from the early stages of construction to commissioning, to then analyze its development with particular emphasis on the evolution of the main economic variables that have been previously studied eventually have to close by unprofitability. The processes and production of biodiesel (methyl ester) from vegetable oil and animal fat feedstocks remain a strong growth market in the European Union as well as the United States and Canada. Biodiesel production has increased rapidly in this last years as producers sought a renewable alternative to petroleum fuel. Produced by the trans-esterification of vegetable oils and animal fats, biodiesel has similar density, flash point, viscosity, oxidation stability to petroleum diesel. These similarities enable biodiesel blends to be used in conventional diesel engines without significant modifications. This proyect gives an overview of current developments with regard to biodiesel technology, the Spain biofuel market, and national biofuel policies, looking at closely the economic-financial feasibility of a biodiesel production plant. The installation, situated at Linares (Jaén), has a production capability of 100 000 t/year. The operation estimated is constant and with a product life of 15 years. Finished the part destined to the economic view of this project, it has been considered the adverse effects on the overall performance and the financial situation of the industry. It follows form the study that biodiesel plant´s profitability is relatively high, but it is given by a large numbers of variables, internals and externals, which have made an unviable and unsustainable business.

Impacts of the EU Biofuel Target on Agricultural Markets and Land Use - A Comparative Modelling Assessment

The Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) requires that 20% of the EU's energy needs should come from renewable sources by 2020, and includes a target for the transport sector of 10% from biofuels. This report analyses and discusses the global impacts of this biofuel target on agricultural production, markets and land use, as simulated by three agricultural sector models, AGLINK-COSIMO, ESIM and CAPRI. The impacts identified include higher EU production of ethanol and biodiesel, and of the crops used to produce them, as well as more imports of both biofuels. Trade flows of biofuel feedstocks also change to reflect greater EU demand, including a significant increase in vegetable oil imports. However, as the extra demand is small in world market terms, the impact on world market prices is limited. With the EU biofuel target, global use of land for crop cultivation is higher by 5.2 million hectares. About one quarter is area within the EU, some of which would otherwise have left agriculture.

Minimização de resíduos do processamento do café solúvel através do reaproveitamento da borra para extração de óleo utilizando solvente renovável

O principal resíduo da indústria de café solúvel é a borra de café, gerada após a extração de sólidos solúveis com água, sendo usualmente queimada em caldeiras para geração de energia para a própria indústria. Entretanto, este co-produto pode conter de 15 a 20 % de óleo, componente de grande interesse na indústria alimentícia. Em paralelo, na indústria de produção de óleos vegetais o solvente frequentemente utilizado é o hexano. Contudo, por este ser um derivado de combustíveis fósseis, alternativas para sua substituição por solventes mais amigáveis ao meio ambiente, que podem ser obtidos por via biotecnológica, estão sendo estudadas. Deste modo, o objetivo principal desta dissertação de mestrado foi a viabilização técnica do emprego de solventes alcoólicos no processo de extração de óleo de borra de café proveniente da indústria de processamento de café solúvel. Foram realizadas extrações sólido-líquido em um estágio para estudar a influência das variáveis de processo temperatura (60 a 90 °C), tipo de solvente (etanol, ET ou isopropanol, IPA) e a hidratação do solvente (absoluto ou azeotrópico) nas características das fases extrato e rafinado, em termos de rendimento de extração de óleo, de ácidos clorogênicos (ACG), de carboidratos totais, teor de proteínas e índice de solubilidade de nitrogênio (ISN) da fase rafinado. Pré-tratamento enzimático ao processo de extração também foi realizado para investigar a sua atuação sobre o rendimento de extração de óleo e ACG, além do ISN das fases rafinado obtidas na temperatura de 70 °C. De forma geral, pode-se inferir que a temperatura favorece a extração de compostos lipídicos, mas a hidratação do solvente prejudica a extração destes compostos pelo aumento da polaridade do solvente. Do mesmo modo, como o ET é mais polar que o IPA, o primeiro solvente proporcionou a obtenção de menores rendimentos de extração de óleo. A temperatura de processo também influenciou a extração de ACG, a qual foi beneficiada a temperaturas mais baixas pelo aumento da polaridade dos solventes utilizados. De tal forma, que a 60 °C, nos experimentos utilizando etanol azeotrópico obteve-se os menores rendimentos de extração de óleo, porém maior rendimento de extração de ACG. O pré-tratamento enzimático apresentou diferenças significativas nas características das fases extrato e rafinado. No entanto, somente os experimentos com etanol absoluto resultaram em rendimentos de extração de óleo economicamente viáveis. De fato, será relevante um estudo mais aprofundado das variáveis de pré-tratamento enzimático para obter resultados mais expressivos em relação à extração de compostos lipídicos. Diante dos dados experimentais obtidos, conclui-se que é tecnicamente viável o emprego de solventes alcoólicos no processo de extração de óleo de borra de café. Entretanto, nota-se que as condições de processo devem ser avaliadas minuciosamente com o objetivo de se obter altos rendimentos de extração de óleo com maior teor de ACG.

