Context-aware real-time assistant architecture for pervasive healthcare

The aging population in many countries brings into focus rising healthcare costs and pressure on conventional healthcare services. Pervasive healthcare has emerged as a viable solution capable of providing a technology-driven approach to alleviate such problems by allowing healthcare to move from the hospital-centred care to self-care, mobile care, and at-home care. The state-of-the-art studies in this field, however, lack a systematic approach for providing comprehensive pervasive healthcare solutions from data collection to data interpretation and from data analysis to data delivery. In this thesis we introduce a Context-aware Real-time Assistant (CARA) architecture that integrates novel approaches with state-of-the-art technology solutions to provide a full-scale pervasive healthcare solution with the emphasis on context awareness to help maintaining the well-being of elderly people. CARA collects information about and around the individual in a home environment, and enables accurately recognition and continuously monitoring activities of daily living. It employs an innovative reasoning engine to provide accurate real-time interpretation of the context and current situation assessment. Being mindful of the use of the system for sensitive personal applications, CARA includes several mechanisms to make the sophisticated intelligent components as transparent and accountable as possible, it also includes a novel cloud-based component for more effective data analysis. To deliver the automated real-time services, CARA supports interactive video and medical sensor based remote consultation. Our proposal has been validated in three application domains that are rich in pervasive contexts and real-time scenarios: (i) Mobile-based Activity Recognition, (ii) Intelligent Healthcare Decision Support Systems and (iii) Home-based Remote Monitoring Systems.

Teaching yoga to seniors: essential considerations to enhance safety and reduce risk in a uniquely vulnerable age group.

BACKGROUND: Seniors age 65 and older represent the fastest-growing sector of the population and, like many Americans, are increasingly drawn to yoga. This presents both an extraordinary opportunity and a serious challenge for yoga instructors who must be both a resource and guardians of safety for this uniquely vulnerable group. A typical class of seniors is likely to represent the most diverse mix of abilities of any age group. While some may be exceedingly healthy, most fit the profile of the average older adult in America, 80% of whom have at least one chronic health condition and 50% of whom have at least two. OBJECTIVES: This article discusses the Therapeutic Yoga for Seniors program, offered since 2007 at Duke Integrative Medicine to fill a critical need to help yoga instructors work safely and effectively with the increasing number of older adults coming to yoga classes, and explores three areas that pose the greatest risk of compromise to older adult students: sedentary lifestyle, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. To provide a skillful framework for teaching yoga to seniors, we have developed specific Principles of Practice that integrate the knowledge gained from Western medicine with yogic teachings.

Evaluation of extended training for general practice in Northern Ireland: qualitative study.

Objective To evaluate participants' perceptions of the impact on them of an additional six months' training beyond the standard 12 month general practice vocational training scheme. Design Qualitative study using focus groups. Setting General practice vocational training in Northern Ireland. Participants 13 general practitioner registrars, six of whom participated in the additional six months' training, and four trainers involved in the additional six months' training. Main outcome measures: Participants' views about their experiences in 18 month and 12 month courses. Results Participants reported that the 12 month course was generally positive but was too pressurised and focused on examinations, and also that it had a negative impact on self care. The nature of the learning and assessment was reported to have left participants feeling averse to further continuing education and lacking in confidence. In contrast, the extended six month component was reported to have restimulated learning by focusing more on patient care and promoting self directed learning. It developed confidence, promoted teamwork, and gave experience of two practice contexts, and was reported as valuable by both ex-registrars and trainers. However, both the 12 and 18 month courses left participants feeling underprepared for practice management and self care. Conclusions 12 months' training in general practice does not provide doctors with the necessary competencies and confidence to enter independent practice. The extended period was reported to promote greater professional development, critical evaluation skills, and orientation to lifelong learning but does not fill all the gaps.

El uso de la musicoterapia para la mejora de la comunicación de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista en Aulas Abiertas Especializadas

