Identification of neuronal network properties from the spectral analysis of calcium imaging signals in neuronal cultures

Neuronal networks in vitro are prominent systems to study the development of connections in living neuronal networks and the interplay between connectivity, activity and function. These cultured networks show a rich spontaneous activity that evolves concurrently with the connectivity of the underlying network. In this work we monitor the development of neuronal cultures, and record their activity using calcium fluorescence imaging. We use spectral analysis to characterize global dynamical and structural traits of the neuronal cultures. We first observe that the power spectrum can be used as a signature of the state of the network, for instance when inhibition is active or silent, as well as a measure of the network's connectivity strength. Second, the power spectrum identifies prominent developmental changes in the network such as GABAA switch. And third, the analysis of the spatial distribution of the spectral density, in experiments with a controlled disintegration of the network through CNQX, an AMPA-glutamate receptor antagonist in excitatory neurons, reveals the existence of communities of strongly connected, highly active neurons that display synchronous oscillations. Our work illustrates the interest of spectral analysis for the study of in vitro networks, and its potential use as a network-state indicator, for instance to compare healthy and diseased neuronal networks.

Effects of neurotrophins on synaptic protein expression in the visual cortex of dark reared rats.

Total lack of visual experience [dark rearing (DR)] is known to prolong the critical period and delay development of sensory functions in mammalian visual cortex. Recent results show that neurotrophins (NTs) counteract the effects of DR on functional properties of visual cortical cells and exert a strong control on critical period duration. NTs are known to modulate the development and synaptic efficacy of neurotransmitter systems that are affected by DR. However, it is still unknown whether the actions of NTs in dark-reared animals involve interaction with neurotransmitter systems. We have studied the effects of DR on the expression of key molecules in the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in control and NT-treated animals. We have found that DR reduced the expression of the NMDA receptor 2A subunit and its associated protein PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95), of GRIP (AMPA glutamate receptor interacting protein), and of the biosynthetic enzyme GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase). Returning dark-reared animals to light for 2 hr restored normal expression of the above-mentioned proteins almost completely. NT treatment specifically counteracts DR effects; NGF acts primarily on the NMDA system, whereas BDNF acts primarily on the GABAergic system. Finally, the action of NT4 seems to involve both excitatory and inhibitory systems. These data demonstrate that different NTs counteract DR effects by modulating the expression of key molecules of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems

Metabolite and light regulation of metabolism in plants: lessons from the study of a single biochemical pathway

We are using molecular, biochemical, and genetic approaches to study the structural and regulatory genes controlling the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen into the amino acids glutamine, glutamate, aspartate and asparagine. These amino acids serve as the principal nitrogen-transport amino acids in most crop and higher plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. We have begun to investigate the regulatory mechanisms controlling nitrogen assimilation into these amino acids in plants using molecular and genetic approaches in Arabidopsis. The synthesis of the amide amino acids glutamine and asparagine is subject to tight regulation in response to environmental factors such as light and to metabolic factors such as sucrose and amino acids. For instance, light induces the expression of glutamine synthetase (GLN2) and represses expression of asparagine synthetase (ASN1) genes. This reciprocal regulation of GLN2 and ASN1 genes by light is reflected at the level of transcription and at the level of glutamine and asparagine biosynthesis. Moreover, we have shown that the regulation of these genes is also reciprocally controlled by both organic nitrogen and carbon metabolites. We have recently used a reverse genetic approach to study putative components of such metabolic sensing mechanisms in plants that may be conserved in evolution. These components include an Arabidopsis homolog for a glutamate receptor gene originally found in animal systems and a plant PII gene, which is a homolog of a component of the bacterial Ntr system. Based on our observations on the biology of both structural and regulatory genes of the nitrogen assimilatory pathway, we have developed a model for metabolic control of the genes involved in the nitrogen assimilatory pathway in plants.

