993 resultados para pacs: programming support


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Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for major economic losses due to abortions in cattle. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense specific microbial products and direct downstream signaling pathways in immune cells, linking innate, and adaptive immunity. Here, we analyze the role of TLR2 on innate and adaptive immune responses during N. caninum infection. Inflammatory peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells exposed to N. caninum-soluble antigens presented an upregulated expression of TLR2. Increased receptor expression was correlated to TLR2/MyD88-dependent antigen-presenting cell maturation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production after stimulation by antigens. Impaired innate responses observed after infection of mice genetically deficient for TLR2((-/-)) was followed by downregulation of adaptive T helper 1 (Th1) immunity, represented by diminished parasite-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation, IFN-gamma:interleukin (IL)-10 ratio, and IgG subclass synthesis. In parallel, TLR2(-/-) mice presented higher parasite burden than wild-type (WT) mice at acute and chronic stages of infection. These results show that initial recognition of N. caninum by TLR2 participates in the generation of effector immune responses against N. caninum and imply that the receptor may be a target for future prophylactic strategies against neosporosis. Immunology and Cell Biology (2010) 88, 825-833; doi:10.1038/icb.2010.52; published online 20 April 2010

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After providing some brief background on Dendrolagus species in Australia, two consecutive surveys of Brisbane’s residents are used to assess public knowledge of tree-kangaroos and the stated degree of support for their conservation in Australia. The responses of participants in Survey I are based on their pre-survey knowledge of wildlife. The same additional set of participants completed Survey II after being provided with information on all the wildlife species mentioned in Survey I. Changes in the attitudes of respondents and their degree of support for the protection and conservation of Australia’s tree-kangaroos are measured, including changes in their contingent valuations and stated willingness to provide financial support for such conservation. Reasons for wanting to protect tree-kangaroos are specified and analyzed. Furthermore, changes that occur in the relative importance of these reasons with increased knowledge are also examined. Support for the conservation of tree-kangaroos is found to increase with the additional knowledge supplied. Furthermore, support for the conservation of Australia’s less well-known tropical mammals is shown to increase relative to better known mammals (icons) present in temperate areas, such as koalas and red kangaroos with this increased knowledge. Possible implications of the results for government conservation policies in Australia are examined.

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Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) is a rare odontogenic tumor associated with aggressive clinical behavior, metastasis, and low survival. We report a case of CCOC affecting the mandible of a 39-year-old man. The tumor presented a biphasic pattern composed of clear cell nests intermingled with eosinophilic cells and separated by collagenous stroma. Immunoreactivity to cytokeratin (CK), specifically AE1/AE3 and CK 8, 14, 18, and 19 was found, as well as to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). The tumor cells were negative for S100 protein, CK 13, vimentin, smooth muscle actin, laminin and type IV collagen. Low labeling indices for the proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and to p53 protein might predict a favorable prognosis for the lesion. A surgical resection was performed, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. A 2-year follow-up has shown no signs of recurrence. The significance of histochemical and immunohistochemical resources in the correct diagnosis of CCOC is analyzed.

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Conservation of biodiversity is a complex issue. Apart from the creation of nature reserves, there is a plethora of other factors that are part of this complex web. One such factor is the public knowledge of species. Since public funding is imperative for the conservation of species and creation of reserves for them it is important to determine the public’s awareness of species and their knowledge about them. In the absence of such awareness and knowledge, it is possible that the public may misallocate their support. In other words, resources may be provided for species that do not need support urgently. We show how availability of balanced information about species helps the public to make rational decisions and to allocate support (e.g. monetary) to species that need it most. Other implications of a ‘wildlife knowledgeable’ public are also discussed.

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Immune challenges during neonatal period may permanently program immune responses later in life, including endotoxin fever. We tested the hypothesis that neonatal endotoxin exposure affects stress fever in adult rats. In control rats (treated with saline as neonates; nSal) body temperature peaked similar to 1.5 degrees C during open-field stress, whereas in rats exposed to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) as neonates (nLPS) stress fever was significantly attenuated. Following stress, plasma corticosterone levels significantly increased from 74.29 +/- 7.05 ng ml(-1) to 226.29 +/- 9.87 ng ml(-1) in nSal rats, and from 83.43 +/- 10.31 ng ml(-1) to 324.7 +/- 36.87 ng ml(-1) in nLPS rats. Animals treated with LPS as neonates and adrenalectomized one week before experimentation no longer displayed the attenuated febrile response to stress. This attenuated stress fever caused by an increased corticosterone secretion is likely to be linked to an inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on cyclooxygenase activity/PGE(2) production in preoptic/anteroventral third ventricular region (AV3V) since stress failed to cause a significant increase in PGE(2) in nLPS rats, and this effect was reverted by adrenalectomy. Altogether, the present results indicate that endogenous glucocorticoids are key modulators of the attenuated stress fever in adult rats treated with LPS as neonates, and they act downregulating PGE(2) production in AV3V. Moreover, our findings also support the notion that neonatal immune stimulus affects programming of stress responses during adulthood, despite the fact that inflammation and stress are two distinct processes mediated largely by different neurobiological mechanisms. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.