Persistência da lactação e Influência da estrutura de dados sobre a estimação de parâmetros genéticos para a produção de leite de bovinos da raça Holandesa

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Cluster and meta-analyses of genetic parameters for feed intake traits in growing beef cattle

A data set based on 50 studies including feed intake and utilization traits was used to perform a meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates using the variance between studies of genetic parameters for average daily gain (ADG); residual feed intake (RFI); metabolic body weight (MBW); feed conversion ratio (FCR); and daily dry matter intake (DMI) in beef cattle. The total data set included 128 heritability and 122 genetic correlation estimates published in the literature from 1961 to 2012. The meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model where the restricted maximum likelihood estimator was used to evaluate variances among clusters. Also, a meta-analysis using the method of cluster analysis was used to group the heritability estimates. Two clusters were obtained for each trait by different variables. It was observed, for all traits, that the heterogeneity of variance was significant between clusters and studies for genetic correlation estimates. The pooled estimates, adding the variance between clusters, for direct heritability estimates for ADG, DMI, RFI, MBW and FCR were 0.32 +/- 0.04, 0.39 +/- 0.03, 0.31 +/- 0.02, 0.31 +/- 0.03 and 0.26 +/- 0.03, respectively. Pooled genetic correlation estimates ranged from -0.15 to 0.67 among ADG, DMI, RFI, MBW and FCR. These pooled estimates of genetic parameters could be used to solve genetic prediction equations in populations where data is insufficient for variance component estimation. Cluster analysis is recommended as a statistical procedure to combine results from different studies to account for heterogeneity.

Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a proportional meta-analysis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Reaction norms for the study of genotype-environment interaction for growth and indicator traits of sexual precocity in Nellore cattle

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aplicação de modelos de regressão aleatória utilizando diferentes estruturas de dados

A total of 3.035 lactations of Holstein cows from four farms in the Southeast, to check the influence of data structure of milk yield on the genetic parameters. Four dataset with different structures were tested, weekly controls (CW) with 122.842 controls, monthly controls (CM) 30.883, bimonthly controls (CB) with 15,837 and quarterly controls (CQ) with 12,702. The random regression model was used and was considered as random additive genetic and permanent environment effects, fixed effects of the contemporary groups (herd-year-month of test-day) and age of cow (linear and quadratic effects). Heritability estimates showed similar trends among the data files analyzed, with the greatest similarity between dataset CS, CM and CB. The dataset submitted all the CB estimates of genetic parameters analyzed with the same trend and similar magnitude to the CS and CM dataset, allowing the claim that there was no influence of the data structure on estimates of covariance components for the dataset CS, CM and CB. Thus, milk recording could be accomplished in a CB structure.

Antibioticoterapia para o tratamento de periotonite em diálise peritoneal: redicão sostemática de estudo clínicos controlados e série de casos

Pós-graduação em Fisiopatologia em Clínica Médica - FMB

Revisão sistemática do perfil de risco e profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso no Brasil e no mundo

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Análise genética de escores visuais e sua relação com características reprodutivas de animais da raça Nelore

Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento Animal - FCAV

Modeling spatial distribution of cancer incidence in Cordoba, Argentina

Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Argentina, and there is little knowledge about its incidence. The first study based on population-based cancer registry described spatial incidence and indicated that there existed at least county-level aggregation. The aim of the present work is to model the incidence patterns for the most incidence cancer in Córdoba Province, Argentina, using information from the Córdoba Cancer Registry by performing multilevel mixed model approach to deal with dependence and unobserved heterogeneity coming from the geo-reference cancer occurrence. Methods: Standardized incidence rates (world standard population) (SIR) by sex based on 5-year age groups were calculated for 109 districts nested on 26 counties for the most incidence cancers in Cordoba using 2004 database. A Poisson twolevel random effect model representing unobserved heterogeneity between first level-districts and second level-counties was fitted to assess the spatial distribution of the overall and site specific cancer incidence rates. Results: SIR cancer at Córdoba province shown an average of 263.53±138.34 and 200.45±98.30 for men and women, respectively. Considering the ratio site specific mean SIR to the total mean, breast cancer ratio was 0.25±0.19, prostate cancer ratio was 0.12±0.10 and lower values for lung and colon cancer for both sexes. The Poisson two-level random intercepts model fitted for SIR data distributed with overdispersion shown significant hierarchical structure for the cancer incidence distribution. Conclusions: a strong spatial-nested effect for the cancer incidence in Córdoba was observed and will help to begin the study of the factors associated with it.