Los beneficios que aporta la musicoterapia en alumnos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista, han sido demostrados profusamente por los distintos autores, si bien carecemos de literatura suficiente sobre su utilización en las Aulas Abiertas Especializadas en colegios ordinarios (Aulas TEA). En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo, ha consistido en analizar qué mejoras aporta la musicoterapia al desarrollo de la comunicación en los alumnos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista dentro de las Aulas Abiertas de los CEIPs de Castilla-La Mancha y la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Para ello, se ha realizado una amplia revisión documental de fuentes de referencia y se ha entrevistado a los docentes responsables de las Aulas Abiertas Especializadas que utilizan actividades de musicoterapia como recurso en el aula. Se concluye el artículo manifestando, en primer lugar, la escasa integración de la musicoterapia en las aulas TEA (menos del 20% de los centros). En aquellas aulas que sí se programa con actividades de musicoterapia, los beneficios que ésta aporta se ven reflejados en un incremento claro de la intención comunicativa en los alumnos. Además, a la hora de planificar las actividades se tiene muy en cuenta conocer las preferencias y la historia musical del niño. No obstante, existen factores que impiden el aprovechamiento total de las posibilidades terapéuticas de la musicoterapia debido, especialmente a: a) una escasa formación del profesorado y b) un espacio inadecuado para poner en práctica una sesión de musicoterapia.

Parent-off spring associations in wintering brent geese: parental investment or mutual assistance?

The continued parent-offspring associations in the Eastern Canadian High Arctic light-bellied brent goose Branta bernicla hrota was examined to determine whether this is an example of continued parental investment or mutual assistance. Adults with juveniles spend more than twice as much time being vigilant and aggressive than do those without offspring. The loss of a partner, however, does not result in the remaining parent increasing parental care but does result in increased 'self-care' by the juveniles. Neither parents nor single-parent juveniles appear to pay an energetic cost relative to non-parental adults and two-parent juveniles, respectively. Differences in the feeding distribution of parents and non-parents and equivalent or better physical condition suggests that families are able to maintain access to a superior food supply over the winter. Passive 'assistance' by juveniles may assist in maintaining this position in favoured areas, and this is achieved with little overt aggression. The present study thus provides no data that show a net cost to parents by remaining with their juveniles over the winter period. Thus, mutual assistance might be a better explanation of the prolonged association rather than a period of parental investment with an overall cost.

Comparing the experiences of rural and urban family caregivers of the terminally ill

Introduction: There are many challenges in delivering rural health services; this is particularly true for the delivery of palliative care. Previous work has identified consistent themes around end-of-life care, including caregiver burden in providing care, the importance of informal care networks and barriers imposed by geography. Despite these well-known barriers, few studies have explored the experience of palliative care in rural settings. The purpose of the present study was to compare the experiences of rural family caregivers actively providing end-of-life care to the experiences of their urban counterparts. Methods: Caregivers' perceived health status, the experience of burden in caregiving, assessment of social supports and the pattern of formal care used by the terminally ill were explored using a consistent and standardized measurement approach. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted with 100 informal caregivers (44 rural, 56 urban) actively providing care to a terminally ill patient recruited from a publicly funded community agency located in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The telephone-based survey included questions assessing: (i) caregiver perceived burden (14-item instrument based on the Caregiver's Burden Scale in End-of-Life Care [CBS-EOLC]); (ii) perceived social support (modified version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS] consisting of 12 items); and (iii) functional status of the care recipient (assessed using the Eastern Collaborative Oncology Group performance scale). Results: Rural and urban caregivers were providing care to recipients with similar functional status; the majority of care recipients were either capable of all self-care or experiencing some limitation in self-care. No group differences were observed for caregiver perceived burden: both rural and urban caregivers reported low levels of burden (CBS-EOLC score of 26.5 [SD=8.1] and 25.0 [SD=9.2], respectively; p=0.41). Urban and rural caregivers also reported similarly high levels of social support (mean MSPSS total score of 4.3 [SD=0.7] and 4.1 [SD=0.8], respectively; p=0.40). Although caregivers across both settings reported using a comparable number of services (rural 4.8 [SD=1.9] vs urban 4.5 [SD=1.8]; p=0.39), the types of services used differed. Rural caregivers reported greater use of family physicians (65.1% vs 40.7%; p=0.02), emergency room visits (31.8% vs 13.0%; p=0.02) and pharmacy services (95.3% vs 70.4%; p=0.002), while urban caregivers reported greater use of caregiver respite services (29.6% vs 11.6%; p=0.03). Conclusion: Through the use of standardized tools, this study explored the experiences of rural informal family caregivers providing palliative care in contrast to the experiences of their urban counterparts. The results of the present study suggest that while there are commonalities to the caregiving experience regardless of setting, key differences also exist. Thus, location is a factor to be considered when implementing palliative care programs and services. © K Brazil, S Kaasalainen, A Williams, C Rodriguez, 2013.

A children's nurse's role in the global development of a child with diabetes mellitus.