Stress-induced neuroinflammation: mechanisms and new pharmacological targets

Stress is triggered by numerous unexpected environmental, social or pathological stimuli occurring during the life of animals, including humans, which determine changes in all of their systems. Although acute stress is essential for survival, chronic, long-lasting stress can be detrimental. In this review, we present data supporting the hypothesis that stress-related events are characterized by modifications of oxidative/nitrosative pathways in the brain in response to the activation of inflammatory mediators. Recent findings indicate a key role for nitric oxide (NO) and an excess of pro-oxidants in various brain areas as responsible for both neuronal functional impairment and structural damage. Similarly, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), another known source of oxidants, may account for stress-induced brain damage. Interestingly, some of the COX-2-derived mediators, such as the prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2 and its peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor PPARγ, are activated in the brain in response to stress, constituting a possible endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism of defense against excessive inflammation. The stress-induced activation of both biochemical pathways depends on the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor and on the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). In the case of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), release of the cytokine TNF-α also accounts for its expression. Different pharmacological strategies directed towards different sites in iNOS or COX-2 pathways have been shown to be neuroprotective in stress-induced brain damage: NMDA receptor blockers, inhibitors of TNF-α activation and release, inhibitors of NFκB, specific inhibitors of iNOS and COX-2 activities and PPARγ agonists. This article reviews recent contributions to this area addressing possible new pharmacological targets for the treatment of stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.

5-HT1A autoreceptor modulation of locomotor activity induced by nitric oxide in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is the origin of ascending serotonergic projections and is considered to be an important component of the brain circuit that mediates anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. A large fraction of DRN serotonin-positive neurons contain nitric oxide (NO). Disruption of NO-mediated neurotransmission in the DRN by NO synthase inhibitors produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rats and also induces nonspecific interference with locomotor activity. We investigated the involvement of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor in the locomotor effects induced by NO in the DRN of male Wistar rats (280-310 g, N = 9-10 per group). The NO donor 3-morpholinosylnomine hydrochloride (SIN-1, 150, and 300 nmol) and the NO scavenger S-3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycine (carboxy-PTIO, 0.1-3.0 nmol) were injected into the DRN of rats immediately before they were exposed to the open field for 10 min. To evaluate the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor in the locomotor effects of NO, animals were pretreated with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 8 nmol), the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist N-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl)-N-2-pyridinyl-cyclohexanecarboxamide maleate (WAY-100635, 0.37 nmol), and the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7, 1 nmol), followed by microinjection of SIN-1 into the DRN. SIN-1 increased the distance traveled (mean ± SEM) in the open-field test (4431 ± 306.1 cm; F7,63 = 2.44, P = 0.028) and this effect was blocked by previous 8-OH-DPAT (2885 ± 490.4 cm) or AP7 (3335 ± 283.5 cm) administration (P < 0.05, Duncan test). These results indicate that 5-HT1A receptor activation and/or facilitation of glutamate neurotransmission can modulate the locomotor effects induced by NO in the DRN.

Effects of a hydroxy-cinnamoyl conjugate of spermidine in the neuromuscular junction of crayfish /

N'-coumaroyl spermidine (NlCSpd) is a plant derived chemical which is proposed to belong to a class of low molecular weight neuroactive substances called phenolic polyamines. NlCSpd is stnicturally similar to glutamate receptor blocking toxins found in certain spiders and wasps, such as JSTX-3 and NSTX-3 found in Nephila spiders. The goal of the present study was to determine if plant-derived phenolic polyamines act like other structurally related chemicals found in Arthropod venoms, such as JSTX-3, and whether they can be classified in the same pharmacological group as the spider and wasp toxins. A comparison was made to determine the relative potencies of various phenolic polyamines fi-om plants and insect venoms. This comparison was done by measuring the effect of various concentrations ofNlCSpd on the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited in muscle of the crayfish Proccanbarus clarkii. NlCSpd was also tested on L-glutamate induced potentials to determine if a postsynaptic component to sj^naptic block occurs. NlCSpd and an analogue with an a longer polyamine chain, NlCSpm, blocked EPSPs in a dose dependent manner, NlCSpd having an IC50 of lOOnM. NlCSpd also blocked L-glutamate induced potentials. The two main components of the NlCSpd molecule alone are insufficient for activity. NlCSpd acts postsynaptically by interfering with crayfish glutamatergic synaptic transmission, likely blocking glutamate receptors by interacting with the same site(s) as other phenolic polyamines. Certain moieties on the polyamines molecule are necessary for activity while others are not.

