O processo de construção do conhecimento de medida numa abordagem fenomenológica

This research presents an investigation on the subject: Quantities and Measurements. The research is dedicated to this subject due to its importance in the school curriculum, and adopts the use of history of mathematics and investigative duties in a manner that will enable the production of knowledge by the student. Following a phenomenological orientation, we conducted field work in a public school in Guaratinguetá, with students from the 6 th grade. The analyze of data of the research, undertaken in accordance with the understanding of the texts FINI (1994), MACHADO (1994), BICUDO (1993, 2000, 2011), understanding how students construct knowledge measures. The data from field work were obtained from images recorded on video, the researcher's field diary and notes of the students. The descriptions of the data, transformed into text, had been detached the strechs most revealing for what it searchs to understand. The understood meaning through the analysis, indicates two categories: measure is to express values and measure is to compare quantities. When interpreting the open categories we understand that the student builds knowledge of measurement making comparisons

Avaliação do uso de técnicas digitais para caracterização de área degradada por empréstimo de solo: máxima verossimilhança x modelo linear de mistura espectral

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Infância e imagem: concepções sobre imagens de crianças no Facebook

In this course conclusion work intends to initially trace a brief history of childhood, watching as their design has been changing over time until you get to today, then it will be contextualized childhood and his relationship with the image, ie as this is narrated from images and phrases linked to them shared daily on a social network of communication accessed around the world, Facebook. Seek to identify the way that these images have in childhood now, in view of the existence of a Aesthetics domination over people, in the philosophical sense of the word means that which affects the senses, so the images can be produced Aesthetic emotions: ways of being, acting and feeling. For this will be a collection of materials on this web site, and to give theoretical support to work a literature will also be held, using for the basement of research, the theories of thinkers Walter Benjamin, Foucault, Philippe Aries, René Schérer

Estudo de alterações dimensionais da mandíbula medidas em radiografias panorâmicas

Rotational panoramic radiograpy is a widely used procedure for examination of the jaws. Then, the aim of this study was analyse the mandibular growth from images obtained on panoramic radiographs of male and female children with chronological age between 7-10 years old. Craniometrics points were identifyed and linear measurements obtained from mandibular body and ramus. The results showed an increase in mandibular body lenght and mandibular ramus height in both sexes. Statistically significant correlation was found between the total mandibular lenght (from codilion to mental) and mandibular body lenght (from gonion to mental), in male and female children.

Análise de formas planas em imagens digitais

Given the widespread use of computers, the visual pattern recognition task has been automated in order to address the huge amount of available digital images. Many applications use image processing techniques as well as feature extraction and visual pattern recognition algorithms in order to identify people, to make the disease diagnosis process easier, to classify objects, etc. based on digital images. Among the features that can be extracted and analyzed from images is the shape of objects or regions. In some cases, shape is the unique feature that can be extracted with a relatively high accuracy from the image. In this work we present some of most important shape analysis methods and compare their performance when applied on three well-known shape image databases. Finally, we propose the development of a new shape descriptor based on the Hough Transform.

Discriminação de classes de cobertura vegetal utilizando técnicas de classificação digital de imagens de sensoriamento remoto

The aim of this work is to discriminate vegetation classes throught remote sensing images from the satellite CBERS-2, related to winter and summer seasons in the Campos Gerais region Paraná State, Brazil. The vegetation cover of the region presents different kinds of vegetations: summer and winter cultures, reforestation areas, natural areas and pasture. Supervised classification techniques like Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and Decision Tree were evaluated, considering a set of attributes from images, composed by bands of the CCD sensor (1, 2, 3, 4), vegetation indices (CTVI, DVI, GEMI, NDVI, SR, SAVI, TVI), mixture models (soil, shadow, vegetation) and the two first main components. The evaluation of the classifications accuracy was made using the classification error matrix and the kappa coefficient. It was defined a high discriminatory level during the classes definition, in order to allow separation of different kinds of winter and summer crops. The classification accuracy by decision tree was 94.5% and the kappa coefficient was 0.9389 for the scene 157/128. For the scene 158/127, the values were 88% and 0.8667, respectively. The classification accuracy by MLC was 84.86% and the kappa coefficient was 0.8099 for the scene 157/128. For the scene 158/127, the values were 77.90% and 0.7476, respectively. The results showed a better performance of the Decision Tree classifier than MLC, especially to the classes related to cultivated crops, indicating the use of the Decision Tree classifier to the vegetation cover mapping including different kinds of crops.