Seleção genômica para características longitudinais de bovinos da raça Holandesa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Weakly anomalous diffusion with non-Gaussian propagators

A poorly understood phenomenon seen in complex systems is diffusion characterized by Hurst exponent H approximate to 1/2 but with non-Gaussian statistics. Motivated by such empirical findings, we report an exact analytical solution for a non-Markovian random walk model that gives rise to weakly anomalous diffusion with H = 1/2 but with a non-Gaussian propagator.

Photoinduced orientation in natural rubber

Azobenzene molecules and their derivatives have been widely investigated for their potential applications in optical and electrooptical devices. We have prepared a new guest-host system from natural rubber (NR) impregnated with azobenzene derivative Sudan Red B (SRB). The effects of stretching and immersion time on photoinduced orientation were investigated by birefringence signal measurements. We have found that the molecular orientation increase when the samples are stretched and decrease with the increase of immersion time. The first behavior was explained by using the random coil model and the latter was attributed to increase of the aggregation of SRB into NR matrix. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Stochastic competitive learning in complex networks

Competitive learning is an important machine learning approach which is widely employed in artificial neural networks. In this paper, we present a rigorous definition of a new type of competitive learning scheme realized on large-scale networks. The model consists of several particles walking within the network and competing with each other to occupy as many nodes as possible, while attempting to reject intruder particles. The particle's walking rule is composed of a stochastic combination of random and preferential movements. The model has been applied to solve community detection and data clustering problems. Computer simulations reveal that the proposed technique presents high precision of community and cluster detections, as well as low computational complexity. Moreover, we have developed an efficient method for estimating the most likely number of clusters by using an evaluator index that monitors the information generated by the competition process itself. We hope this paper will provide an alternative way to the study of competitive learning.

Association Between Use of Lung-Protective Ventilation With Lower Tidal Volumes and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Without Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome A Meta-analysis

Context Lung-protective mechanical ventilation with the use of lower tidal volumes has been found to improve outcomes of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It has been suggested that use of lower tidal volumes also benefits patients who do not have ARDS. Objective To determine whether use of lower tidal volumes is associated with improved outcomes of patients receiving ventilation who do not have ARDS. Data Sources MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to August 2012. Study Selection Eligible studies evaluated use of lower vs higher tidal volumes in patients without ARDS at onset of mechanical ventilation and reported lung injury development, overall mortality, pulmonary infection, atelectasis, and biochemical alterations. Data Extraction Three reviewers extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. Disagreement was resolved by consensus. Data Synthesis Twenty articles (2822 participants) were included. Meta-analysis using a fixed-effects model showed a decrease in lung injury development (risk ratio [RR], 0.33; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.47; I-2, 0%; number needed to treat [NNT], 11), and mortality (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.89; I-2, 0%; NNT, 23) in patients receiving ventilation with lower tidal volumes. The results of lung injury development were similar when stratified by the type of study (randomized vs nonrandomized) and were significant only in randomized trials for pulmonary infection and only in nonrandomized trials for mortality. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model showed, in protective ventilation groups, a lower incidence of pulmonary infection (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.92; I-2, 32%; NNT, 26), lower mean (SD) hospital length of stay (6.91 [2.36] vs 8.87 [2.93] days, respectively; standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.51; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.82; I-2, 75%), higher mean (SD) PaCO2 levels (41.05 [3.79] vs 37.90 [4.19] mm Hg, respectively; SMD, -0.51; 95% CI, -0.70 to -0.32; I-2, 54%), and lower mean (SD) pH values (7.37 [0.03] vs 7.40 [0.04], respectively; SMD, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.31 to 2.02; I-2, 96%) but similar mean (SD) ratios of PaO2 to fraction of inspired oxygen (304.40 [65.7] vs 312.97 [68.13], respectively; SMD, 0.11; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.27; I-2, 60%). Tidal volume gradients between the 2 groups did not influence significantly the final results. Conclusions Among patients without ARDS, protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes was associated with better clinical outcomes. Some of the limitations of the meta-analysis were the mixed setting of mechanical ventilation (intensive care unit or operating room) and the duration of mechanical ventilation. JAMA. 2012;308(16):1651-1659 www.jama.com