The nursing care of a six year old with type 1 diabetes reveals the importance of accurate control of the condition for normal physical, emotional and cognitive development. Clearly the children's nurse can educate and support the child, parents and extended family towards achieving independence and self-care. Theoretical knowledge of normal child maturation can guide nurses to constantly adapt their modes of communication and nursing skills, so as to promote every aspect and stage of the child's growth. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes is increasing, and nurses should use their close professional involvement with patients to assist research at every opportunity.

“A quiet still voice that just touches”: music’s relevance for adults living with life-threatening cancer diagnoses.

Purpose
Music has historically aided health and loss-adaptation, however, cancer patients’ experience of music for self-care is not well understood. This study examines adult cancer patients’ views about music’s role before and after diagnosis.
Methods
Constructivist approach, with grounded theory informed design using convenience, snowball and theoretical sampling. Patients from Australian metropolitan cancer and hospice settings completed demographic questionnaires and participated in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative inter-rater reliability was applied.
Results
Fifty-two patients reported comparable time spent experiencing music pre-post diagnosis. Music may remain incidental; however, many patients adapt music usage to ameliorate cancer’s aversive effects. Patients often draw from their musical lives and explore unfamiliar music to: remain connected with pre-illness identities; strengthen capacity for enduring treatment, ongoing survival (even when knowing “you’re going to die”), or facing death; reframe upended worlds; and live enriched lives. Patients can ascribe human or physical properties to music when describing its transformative effects. Familiar lyrics maybe reinterpreted, and patients’ intensified emotional reactions to music can reflect their threatened mortality. Sometimes music becomes inaccessible, elusive, and/or intensifies distress and is avoided. Families’, friends’ and professionals’ recognition of patients’ altered musical lives and music-based suggestions can extend patients’ use of music for self-care.
Conclusion
Health professionals can support patients by inquiring about their music behaviours and recognising that altered music usage may signify vulnerability. Although commonly recommended, hospital concerts and music broadcasts need sensitive delivery. Patients’ preferred music should be available in diagnostic, treatment and palliative settings because it can promote endurance and life enrichment.

Effect of a Web-Based Behavior Change Program on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults at High Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Disease:Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND: Web-based programs are a potential medium for supporting weight loss because of their accessibility and wide reach. Research is warranted to determine the shorter- and longer-term effects of these programs in relation to weight loss and other health outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the effects of a Web-based component of a weight loss service (Imperative Health) in an overweight/obese population at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) using a randomized controlled design and a true control group.

METHODS: A total of 65 overweight/obese adults at high risk of CVD were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 groups. Group 1 (n=32) was provided with the Web-based program, which supported positive dietary and physical activity changes and assisted in managing weight. Group 2 continued with their usual self-care (n=33). Assessments were conducted face-to-face. The primary outcome was between-group change in weight at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included between-group change in anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid measurements, physical activity, and energy intake at 3, 6, and 12 months. Interviews were conducted to explore participants' views of the Web-based program.

RESULTS: Retention rates for the intervention and control groups at 3 months were 78% (25/32) vs 97% (32/33), at 6 months were 66% (21/32) vs 94% (31/33), and at 12 months were 53% (17/32) vs 88% (29/33). Intention-to-treat analysis, using baseline observation carried forward imputation method, revealed that the intervention group lost more weight relative to the control group at 3 months (mean -3.41, 95% CI -4.70 to -2.13 kg vs mean -0.52, 95% CI -1.55 to 0.52 kg, P<.001), at 6 months (mean -3.47, 95% CI -4.95 to -1.98 kg vs mean -0.81, 95% CI -2.23 to 0.61 kg, P=.02), but not at 12 months (mean -2.38, 95% CI -3.48 to -0.97 kg vs mean -1.80, 95% CI -3.15 to -0.44 kg, P=.77). More intervention group participants lost ≥5% of their baseline body weight at 3 months (34%, 11/32 vs 3%, 1/33, P<.001) and 6 months (41%, 13/32 vs 18%, 6/33, P=.047), but not at 12 months (22%, 7/32 vs 21%, 7/33, P=.95) versus control group. The intervention group showed improvements in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and adopted more positive dietary and physical activity behaviors for up to 3 months verus control; however, these improvements were not sustained.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the intervention group had high attrition levels, this study provides evidence that this Web-based program can be used to initiate clinically relevant weight loss and lower CVD risk up to 3-6 months based on the proportion of intervention group participants losing ≥5% of their body weight versus control group. It also highlights a need for augmenting Web-based programs with further interventions, such as in-person support to enhance engagement and maintain these changes.