Contribution of tachykinin and kinin receptors in central autonomic control of blood pressure and behavioural activity in hypertensive rats

This work aims at studing the role of tachykinin NK-3 receptor (R) and kinin B1R in central autonomic regulation of blood pressure (BP) and to determine whether the B1R is overexpressed and functional in rat models of hypertension by measuring the effect of a B1R agonist on behavioural activity. Assumptions: (1) NK-3R located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) modulates the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and has a tonic activity in hypertension; (2) B1R is overexpressed in the brain of hypertensive rats and has a tonic activity, which contributes to hypertension via a dopamine mechanism; (3) the inhibition of NK-3R and B1R with selective antagonists, reduces central dopaminergic hyperactivity and reverses hypertension. A model of genetic hypertension and a model of experimental hypertension were used: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 16 weeks) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats infused for 14 days with angiotensin II (Ang II) (200 ng / kg / min, subcutaneous (s.c.) with Alzet mini pump). The age-matched untreated WKY rats served as common controls. In the first study (article # 1), the cardiovascular response in SHR was evaluated following intracebroventricular (i.c.v.) and/or intra-VTA injection of an agonist (senktide) and antagonists (SB222200 and R-820) of NK-3R. These responses have also been characterized using selective dopamine antagonists DA-D1R (SCH23390), DA-D2R (raclopride) or non-selective dopamine DA-D2R (haloperidol). Also the VTA has been destroyed by ibotenic acid. The pressor response induced by senktide and the anti-hypertensive response induced by SB222200 or R-820 were more pronounced by intra-VTA. These responses were prevented by pre-treatment with raclopride and haloperidol. The lesion of the VTA has prevented the pressor response relayed by senktide (i.c.v.) and the anti-hypertensive effect of R-820 (i.c.v.). In addition, SB222200 (intra-VTA) prevented the pressor response of senktide (i.c.v.) and conversely, senktide (i.c.v.) prevented the antihypertensive effect of SB222200 (intra-VTA). The second study (article # 2) showed that the B1R antagonist (SSR240612) administered by gavage or i.c.v. reverses hypertension in both models. This anti-hypertensive effect was prevented by raclopride and haloperidol. In contrast, the two B1R antagonists (R-715 and R-954) injected s.c., which do not cross the blood-brain barrier reduced weakly blood pressure in hypertensive rats. In the third study (article # 3), the i.c.v. injection of a selective kinin B1R agonist Sar[DPhe8][des-Arg9]BK caused behavioural responses in SHR and Ang II-treated rats and had no effect in control WKY rats . The responses elicited by B1R agonist were blocked by an antagonist of NK-1 (RP67580), an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptor (DL-AP5), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (L -NNA) as well as raclopride and SCH23390.The responses were modestly affected by the inhibitor of inducible NOS (iNOS). The B1R mRNA (measured by RT-PCR) was significantly increased in the hypothalamus, the VTA and the nucleus accumbens of hypertensive animals (SHR and treated with Ang II) compared with control rats. These neuropharmacological studies suggest that: (1) the NK-3R from the VTA is involved in the maintenance of hypertension in SHR by increasing DA transmission in the midbrain; (2) the B1R in SHR and Ang II-treated rats contributes to hypertension via a central mechanism involving DA-D2R; (3) the central B1R increases locomotor activity and nocifensive behaviours via the release of substance P (NK-1), DA and nitric oxide in both rat models of hypertension. Thus, the brain tachykinin NK-3R and kinin B1R represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension. The modulation of the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic pathway by these receptors suggests their involvement in other physiological functions (pleasure, motor activity, coordination of the response to stress) and pathophysiology (anxiety, depression).

Organisation et modulation du réseau neuronal de la respiration chez la lamproie.

