Effects of forage type on diversity in bacterial pellets isolated from liquid and solid phases of the rumen content in sheep and goats.

Two sheep and two goats, fitted with a ruminal cannula, received two diets composed of 30% concentrate and 70% of either alfalfa hay (AL) or grass hay (GR) as forage in a two-period crossover design. Solid and liquid phases of the rumen were sampled from each animal immediately before feeding and 4 h post-feeding. Pellets containing solid associated bacteria (SAB) and liquid associated bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the corresponding ruminal phase and composited by time to obtain 2 pellets per animal (one SAB and one LAB) before DNA extraction. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA was used to analyze bacterial diversity. A total of 78 and 77 bands were detected in the DGGE gel from sheep and goats samples, respectively. There were 18 bands only found in the pellets from sheep fed AL-fed sheep and 7 found exclusively in samples from sheep fed the GR diet. In goats, 21 bands were found only in animals fed the AL diet and 17 were found exclusively in GR-fed ones. In all animals, feeding AL diet tended (P < 0.10) to promote greater NB and SI in LAB and SAB pellets compared with the GR diet. The dendrogram generated by the cluster analysis showed that in both animal species all samples can be included in two major clusters. The four SAB pellets within each animal species clustered together and the four LAB pellets grouped in a different cluster. Moreover, SAB and LAB clusters contained two clear subclusters according to forage type. Results show that in all animals bacterial diversity was more markedly affected by the ruminal phase (solid vs. liquid) than by the type of forage in the diet.

Multiple maternal origins and weak phylogeographic structure in domestic goats

Domestic animals have played a key role in human history. Despite their importance, however, the origins of most domestic species remain poorly understood. We assessed the phylogenetic history and population structure of domestic goats by sequencing a hypervariable segment (481 bp) of the mtDNA control region from 406 goats representing 88 breeds distributed across the Old World. Phylogeographic analysis revealed three highly divergent goat lineages (estimated divergence >200,000 years ago), with one lineage occurring only in eastern and southern Asia. A remarkably similar pattern exists in cattle, sheep, and pigs. These results, combined with recent archaeological findings, suggest that goats and other farm animals have multiple maternal origins with a possible center of origin in Asia, as well as in the Fertile Crescent. The pattern of goat mtDNA diversity suggests that all three lineages have undergone population expansions, but that the expansion was relatively recent for two of the lineages (including the Asian lineage). Goat populations are surprisingly less genetically structured than cattle populations. In goats only ≈10% of the mtDNA variation is partitioned among continents. In cattle the amount is ≥50%. This weak structuring suggests extensive intercontinental transportation of goats and has intriguing implications about the importance of goats in historical human migrations and commerce.

Livestock health encyclopedia; the control of diseases and parasites in cattle, sheep and goats, swine, horses and mules. /

Bibliography: p. 605-613.

The book of the goat. Containing full particulars of the various breeds of goats and their profitable management.

Mode of access: Internet.

Bibliotheca scholastica : a double dictionarie, penned for all those that would haue within short space the use of the Latin tongue, either to speake, or write ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

External parasites that attack cattle, sheep, goats, horses, mules, hogs, dogs and cats.

Mode of access: Internet.

Lex, rex, or, The law and the prince : a dispute for the just prerogative of king and people, containing the reasons and causes of the most necessary defensive wars of the kingdom of Scotland and of their expedition for the aid and help of their dear brethren of England. In which their innocency is asserted and a full answer is given to a seditious pamphlet entituled, "Sacro-sancta regum majestas," or, The sacred and royal prerogative of Christian kings ; under the name of J.A., but penned by John Maxwell ... /

"De jure regni apud Scotos, a dialogue concerning the rights of the crown in Scotland" by George Buchanan -- pages [235]-283.

A treatise on cattle : shewing the most approved methods of breeding, rearing, and fitting for use, horses, asses, mules, horned cattle, sheep, goats, and swine ; with directions for the proper treatment of them in their several disorders ; to which is added, a dissertation on their contagious diseases /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Cottage economy: containing information relative to the brewing of beer, making of bread, keeping of cows, pigs, bees, ewes, goats, poultry and rabbits, and relative to other matters deemed useful in the conducting of the affairs of a labourer's family; to which are added, instructions relative to the selecting, the cutting and the bleaching of the plants of English grass and grain, for the purpose of making hats and bonnets.

Mode of access: Internet.

Cottage economy : containing information relative to the brewing of beer, making of bread, keeping of cows, pigs, bees, ewes, goats, poultry and rabbits ... to which are added, instructions relative to the selecting, the cutting and the bleaching of the plants of English grass and grain, for the purpose of making hats and bonnets /

Bound with: The English housekeeper by Anne Cobbett.

Modern milk goats; status of the milk goat industry. Methods of profitable milk production. Care and management of commercial herds and household goats.

Mode of access: Internet.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in camels, sheep and goats

The pharmacokinetics of metronidazole was determined after a single intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 30 mg.kg(-1)-body weight in five camels, sheep and goats. Marked differences were found between the three species in some of the kinetic parameters. For example, the elimination half-lives t(1/2); (h) in camels, sheep and goats were 10.0, 6.21 and 5.87, respectively. The drug maximum concentrations in plasma, C-max (mg.ml(-1)), were 28.3, 54.6 and 54.4 in camels, sheep and goats, respectively. The time to reach C-max, t(max) (h), were 5, 4 and 2 in camels, sheep and goats, respectively. The mean residence times (MRT; h) in camels, sheep and goats were 16.7, 10.8 and 8.64, respectively. In the light of the present kinetic data and known microbial sensitivities of metronidazole, we recommend an i.m. dose of 15 mg.kg(-1) in camels and 10 mg.kg(-1) in sheep and boats. every 12 h.