Joia contemporânea: relações entre o adorno e o corpo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Métodos de previsão auto-regressivo aplicado a uma série de volume de produção de caminhões

The national truck fleet has expanded strongly in recent decades. However, due to fluctuations in the demand that the market is exposed, it needed up making more effective strategic decisions of automakers. These decisions are made after an evaluation of guaranteed sales forecasts. This work aims to generate an annual forecast of truck production by Box and Jenkins methodology. They used annual data for referring forecast modeling from the year 1957 to 2014, which were obtained by the National Association of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (Anfavea). The model used was Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and can choose the best model for the series under study, and the ARIMA (2,1,3) as representative for conducting truck production forecast

Métodos de previsão auto-regressivo aplicado a uma série de volume de produção de caminhões

The national truck fleet has expanded strongly in recent decades. However, due to fluctuations in the demand that the market is exposed, it needed up making more effective strategic decisions of automakers. These decisions are made after an evaluation of guaranteed sales forecasts. This work aims to generate an annual forecast of truck production by Box and Jenkins methodology. They used annual data for referring forecast modeling from the year 1957 to 2014, which were obtained by the National Association of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (Anfavea). The model used was Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and can choose the best model for the series under study, and the ARIMA (2,1,3) as representative for conducting truck production forecast

Assessment of nose protector for sport activities: finite element analysis

There has been a significant increase in the number of facial fractures stemming from sport activities in recent years, with the nasal bone one of the most affected structures. Researchers recommend the use of a nose protector, but there is no standardization regarding the material employed. Clinical experience has demonstrated that a combination of a flexible and rigid layer of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) offers both comfort and safety to practitioners of sports. The aim of the present study was the investigation into the stresses generated by the impact of a rigid body on the nasal bone on models with and without an EVA protector. For such, finite element analysis was employed. A craniofacial model was constructed from images obtained through computed tomography. The nose protector was modeled with two layers of EVA (1 mm of rigid EVA over 2 mm of flexible EVA), following the geometry of the soft tissue. Finite element analysis was performed using the LS Dyna program. The bone and rigid EVA were represented as elastic linear material, whereas the soft tissues and flexible EVA were represented as hyperelastic material. The impact from a rigid sphere on the frontal region of the face was simulated with a constant velocity of 20 m s-1 for 9.1 mu s. The model without the protector served as the control. The distribution of maximal stress of the facial bones was recorded. The maximal stress on the nasal bone surpassed the breaking limit of 0.130.34 MPa on the model without a protector, while remaining below this limit on the model with the protector. Thus, the nose protector made from both flexible and rigid EVA proved effective at protecting the nasal bones under high-impact conditions.

The prediction of flash evaporation in superheated fuel injections for automotive applications

In gasoline Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (GDI) internal combustion engines, the liquid fuel might be injected into a gaseous ambient in a superheated state, resulting in flash boiling of the fuel. The importance to investigate and predict such a process is due to the influence it has on the liquid fuel atomization and vaporization and thus on combustion, with direct implications on engine performances and exhaust gas emissions. The topic of the present PhD research involves the numerical analysis of the behaviour of the superheated fuel during the injection process, in high pressure injection systems like the ones equipping GDI engines. Particular emphasis is on the investigation of the effects of the fuel superheating degree on atomization dynamics and spray characteristics. The present work is a look at the flash evaporation and flash boiling modeling, from an engineering point of view, addressed to keep the complex physics involved as simple as possible, however capturing the main characteristics of a superheated fuel injection.

Neuronale Netzwerke des Zentralkomplexes und ein räumliches Arbeitsgedächtnis von Drosophila melanogaster