Les mécanismes neuronaux contrôlant la respiration sont présentement explorés à l’aide de plusieurs modèles animaux incluant le rat et la grenouille. Nous avons utilisé la lamproie comme modèle animal nous permettant de caractériser les réseaux de neurones du tronc cérébral qui génèrent et modulent le rythme respiratoire. Nous avons d’abord caractérisé une nouvelle population de neurones, dans le groupe respiratoire paratrigéminal (pTRG), une région du tronc cérébral essentielle à la genèse du rythme respiratoire chez la lamproie. Les neurones de cette région sont actifs en phase avec le rythme respiratoire. Nous avons montré que ces neurones possèdent une arborisation axonale complexe, incluant des projections bilatérales vers les groupes de motoneurones du tronc cérébral qui activent les branchies ainsi que des connexions reliant les pTRG de chaque côté du tronc cérébral. Ces résultats montrent que le pTRG contient un groupe de cellules qui active les motoneurones respiratoires des deux côtés et qui pourrait être impliqué dans la synchronisation bilatérale du rythme respiratoire. Nous avons ensuite étudié les mécanismes neuronaux par lesquels le rythme respiratoire est augmenté en lien avec l’effort physique. Nous avons montré que la région locomotrice du mésencéphale (MLR), en plus de son rôle dans la locomotion, active les centres respiratoires pendant la nage, et même en anticipation. Les neurones de la MLR projetant vers les centres locomoteurs et respiratoires sont ségrégés anatomiquement, les neurones localisés plus dorsalement étant ceux qui possèdent des projections vers les centres respiratoires. Nous avons aboli la contribution de la partie dorsale de la MLR aux changements respiratoires en injectant des bloqueurs des récepteurs glutamatergiques localement, sur des préparations semi-intactes. Nous avons montré que lors d’épisodes de nage, une majeure partie de l’effet respiratoire est abolie par ces injections, suggérant un rôle prépondérant des neurones de cette région dans l’augmentation respiratoire pendant la locomotion. Nos résultats confirment que le rythme respiratoire est généré par une région rostrolatérale du pons de la lamproie et montrent que des connexions des centres locomoteurs arrivent directement à cette région et pourraient être impliquées dans l’augmentation respiratoire reliée à l’effort physique.

Étude de l'oligomérisation et de la fonction de canaux ioniques par spectroscopie de fluorescence et fluorométrie en voltage imposé

La fonction des canaux ioniques est finement régulée par des changements structuraux de sites clés contrôlant l’ouverture du pore. Ces modulations structurales découlent de l’interaction du canal avec l’environnement local, puisque certains domaines peuvent être suffisamment sensibles à des propriétés physico-chimiques spécifiques. Les mouvements engendrés dans la structure sont notamment perceptibles fonctionnellement lorsque le canal ouvre un passage à certains ions, générant ainsi un courant ionique mesurable selon le potentiel électrochimique. Une description détaillée de ces relations structure-fonction est cependant difficile à obtenir à partir de mesures sur des ensembles de canaux identiques, puisque les fluctuations et les distributions de différentes propriétés individuelles demeurent cachées dans une moyenne. Pour distinguer ces propriétés, des mesures à l’échelle de la molécule unique sont nécessaires. Le but principal de la présente thèse est d’étudier la structure et les mécanismes moléculaires de canaux ioniques par mesures de spectroscopie de fluorescence à l’échelle de la molécule unique. Les études sont particulièrement dirigées vers le développement de nouvelles méthodes ou leur amélioration. Une classe de toxine formeuse de pores a servi de premier modèle d’étude. La fluorescence à l’échelle de la molécule unique a aussi été utilisée pour l’étude d’un récepteur glutamate, d’un récepteur à la glycine et d’un canal potassique procaryote. Le premier volet porte sur l’étude de la stœchiométrie par mesures de photoblanchiment en temps résolu. Cette méthode permet de déterminer directement le nombre de monomères fluorescents dans un complexe isolé par le décompte des sauts discrets de fluorescence suivant les événements de photoblanchiment. Nous présentons ici la première description, à notre connaissance, de l’assemblage dynamique d’une protéine membranaire dans un environnement lipidique. La toxine monomérique purifiée Cry1Aa s’assemble à d’autres monomères selon la concentration et sature en conformation tétramérique. Un programme automatique est ensuite développé pour déterminer la stœchiométrie de protéines membranaires fusionnées à GFP et exprimées à la surface de cellules mammifères. Bien que ce système d’expression soit approprié pour l’étude de protéines d’origine mammifère, le bruit de fluorescence y est particulièrement important et augmente significativement le risque d’erreur dans le décompte manuel des monomères fluorescents. La méthode présentée permet une analyse rapide et automatique basée sur des critères fixes. L’algorithme chargé d’effectuer le décompte des monomères fluorescents a été optimisé à partir de simulations et ajuste ses paramètres de détection automatiquement selon la trace de fluorescence. La composition de deux canaux ioniques a été vérifiée avec succès par ce programme. Finalement, la fluorescence à l’échelle de la molécule unique est mesurée conjointement au courant ionique de canaux potassiques KcsA avec un système de fluorométrie en voltage imposé. Ces enregistrements combinés permettent de décrire la fonction de canaux ioniques simultanément à leur position et densité alors qu’ils diffusent dans une membrane lipidique dont la composition est choisie. Nous avons observé le regroupement de canaux KcsA pour différentes compositions lipidiques. Ce regroupement ne paraît pas être causé par des interactions protéine-protéine, mais plutôt par des microdomaines induits par la forme des canaux reconstitués dans la membrane. Il semble que des canaux regroupés puissent ensuite devenir couplés, se traduisant en ouvertures et fermetures simultanées où les niveaux de conductance sont un multiple de la conductance « normale » d’un canal isolé. De plus, contrairement à ce qui est actuellement suggéré, KcsA ne requiert pas de phospholipide chargé négativement pour sa fonction. Plusieurs mesures indiquent plutôt que des lipides de forme conique dans la phase cristalline liquide sont suffisants pour permettre l’ouverture de canaux KcsA isolés. Des canaux regroupés peuvent quant à eux surmonter la barrière d’énergie pour s’ouvrir de manière coopérative dans des lipides non chargés de forme cylindrique.