Diabetes Distress: Understanding the Hidden Struggles of Living with Diabetes and Exploring Intervention Strategies

Diabetes Distress is a rational emotional response to the threat of a life-changing illness. Distinct from depression, it is rooted in the demands of diabetes management and is a product of psychological adjustment. Diabetes distress has been found to be significantly associated with HbA1c and self-care, which demonstrates its clinical use in treatment outcomes. Interpersonal factors such as perceived support and protectiveness of partners significantly contribute to elevated distress, suggesting that these are valued areas of focus for interventions. Pioneering large-scale research, DAWN2, gives voices to the families of those with diabetes and reaffirms the need to consider psychosocial factors in routine diabetes care. Structured diabetes education programmes are the most widely used in helping individuals cope with diabetes, but they fail to consider the psychological or interpersonal aspects of diabetes management. Psycho-educational approaches are found to be effective in reducing diabetes distress while also improving HbA1c. Certain limitations in the current literature are discussed, along with future directions. Of utmost importance is the need for health practitioners, irrespective of background, to demonstrate an understanding of diabetes distress and actively engage in discussion with individuals struggling to cope with diabetes; to normalize this and integrate it into routine diabetes practice.

Demência e intervenção familiar: visão sistémica e desenvolvimental

A prestação de cuidados familiares, centrada nos desafios colocados ao cuidador principal, particularmente no âmbito das condições demenciais, tem vindo a assumir-se desde a década de 1980 como um tema fulcral no contexto das famílias envelhecidas e da pesquisa gerontológica. Neste contexto, um leque diversificado de intervenções têm sido desenvolvidas para apoiar os cuidadores familiares de pessoas com demência. Estas intervenções têm evidenciado algumas limitações, nomeadamente: a unidade de intervenção é a pessoa com demência ou o cuidador principal, não considerando a família como unidade; a fragmentação do apoio, em que serviços sociais, de saúde, educacionais e de suporte funcionam como estruturas paralelas e independentes; e as abordagens são geralmente centradas na doença, negligenciando os recursos e competências dos participantes (fatores salutogénicos). Neste estudo procedeu-se ao desenho, implementação e avaliação de um programa integrado, para pessoas com demência e suas famílias, baseado numa abordagem colaborativa e de capacitação: proFamílias-demência. Este programa tem três componentes: (a) sessões psicoeducativas para os familiares da pessoa com demência, num formato de grupo de discussão multifamílias; (b) sessões de ocupação significativa para as pessoas com demência; e (c) serviço de referência pós-intervenção para garantir a continuidade de apoio. O proFamílias-demência envolveu cinco famílias (seis participantes). A avaliação indica que os aspetos estruturais e funcionais são adequados. Em termos de impacto a médio prazo (três meses), as famílias referem que o programa permitiu a consciencialização da importância do autocuidado, melhor gestão emocional e mais união familiar. Neste estudo também se analisou a influência da prestação de cuidados a um familiar com demência no desenvolvimento do cuidador idoso. Adotou-se a abordagem da integridade familiar (King & Wynne, 2004) como quadro conceptual e o instrumento de recolha de dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada recomendada nesta abordagem. A amostra envolve 26 cuidadores familiares idosos (mais de 64 anos) que nas suas casas cuidam de um familiar com demência. Os principais resultados sugerem que a prestação de cuidados a um familiar com demência influencia a construção da integridade familiar em termos: (a) concretização de projetos de vida; (b) frequência de contactos com a família; (c) possibilidade de reciprocidade do cuidador; e (d) resolução de conflitos familiares. No entanto, os resultados reforçam que a forma como o cuidador percebe, vivencia e interpreta a prestação de cuidados é fundamental na construção da integridade familiar. Em geral, a investigação desenvolvida nesta tese permitiu: (a) desenvolver linhas orientadoras para a implementação de programas de apoio psicoeducativo junto de pessoas com demência e suas famílias; e (b) contribuir para o desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos sobre os processos de desenvolvimento individual de cuidadores idosos. Estudos futuros envolvendo amostras mais alargadas e combinando a utilização de metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas são necessários. A avaliação dos custos e ganhos económicos decorrentes destes programas também se revela primordial.