Zielgerichtete Orientierung ermöglicht es Lebewesen, überlebenswichtige Aufgaben, wie die Suche nach Ressourcen, Fortpflanzungspartnern und sicheren Plätzen zu bewältigen. Dafür ist es essentiell, die Umgebung sensorisch wahrzunehmen, frühere Erfahrungen zu speichern und wiederabzurufen und diese Informationen zu integrieren und in motorische Aktionen umzusetzen.rnWelche Neuronengruppen vermitteln zielgerichtete Orientierung im Gehirn einer Fliege? Welche sensorischen Informationen sind in einem gegebenen Kontext relevant und wie werden diese Informationen sowie gespeichertes Vorwissen in motorische Aktionen übersetzt? Wo findet im Gehirn der Übergang von der sensorischen Verarbeitung zur motorischen Kontrolle statt? rnDer Zentralkomplex, ein Verbund von vier Neuropilen des Zentralhirns von Drosophila melanogaster, fungiert als Übergang zwischen in den optischen Loben vorverarbeiteten visuellen Informationen und prämotorischem Ausgang. Die Neuropile sind die Protocerebralbrücke, der Fächerförmige Körper, der Ellipsoidkörper und die Noduli. rnIn der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Fruchtfliegen ein räumliches Arbeitsgedächtnis besitzen. Dieses Gedächtnis kann aktuelle visuelle Information ersetzen, wenn die Sicht auf das Zielobjekt verloren geht. Dies erfordert die sensorische Wahrnehmung von Zielobjekten, die Speicherung der Position, die kontinuierliche Integration von Eigen-und Objektposition, sowie die Umsetzung der sensorischen Information in zielgerichtete Bewegung. Durch konditionale Expression von Tetanus Toxin mittels des GAL4/UAS/GAL80ts Systems konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Ringneurone, welche in den Ellipsoidkörper projizieren, für das Orientierungsgedächtnis notwendig sind. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass Fliegen, denen die ribosomale Serinkinase S6KII fehlt, die Richtung verlieren, sobald keine Objekte mehr sichtbar sind und, dass die partielle Rettung dieser Kinase ausschließlich in den Ringneuronenklassen R3 und R4d hinreichend ist, um das Gedächtnis wieder herzustellen. Bei dieser Gedächtnisleistung scheint es sich um eine idiothetische Form der Orientierung zu handeln. rn Während das räumliche Arbeitsgedächtnis nach Verschwinden von Objekten relevant ist, wurde in der vorliegende Arbeit auch die Vermittlung zielgerichteter Bewegung auf sichtbare Objekte untersucht. Dabei wurde die zentrale Frage bearbeitet, welche Neuronengruppen visuelle Orientierung vermitteln. Anhand von Gehirnstrukturmutanten konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine intakte Protocerebralbrücke notwendig ist, um Laufgeschwindigkeit, Laufaktivität und Zielgenauigkeit bei der Ansteuerung visueller Stimuli korrekt zu vermitteln. Dabei scheint das Horizontale Fasersystem, welches von der Protocerebralbrücke über den Fächerförmigen Körper auf den Zentralkomplex assoziierte Neuropile, die Ventralkörper, projiziert, notwendig für die lokomotorische Kontrolle und die zielgenaue Bewegung zu sein. Letzeres konnte zum einen durch Blockade der synaptischen Transmission anhand konditionaler Tetanus Toxin Expression mittels des GAL4/UAS/GAL80ts Systems im Horizontalen Fasersystem gezeigt werden;. zum anderen auch durch partielle Rettung der in den Strukturmutanten betroffenen Gene. rn Den aktuellen Ergebnissen und früheren Studien folgend, ergibt sich dabei ein Modell, wie zielgerichtete Bewegung auf visuelle Stimuli neuronal vermittelt werden könnte. Nach diesem Modell bildet die Protocerebralbrücke die Azimuthpositionen von Objekten ab und das Horizontale Fasersystem vermittelt die entsprechende lokomotorische Wo-Information für zielgerichtete Bewegungen. Die Eigenposition in Relation zum Zielobjekt wird über die Ringneurone und den Ellipsoidkörper vermittelt. Wenn das Objekt aus der Sicht verschwindet, kann die Relativposition ideothetisch ermittelt werden und integriert werden mit Vorinformation über das Zielobjekt, die im Fächerförmigen Körper abgelegt ist (Was-Information). Die resultierenden Informationen könnten dann über das Horizontale Fasersystem in den Ventralkörpern auf absteigende Neurone gelangen und in den Thorax zu den motorischen Zentren weitergeleitet werden.rn

The foundations of computer assisted surgery

Using navigation systems in general orthopaedic surgery and, in particular, knee replacement is becoming more and more accepted. This paper describes the basic technological concepts of modern computer assisted surgical systems. It explains the variation in currently available systems and outlines research activities that will potentially influence future products. In general, each navigation system is defined by three components: (1) the therapeutic object is the anatomical structure that is operated on using the navigation system, (2) the virtual object represents an image of the therapeutic object, with radiological images or computer generated models potentially being used, and (3) last but not least, the navigator acquires the spatial position and orientation of instruments and anatomy thus providing the necessary data to replay surgical action in real-time on the navigation system's screen.

Flow-Centric, Back-In-Time Debugging

Conventional debugging tools present developers with means to explore the run-time context in which an error has occurred. In many cases this is enough to help the developer discover the faulty source code and correct it. However, rather often errors occur due to code that has executed in the past, leaving certain objects in an inconsistent state. The actual run-time error only occurs when these inconsistent objects are used later in the program. So-called back-in-time debuggers help developers step back through earlier states of the program and explore execution contexts not available to conventional debuggers. Nevertheless, even back-in-time debuggers do not help answer the question, ``Where did this object come from?'' The Object-Flow Virtual Machine, which we have proposed in previous work, tracks the flow of objects to answer precisely such questions, but this VM does not provide dedicated debugging support to explore faulty programs. In this paper we present a novel debugger, called Compass, to navigate between conventional run-time stack-oriented control flow views and object flows. Compass enables a developer to effectively navigate from an object contributing to an error back-in-time through all the code that has touched the object. We present the design and implementation of Compass, and we demonstrate how flow-centric, back-in-time debugging can be used to effectively locate the source of hard-to-find bugs.