(-)Epicatechin stimulates ERK-dependent cyclic AMP response element activity and up-regulates GluR2 in cortical neurons

Emerging evidence suggests that the cellular actions of flavonoids relate not simply to their antioxidant potential but also to the modulation of protein kinase signalling pathways. We investigated in primary cortical neurons, the ability of the flavan-3-ol, (-)epicatechin, and its human metabolites at physiologically relevant concentrations, to stimulate phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), a regulator of neuronal viability and synaptic plasticity. (-)Epicatechin at 100-300 nmol/L stimulated a rapid, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)- and PI3K-dependent, increase in CREB phosphorylation. At micromolar concentrations, stimulation was no longer apparent and at the highest concentration tested (30 mu mol/L) (-)epicatechin was inhibitory. (-)Epicatechin also stimulated ERK and Akt phosphorylation with similar bell-shaped concentration-response characteristics. The human metabolite 3 '-O-methyl-(-)epicatechin was as effective as (-)epicatechin at stimulating ERK phosphorylation, but (-)epicatechin glucuronide was inactive. (-)Epicatechin and 3 '-O-methyl-(-)epicatechin treatments (100 nmol/L) increased CRE-luciferase activity in cortical neurons in a partially ERK-dependent manner, suggesting the potential to increase CREB-mediated gene expression. mRNA levels of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 increased by 60%, measured 18 h after a 15 min exposure to (-)epicatechin and this translated into an increase in GluR2 protein. Thus, (-)epicatechin has the potential to increase CREB-regulated gene expression and increase GluR2 levels and thus modulate neurotransmission, plasticity and synaptogenesis.

Increased protein SUMOylation following focal cerebral ischemia

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability, which involves excessive glutamate receptor activation leading to excitotoxic cell death. We recently reported that SUMOylation can regulate kainate receptor (KAR) function. Here we investigated changes in protein SUMOylation and levels of KAR and AMPA receptor subunits in two different animal stroke models: a rat model of focal ischemia with reperfusion and a mouse model without reperfusion. In rats, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) resulted in a striatal and cortical infarct. A dramatic increase in SUMOylation by both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 was observed at 6h and 24h in the striatal infarct area and by SUMO-2/3 at 24h in the hippocampus, which was not directly subjected to ischemia. In mice, permanent MCAO resulted in a selective cortical infarct. No changes in SUMOylation occurred at 6h but there was increased SUMO-1 conjugation in the cortical infarct and non-ischemic hippocampus at 24h after MCAO. Interestingly, SUMOylation by SUMO-2/3 occurred only outside the infarct area. In both rat and mouse levels of KARs were only decreased in the infarct regions whereas AMPARs were decreased in the infarct and in other brain areas. These results suggest that posttranslational modification by SUMO and down-regulation of AMPARs and KARs may play important roles in the pathophysiological response to ischemia.

