Physiological role of FolD (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), FchA (methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase) and Fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) from Clostridium perfringens in a heterologous model of Escherichia coli

Most organisms possess bifunctional FolD 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF) dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase] to generate NADPH and 10-formyltetrandrofolate (10-CHO-THF) required in various metabolic steps. In addition, some organisms including Clostridium perfringens possess another protein, Fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase), to synthesize 10-CHO-THF. Here, we show that unlike the bifunctional FolD of Escherichia coli (Eco FolD), and contrary to its annotated bifunctional nature, C. perfringens FolD (Cpe FoID) is a monofunctional 5,10-CH2-THF dehydrogenase. The dehydrogenase activity of Cpe FoID is about five times more efficient than that of Eco FolD. The 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH+-THF) cyclohydrolase activity in C. perfringens is provided by another protein, FchA (5,10-CH+-THF cyclohydrolase), whose cyclohydrolase activity is similar to 10 times more efficient than that of Eco FolD. Kinetic parameters for Cpe Fhs were also determined for utilization of all of its substrates. Both Cpe FoID and Cpe FchA are required to substitute for the single bifunctional FolD in E. coli. The simultaneous presence of Cpe FoID and Cpe FchA is also necessary to rescue an E coli folD deletion strain (harbouring Cpe Fhs support) for its formate and glycine auxotrophies, and to alleviate its susceptibility to trimethoprim (an antifolate drug) or UV light. The presence of the three clostridial proteins (FolD, FchA and Fhs) is required to maintain folate homeostasis in the cell.

An in vitro transposon system for highly regulated gene expression: construction of Escherichia coli strains with arabinose-dependent growth at low temperatures.

Placing a gene of interest under the control of an inducible promoter greatly aids the purification, localization and functional analysis of proteins but usually requires the sub-cloning of the gene of interest into an appropriate expression vector. Here, we describe an alternative approach employing in vitro transposition of Tn Omega P(BAD) to place the highly regulable, arabinose inducible P(BAD) promoter upstream of the gene to be expressed. The method is rapid, simple and facilitates the optimization of expression by producing constructs with variable distances between the P(BAD) promoter and the gene. To illustrate the use of this approach, we describe the construction of a strain of Escherichia coli in which growth at low temperatures on solid media is dependent on threshold levels of arabinose. Other uses of the transposable promoter are also discussed.

Co-ordination of pathogenicity island expression by the BipA GTPase in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).

BipA is a novel member of the ribosome binding GTPase superfamily and is widely distributed in bacteria and plants. We report here that it regulates -multiple cell surface- and virulence-associated -components in the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain E2348/69. The regulated components include bacterial flagella, the espC pathogenicity island and a type III secretion system specified by the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). BipA positively regulated the espC and LEE gene clusters through transcriptional control of the LEE-encoded regulator, Ler. Additionally, it affected the pattern of proteolysis of intimin, a key LEE-encoded adhesin specified by the LEE. BipA control of the LEE operated independently of the previously characterized regulators Per, integration host factor and H-NS. In contrast, it negatively regulated the flagella-mediated motility of EPEC and in a Ler-independent manner. Our results indicate that the BipA GTPase functions high up in diverse regulatory cascades to co-ordinate the expression of key pathogenicity islands and other virulence-associated factors in E. coli.

BipA: a tyrosine-phosphorylated GTPase that mediates interactions between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and epithelial cells.

We report the functional characterization of BipA, a GTPase that undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain. BipA mutants adhere to cultured epithelial cells but fail to trigger the characteristic cytoskeletal rearrangements found in cells infected with wild-type EPEC. In contrast, increased expression of BipA enhances actin remodelling and results in the hyperformation of pseudopods. BipA appears to be the first example of a new class of virulence regulator, as it also controls flagella-mediated cell motility and resistance to the antibacterial effects of a human host defence protein. Its striking sequence similarity to ribosome-binding elongation factors suggests that it uses a novel mechanism to modulate gene expression.

The Cryo-EM Structure of a Complete 30S Translation Initiation Complex from Escherichia coli

11 p.

Contribución de los bacteriófagos a la eliminación de Escherichia coli en los sistemas acuáticos

Poster presentado al XXII Congreso Nacional de Microbiología celebrado en Almería los días 21-24 septiembre de 2009.