Perfil lipídico de hambúrgueres produzidos a partir de carne de bovinos alimentados com fontes de óleo na dieta

Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar os efeitos de fontes de óleo vegetal na dieta de bovinos Nelore em fase de terminação sobre a aceitação sensorial, teores de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol, composição de ácidos graxos e estabilidade oxidativa de hambúrgueres bovinos, avaliados após serem congelados e acondicionados a -18°C por 90 dias, então avaliados crus e grelhados. Foram confinados 96 bovinos, machos, castrados, Nelore, com aproximadamente 380 kg de peso inicial e idade média de 24 meses, alimentados com óleos de soja, girassol, linhaça e tratamento controle sem adição de óleo por 82 dias. A partir do músculo Longissimus e da gordura subcutânea dos animais foram produzidos hambúrgueres Os hambúrgueres produzidos com carne de bovinos que receberam óleo de soja tiveram maior estabilidade lipídica, tanto para zero quanto para 90 dias de armazenamento quando comparado às outras dietas. O método cru de preparo também resultou em menores valores tanto para o tempo zero quanto para o tempo 90 dias de armazenamento, em relação ao método grelhado. Os hambúrgueres dos animais alimentados com o óleo linhaça resultaram em menores valores para o atributo sabor. O tempo zero dias de armazenamento dos hambúrgueres resultou em maiores notas dos consumidores para a textura e aceitabilidade global, em relação às amostras armazenadas por 90 dias. A porcentagem de ácidos graxos polinsaturados foi reduzida, independente dos tratamentos, após 90 dias de armazenamento. O CLA c9 t11 foi encontrado em maiores quantidades nas amostras dos animais alimentados com os óleos de linhaça e soja, para zero e 90 dias de armazenamento. O teor de colesterol aumentou após as amostras de hambúrgueres serem grelhadas, enquanto que não foi observado efeito para as fontes de óleos e os tempos de armazenamento. Foi observada a presença de óxidos de colesterol após as amostras serem armazenadas por 90 dias, independente das fontes de óleos utilizadas. O fornecimento de óleos insaturados para bovinos confinados aumenta a porcentagem de ácidos graxos polinsaturados em hambúrgueres produzidos com carne e gordura desses. A inclusão de óleos vegetais para bovinos aumenta a oxidação lipídica de hambúrgueres produzidos a partir de carne e gordura provenientes desses animais quando comparados a um tratamento sem inclusão de óleos vegetais. Hambúrgueres produzidos com carne e gordura de animais alimentados com óleos vegetais na dieta possuem maior oxidação lipídica após 90 dias de armazenamento quando comparados com os hambúrgueres do tempo zero e dos hambúrgueres do tratamento controle enquanto que o processamento térmico não foi responsável pela maior oxidação lipídica.