Increased Expression of GluR2-flip in the Hippocampus of the Wistar Audiogenic Rat Strain After Acute and Kindled Seizures

The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) is an epileptic-prone strain developed by genetic selection from a Wistar progenitor based on the pattern of behavioral response to sound stimulation. Chronic acoustic stimulation protocols of WARs (audiogenic kindling) generate limbic epileptogenesis, confirmed by ictal semiology, amygdale, and hippocampal EEG, accompanied by hippocampal and amygdala cell loss, as well as neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). In an effort to identify genes involved in molecular mechanisms underlying epileptic process, we used suppression-subtractive hybridization to construct normalized cDNA library enriched for transcripts expressed in the hippocampus of WARs. The most represented gene among the 133 clones sequenced was the ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit II (GluR2), a member of the a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleopropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. Although semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis shows that the hippocampal levels of the GluR2 subunits do not differ between naive WARs and their Wistar counterparts, we observed that the expression of the transcript encoding the splice-variant GluR2-flip is increased in the hippocampus of WARs submitted to both acute and kindled audiogenic seizures. Moreover, using in situ hybridization, we verified upregulation of GluR2-flip mainly in the CA1 region, among the hippocampal subfields of audiogenic kindled WARs. Our findings on differential upregulation of GluR2-flip isoform in the hippocampus of WARs displaying audiogenic seizures is original and agree with and extend previous immunohistochemical for GluR2 data obtained in the Chinese P77PMC audiogenic rat strain, reinforcing the association of limbic AMPA alterations with epileptic seizures. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Pharmacological properties of purinergic receptors and their effects on proliferation and induction of neuronal differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells

We have used P19 embryonal carcinoma cells as in vitro model for early neurogenesis to study ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptor-induced Ca2+ transients and their participation in induction of proliferation and differentiation. In embryonic P19 cells, P2Y(1), P2Y(2) and P2X(4) receptors or P2X-heteromultimers with similar P2X4 pharmacology were responsible for ATP and ATP analogue-induced Ca2+ transients. In neuronal-differentiated cells, P2Y(2), P2Y(6), P2X(2) and possibly P2X(2)/P2X(6) heteromeric receptors were the major mediators of the elevations in intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca2+](i). We have collected evidence for the involvement of metabotropic purinergic receptors in proliferation induction of undifferentiated and neural progenitor cells by using a BrdU-incorporation assay. ATP-, UTP-, ADP-, 2-MeS-ATP- and ADP-beta S-induced proliferation in P19 cells was mediated by P2Y, and P2Y2 receptors as judged from pharmacological profiles of receptor responses. ATP-provoked acceleration of neuronal differentiation, determined by analysis of nestin and neuron-specific enolase gene and protein expression, also resulted from P2Y, and P2Y2 receptor activation. Proliferation- and differentiation-induction involved the activation of inositol-trisphosphate sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores. (C) 2008 ISDN. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Morphometric analysis of the AMPA-type neurons in the Deiters vestibular complex of the chick brain

Chicken (Gallus gallus) brains were used to investigate the typology and the immunolabel pattern for the subunits composing the AMPA-type glutamate receptors (GluR) of hindbrain neurons of the dorsal (dND) and ventral nuclei (vND) of the Deiter`s vestibular complex (CD), which is the avian correspondent of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) of mammals. Our results revealed that neurons of both divisions were poor in GluR1. The vND, the GluR2/3+ and GluR4+ label presented no area or neuronal size preference, although most neurons were around 75%. The dND neurons expressing GluR2/3 are primarily around 85%, medium to large-sized 85%, and predominantly 60% located in the medial portion of the rostral pole and in the lateral portion of the caudal pole. The majority of dND neurons containing GluR4 are also around 75%, larger (70% are large and giant), exhibiting a distribution that seems to be complementary to that of GluR2/3+ neurons. This distinct arrangement indicates functional differences into and between the DC nuclei, also signaling that such variation could be attributed to the diverse nature of the subunit composition of the GluRs. Discussion addresses the morphological and functional correlation of the avian DC with the LVN of mammals in addition to the high morphological correspondence, To include these data into the modern comparative approach we propose to adopt a similar nomenclature for the avian divisions dND and vND that could be referred as dLVN and vLVN. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular responses to hydrogen peroxide into the nucleus tractus solitarius

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)