Psicomotricidade e resiliência em crianças brasileiras e portuguesas: um estudo comparativo para a melhoria no ensino-aprendizagem

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da aplicação de um programa que visa o desenvolvimento psicomotor e a resiliência em crianças brasileiras (de classes desfavorecidas) e portuguesas (meio rural). Foram implementados 3 estudos: no primeiro, exploratório, foi realizado um programa de intervenção na área da resiliência com 76 crianças portuguesas e 151 crianças brasileiras com idades entre os 3 e os 5 anos de idade, divididas em Grupo Experimental (submetido ao programa de intervenção Strong Start Pré- K, da Universidade do Oregon, adaptado às realidades portuguesa e brasileira) e Grupo Controlo (sem intervenção),avaliadas pelo questionário WeBeST (Well-Being Screening Tool) antes e depois da intervenção. O segundo estudo realizado numa ONG brasileira pretende avaliar o efeito da psicomotricidade e foi dividido em duas fases: fase A, que contou 32 crianças brasileiras de 5 anos de idade, que frequentam a Instituição em período integral e 28 crianças que frequentam em meio período. Na fase B foi aplicado um programa de intervenção (nas 28 crianças da fase A) para se avaliar o efeito dessa intervenção. O instrumento de avaliação utilizado na área foi o Inventário Portage, adaptado e operacionalizado para a população brasileira, que consta de 580 itens divididos em seis áreas (Autocuidados, Cognição, Desenvolvimento Motor, Estimulação Infantil, Linguagem e Socialização). O terceiro estudo avaliou apenas nas crianças de 5 anos, os efeitos da resiliência e psicomotricidade nas 28 crianças brasileiras da fase A e B (do estudo 2) e em 35 crianças portuguesas (do estudo 1). Pudemos constatar no primeiro estudo que quer as crianças portuguesas, quer as brasileiras submetidas ao programa de intervenção na área da resiliência obtiveram melhores resultados que as não submetidas ao mesmo programa. Quanto aos resultados obtidos na fase A do segundo estudo na área da psicomotricidade, as crianças da ONG brasileira, que frequentavam o período integral obtiveram melhores resultados que as não requentavam. Já na fase B, estas ao serem submetidas ao programa de intervenção específico, obtiveram resultados significativos, o que sugere que o Programa de intervenção foi eficaz, quer para as crianças que o tiveram anteriormente no período integral, quer para as que foram submetidas a ele na fase posterior. No último estudo, as crianças brasileiras apresentaram melhores resultados que as portuguesas. Não foi possível fazer um estudo comparativo entre Portugal e Brasil, relativamente à área da psicomotricidade, visto que na realidade portuguesa, desde os anos 70 é obrigatória na educação pré-escolar a psicomotricidade. São referidas algumas implicações psicopedagógicas resultantes deste tipo de intervenção, perspetivando a melhoria da qualidade de ensino e aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento de personalidades resilientes das crianças.

Processos de cuidar em enfermagem:idosos com hipertenção arterial

Tese de doutoramento, Enfermagem, Universidade de Lisboa, com a participação da Escola Superior de Enfermagem, 2014

O efeito das ações de educação na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica nos recursos de saúde, exacerbações e na autoeficácia: revisão sistemática

Introdução: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC) é considerada uma das principais causas de morbilidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, atingindo substancialmente o contexto económico e social. As ações de educação permitem capacitar o doente na gestão e controlo da sua doença, no desenvolvimento do empowerment e na aquisição de estratégias para melhorar os vários outcomes da doença crónica. Têm sido propostas como medidas para limitar a crescente carga e custos de saúde. Contudo, ainda se encontra incerta a sua eficácia nesta patologia. Objetivo: Analisar as implicações das ações educativas de self-management sobre a DPOC, nomeadamente ao nível da recorrência aos serviços de saúde, nas exacerbações, na autoeficácia e na medicação. Métodos: Estudos controlados e randomizados, escritos em inglês, que incluíram ações de educação de selfmanagement foram pesquisados em bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL, ScienceDirect. Outcomes analisados: número de exacerbações, recorrência aos serviços de saúde, autoeficácia e conhecimento da DPOC, recurso a antibiótico e/ou corticosteróides. Resultados: 12 artigos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. O período de intervenção variou entre 3 a 18 meses e o número de participantes randomizados de 40 a 743. Foi observada uma diminuição da recorrência aos serviços de saúde e no aumento da autoeficácia e conhecimento da DPOC. Não foram observadas alterações na frequência de exacerbações nem no recurso a antibióticos e/ou corticosteróides. Conclusão: A implementação de ações de educação na DPOC mostrou trazer benefícios a nível da recorrência dos serviços de saúde e na autoeficácia e conhecimento acerca da DPOC. Contudo, mais estudos controlados e randomizados rigorosos são necessários.

Projeto de desenvolvimento de App de apoio ao cliente para operador de telecomunicações

Trabalho de projeto apresentado à Escola Superior de Comunicação Social como parte dos requisitos para obtenção de grau de mestre em Publicidade e Marketing.