Mechanisms implied in Escherichia coli removal during wastewater treatment

Poster presentado 12th Symposium on Aquatic Microbial Ecology (SAME12) August 28 – September 02, 2011 Germany , Rostock–Warnemünde

Inability of Escherichia coli to Resuscitate from the Viable but Nonculturable State

Poster presentado 10th Symposium on Aquatic Microbial Ecology (SAME10) september 2-7 2007, Faro

Idoneidad de Escherichia coli portadoras de genes que codifican proteínas fluorescentes para conocer el destino de las bacterias intestinales durante el tratamiento de aguas residuales

Presentación de la la comunicación a la VII Reunión Microbiología del Medio Acuático celebradad en Bilbao del 25 al 27 de septiembre de 2008

Destino de Escherichia coli durante el tratamiento de aguas residuales mediante fangos activados

Presentación de la la comunicación a la VIII Reunión Microbiología del Medio Acuático celebrada en Vigo del 14 al 16 de septiembre de 2010

Ability of Urografin Density Gradients to Separate Nonculturable Subpopulations of Escherichia coli

Poster presentado a 11th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology(ISME -11)celebrado en Viena del 20 al 25 de agosto de 2006

Fate of Escherichia coli during an activated sludge wastewater treatment

Poster presentado al . 3rd Congress of European Microbiologist (FEMS 2009)celebrado en Gothenburg, Suecia del 28 de junio al 2 de julio de 2009

Relação dos sistemas de reparo de DNA em Escherichia coli K-12 com resistência a antibióticos, características adesivas e formação de biofilme

As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) são geradas durante o metabolismo celular normal e podem produzir vários danos oxidativos no DNA, tais como lesões nas bases nitrogenadas ou sítios apurínico/apirimidínico (AP). Essas lesões podem acarretar acúmulo de sítios de mutações, caso esses danos não sejam reparados. Entretanto, as bactérias possuem vários mecanismos de defesa contra as ERO que desempenham um importante papel na manutenção da fisiologia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar se sistemas enzimáticos, como o reparo por excisão de bases (BER), sistema SOS e SoxRS, interferem em respostas como a sensibilidade aos antibióticos, aderência das células bacterianas a superfícies bióticas ou abióticas e formação de biofilme. Os mutantes utilizados no presente estudo são todos derivados de Escherichia coli K-12 e os resultados obtidos mostraram que, dos mutantes BER testados, o único que apresentou diferença no perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobiamos em relação à cepa selvagem (AB1157) foi o mutante xthA- (BW9091), deficiente em exonuclease III. No teste de aderência qualitativo realizado com linhagem de células HEp-2 (originária de carcinoma de laringe humana) foi observado que onze cepas da nossa coleção, apresentaram um padrão denominando like-AA, contrastando com o que era esperado para as cepas de E. coli utilizadas como controle negativo, que apresentam aderência discreta sem padrão típico. A aderência manose-sensível via fímbria do tipo I avaliada nesse estudo mostrou que essa fimbria, possui um papel relevante na intensidade da aderência e filamentação nessas cepas estudas. A filamentação é uma resposta SOS importante para que o genoma seja reparado antes de ser partilhado pelas células filhas. Além disso, com relação à formação de biofilme, oito cepas apresentaram um biofilme forte sendo que essa resposta não foi acompanhada pelo aumento da intensidade de filamentação. Nossos resultados em conjunto sugerem o envolvimento de estresse oxidativo na definição de parâmetros como sensibilidade a antimicrobianos, padrão e intensidade de aderência, filamentação e formação de biofilme nas amostras de E. coli K-12 avaliadas neste trabalho. Sugerimos que a aderência gera estresse oxidativo causando danos no DNA, o que leva a indução do sistema SOS resultando na resposta de filamentação observada.

Citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade do Listerine em culturas de Escherichia coli e plamídios

A utilização de testes de biocompatibilidade de materiais odontológicos é necessária para avaliar a segurança dos mesmos. Listerine é um enxaguatório comercial usado para a prevenção e tratamento da gengivite. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos citotóxico e genotóxico do Listerine em culturas de Escherichia coli e plasmídios. Na avaliação da citotoxicidade, culturas de E. coli AB1157 e BW9091 foram incubadas com Listerine (10, 50 e 100%) e o crescimento acompanhado pela densidade óptica (DO) em 600nm por 7 horas(h). Para avaliar a sobrevivência, culturas de E. coli AB1157, em fase exponencial, foram centrifugadas, ressuspensas em solução salina (NaCl 0,9%) e incubadas (1h, 37C) com Listerine (10, 50, 100%, 1h, 37 C). Alíquotas foram semeadas em placas de Petri contendo meio nutritivo nos tempos 0, 30 e 60 minutos e armazenadas em estufa bacteriológica (18h, 37 C). As unidades formadoras de colônias contadas e as frações de sobrevivência (FS) calculadas. Como controles, culturas tratadas salina ou etanol (21,6%). Para genotoxicidade, plasmídios pBSK foram incubados com Listerine (10, 50 e 100%) e com etanol (2,16%, 10,8% e 21,6%), associados ou não ao SnCl2(200g/mL, 30 minutos, temperatura ambiente), realizada eletroforese em gel de agarose (0,8%, 8V/cm), observados por transiluminação UV e obtido o percentual da forma superespiralada (%SE). Os resultados indicam que o enxaguatório Listerine foi capaz de inibir o crescimento bacteriano de culturas de E. coli na maior concentração utilizada. O enxaguatório, na maior concentração, diminuiu a sobrevivência das culturas bacterianas testadas. Listerine não modificou o perfil eletroforético do plasmídios, indicando ausência de efeito genotóxico e também foi capaz de proteger os plamídios da ação do SnCl2. Além disso, o etanol, na mesma concentração presente no Listerine, não alterou o perfil eletroforético dos plasmídios, sendo capaz de protegê-lo da ação do SnCl2. Os resultados indicaram que o Listerine apresentou efeito citotóxico em culturas de E. coli e ausência de potencial genotóxico em plamídios, sendo capaz de protegê-los, bem como o etanol, dos efeitos genotóxicos do SnCl2.

Kinetics and mechanisms of adsorption of Escherichia coli bacteriophage T_4 to activated carbon

A study was conducted on the adsorption of Escherichia coli bacteriophage T₄ to activated carbon. Preliminary adsorption experiments were also made with poliovirus Type III. The effectiveness of such adsorbents as diatomaceous earth, Ottawa sand, and coconut charcoal was also tested for virus adsorption.

The kinetics of adsorption were studied in an agitated solution containing virus and carbon. The mechanism of attachment and site characteristics were investigated by varying pH and ionic strength and using site-blocking reagents.

Plaque assay procedures were developed for bacteriophage T₄ on Escherichia coli cells and poliovirus Type III on monkey kidney cells. Factors influencing the efficiency of plaque formation were investigated.

The kinetics of bacteriophage T₄ adsorption to activated carbon can be described by a reversible second-order equation. The reaction order was first order with respect to both virus and carbon concentration. This kinetic representation, however, is probably incorrect at optimum adsorption conditions, which occurred at a pH of 7.0 and ionic strength of 0.08. At optimum conditions the adsorption rate was satisfactorily described by a diffusion-limited process. Interpretation of adsorption data by a development of the diffusion equation for Langmuir adsorption yielded a diffusion coefficient of 12 X 10^-8 cm²/sec for bacteriophage T₄. This diffusion coefficient is in excellent agreement with the accepted value of 8 X 10^-8 cm²/sec. A diffusion-limited theory may also represent adsorption at conditions other than the maximal. A clear conclusion on the limiting process cannot be made.

Adsorption of bacteriophage T₄ to activated carbon obeys the Langmuir isotherm and is thermodynamically reversible. Thus virus is not inactivated by adsorption. Adsorption is unimolecular with very inefficient use of the available carbon surface area. The virus is probably completely excluded from pores due to its size.

Adsorption is of a physical nature and independent of temperature. Attraction is due to electrostatic forces between the virus and carbon. Effects of pH and ionic strength indicated that carboxyl groups, amino groups, and the virus's tail fibers are involved in the attachment of virus to carbon. The active sites on activated carbon for adsorption of bacteriophage T₄ are carboxyl groups. Adsorption can be completely blocked by esterifying these groups.