Organizzazione strutturale della catena respiratoria mitocondriale

La catena respiratoria mitocondriale è principalmente costituita da proteine integrali della membrana interna, che hanno la capacità di accoppiare il flusso elettronico, dovuto alle reazioni redox che esse catalizzano, al trasporto di protoni dalla matrice del mitocondrio verso lo spazio intermembrana. Qui i protoni accumulati creano un gradiente elettrochimico utile per la sintesi di ATP ad opera dell’ATP sintasi. Nonostante i notevoli sviluppi della ricerca sulla struttura e sul meccanismo d’azione dei singoli enzimi della catena, la sua organizzazione sovramolecolare, e le implicazioni funzionali che ne derivano, rimangono ancora da chiarire in maniera completa. Da questa problematica trae scopo la presente tesi volta allo studio dell’organizzazione strutturale sovramolecolare della catena respiratoria mediante indagini sia cinetiche che strutturali. Il modello di catena respiratoria più accreditato fino a qualche anno fa si basava sulla teoria delle collisioni casuali (random collision model) che considera i complessi come unità disperse nel doppio strato lipidico, ma collegate funzionalmente tra loro da componenti a basso peso molecolare (Coenzima Q10 e citocromo c). Recenti studi favoriscono invece una organizzazione almeno in parte in stato solido, in cui gli enzimi respiratori si presentano sotto forma di supercomplessi (respirosoma) con indirizzamento diretto (channeling) degli elettroni tra tutti i costituenti, senza distinzione tra fissi e mobili. L’importanza della comprensione delle relazioni che si instaurano tra i complessi , deriva dal fatto che la catena respiratoria gioca un ruolo fondamentale nell’invecchiamento, e nello sviluppo di alcune malattie cronico degenerative attraverso la genesi di specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS). E’ noto, infatti, che i ROS aggrediscono, anche i complessi respiratori e che questi, danneggiati, producono più ROS per cui si instaura un circolo vizioso difficile da interrompere. La nostra ipotesi è che, oltre al danno a carico dei singoli complessi, esista una correlazione tra le modificazioni della struttura del supercomplesso, stress ossidativo e deficit energetico. Infatti, la dissociazione del supercomplesso può influenzare la stabilità del Complesso I ed avere ripercussioni sul trasferimento elettronico e protonico; per cui non si può escludere che ciò porti ad un’ulteriore produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno. I dati sperimentali prodotti a sostegno del modello del respirosoma si riferiscono principalmente a studi strutturali di elettroforesi su gel di poliacrilammide in condizioni non denaturanti (BN-PAGE) che, però, non danno alcuna informazione sulla funzionalità dei supercomplessi. Pertanto nel nostro laboratorio, abbiamo sviluppato una indagine di tipo cinetico, basata sull’analisi del controllo di flusso metabolico,in grado di distinguere, funzionalmente, tra supercomplessi e complessi respiratori separati. Ciò è possibile in quanto, secondo la teoria del controllo di flusso, in un percorso metabolico lineare composto da una serie di enzimi distinti e connessi da intermedi mobili, ciascun enzima esercita un controllo (percentuale) differente sull’intero flusso metabolico; tale controllo è definito dal coefficiente di controllo di flusso, e la somma di tutti i coefficienti è uguale a 1. In un supercomplesso, invece, gli enzimi sono organizzati come subunità di una entità singola. In questo modo, ognuno di essi controlla in maniera esclusiva l’intero flusso metabolico e mostra un coefficiente di controllo di flusso pari a 1 per cui la somma dei coefficienti di tutti gli elementi del supercomplesso sarà maggiore di 1. In questa tesi sono riportati i risultati dell’analisi cinetica condotta su mitocondri di fegato di ratto (RLM) sia disaccoppiati, che accoppiati in condizioni fosforilanti (stato 3) e non fosforilanti (stato 4). L’analisi ha evidenziato l’associazione preferenziale del Complesso I e Complesso III sia in mitocondri disaccoppiati che accoppiati in stato 3 di respirazione. Quest’ultimo risultato permette per la prima volta di affermare che il supercomplesso I+III è presente anche in mitocondri integri capaci della fosforilazione ossidativa e che il trasferimento elettronico tra i due complessi possa effettivamente realizzarsi anche in condizioni fisiologiche, attraverso un fenomeno di channeling del Coenzima Q10. Sugli stessi campioni è stata eseguita anche un analisi strutturale mediante gel-elettroforesi (2D BN/SDS-PAGE) ed immunoblotting che, oltre a supportare i dati cinetici sullo stato di aggregazione dei complessi respiratori, ci ha permesso di evidenziare il ruolo del citocromo c nel supercomplesso, in particolare per il Complesso IV e di avviare uno studio comparativo esteso ai mitocondri di cuore bovino (BHM), di tubero di patata (POM) e di S. cerevisiae.