Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Diptera: Tephritidae), an invasive fruit fly in Australia that may have reached the extent of its spread due to environmental variables

Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner), the ‘mango fruit fly’, is a horticultural pest originating from the Papua New Guinea region. It was first detected in Australia on Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland in 1974 and had spread to Cairns by 1994 and Townsville by 1997. Bactrocera frauenfeldi has not been recorded further south since then despite its invasive potential, an absence of any controls and an abundance of hosts in southern areas. Analysis of cue-lure trapping data from 1997 to 2012 in relation to environmental variables shows that the distribution of B. frauenfeldi in Queensland correlates to locations with a minimum temperature for the coldest month >13.2°C, annual temperature range <19.3°C, mean temperature of the driest quarter >20.2°C, precipitation of the wettest month >268 mm, precipitation of the wettest quarter >697 mm, temperature seasonality <30.9°C (i.e. lower temperature variability) and areas with higher human population per square kilometre. Annual temperature range was the most important variable in predicting this species' distribution. Predictive distribution maps based on an uncorrelated subset of these variables reasonably reflected the current distribution of this species in northern Australia and predicted other areas in the world potentially at risk from invasion by this species. This analysis shows that the distribution of B. frauenfeldi in Australia is correlated to certain environmental variables that have most likely limited this species' spread southward in Queensland. This is of importance to Australian horticulture in demonstrating that B. frauenfeldi is unlikely to establish in horticultural production areas further south than Townsville.

Estudio del potencial ecoturístico de la Reserva Natural Isla Juan Venado, León, Nicaragua

El estudio fue realizado en la Reserva Natural Isla Juan Venado, León, con el fin de evaluar potencialidades para desarrollar el ecoturismo en la zona, con base en los atractivos escénicos, socioculturales y científicos, infraestructura y servicios que pueden ofertar las comunidades de la zona de amortiguamiento. El proceso metodológico se desarrolló en cuatro etapas: (1) se visitó el sitio, se contactaron líderes comunales, representantes del MARENA y se recopiló información secundaria; (2) se realizó un Diagnóstico Rural Participativo (evaluación del grado de conocimiento de los pobladores sobre la Reserva, elaboración de mapa de sitios de interés ecoturistico, desarrollo de matriz de priorización de problemas y del análisis FODA), la visita y georeferenciación de sitios determinados anteriormente y aplicación de encuestas a pobladores y visitantes para conocer percepción sobre los potenciales de la Reserva y las capacidades locales para el desarrollo ecoturistico; (3) se procesó y analizó la información obtenida, se diseñó un mapa de ubicación georeferenciada de los sitios de interés y se analizaron las encuestas; y (4) se elaboraron dos propuestas de paquetes ecoturísticos para la Reserva y se presentaron a través de un taller a las comunidades. Como resultados tenemos: ocho sitios de interés: Estero Juan Venado, El Corcovado, Las Navajas, La Flor, El Mango, El Icaco, Casa Las Peñas y Viveros de Tortugas, resaltando la gran diversidad de flora y fauna que poseen, anidamientos de diferentes especies de fauna, ecosistemas representativos de manglares y humedales, transición de manglares a bosques secos y sitios de protección y conservación de huevos de la tortuga paslama. Se pudo determinar, que aunque no haya las condiciones óptimas de servicios e infraestructura, podrían mejorarse y los recursos de la Reserva pueden ser utilizados en beneficio de las comunidades, considerando que sus miembros presentan disposición para desarrollar el ecoturismo en la zona. Las dos propuestas de paquetes ecoturísticos presentadas, fueron aceptadas y mejoradas por los beneficiarios.

Estudio sobre peligro aviario: Análisis del riesgo de impactos entre aves y aeronaves en el Aeropuerto Internacional Augusto C. Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua

El peligro aviario es el riesgo de coliciones entre aves y aeronaves. Para reducir ese peligro es necesario entender la naturaleza de las aves que habitan dentro y alrededor del aeropuerto y clasificarlas numericamente en base a la peligrosidad que representan, conociendo a la vez las estaciones del año, los meses del año, horas del día, condiciones climáticas, focos de atracción (cobertura, alimentación y agua) que incrementan la abundancia y la riqueza de aves en las áreas aeroportuarias. Para obtener la información se seleccionaron dos sitios de observación: uno en las áreas verdes alrededor de la pista de aterrizaje, con el objetivo de registrar las especies de aves hacen uso de este sitio permanente o temporalmente, y otro en la torre de control, para determinar rutas de aves de mayor peso, gregarias y de alto vuelo en un radio de 3000 m con centro en la torre de control. Las especies observadas con mayor frecuencia en la pista de aterrizaje fueron: Hirundo rustica, Quiscalus mexicanus, Molothrus aeneus, Columbina talpacoti y Columba livia. Desde la torre de control se observaron con mayor frecuencia: Coragyps atratus, Zenaida asiatica, Molotrus aeneus y Quiscalus mexicanus. En la pista de aterrizaje y desde la torre de control la abundancia y riqueza de aves no varió significativamente a lo largo dlos meses del año. En la pista de aterrizaje la abundancia incrementa significativamente en el período seco en horarios de 06:00-07:00 am, principalmente por la presencia de Q. mexicanus y H. rustica. La riqueza en el periodo seco y la abundancia y riqueza en el período lluvioso no varió significativamente. Desde la torre de control no se registraron incrementos significativos de la abundancia y riqueza de aves en el período seco, pero si de la abundancia en el período lluvioso, con alzas a las 11:00 y 13:00, principalmente por la mayores actividades de la especie C. atratus a esas horas. La abundancia de aves en la pista de aterrizaje dependió de las condiciones climáticas, aumentando al aumentar la precipitación y la nubosidad y reduciéndose al aumentar la velocidad del viento y la temperatura. La actividad de las aves observadas desde la torre de control no varió significativamente con las variaciones climáticas diarias. Las especies que hacen mayor uso del enmallado perimetral del aeropuerto para perchar fueron: Passers domesticus, Columbina talpacoti, Tyrannus melancholicus, Crotophaga sulcirostris y Tyrannus forficatus. Los sitios preferidos para anidación dentro del aeropuerto fueron árboles de Almendra ( Terminalia catapa ), Mango ( Manguifera indica ) y dentro del las instalacones del cuerpo de Bomberos, torre de control y los hangares. Se concluye que C. atratus y Q. mexicanus son las especies que más peligro representan para la aviación, seguidas en menor escala de C. livia , C. talpocati, H. rustica y M. aeneus. Los sectores norte, oeste y una parte del sector sur del aeropuerto son áreas de mayor riesgo aviario por una mayor frecuencia de observación de C. atratus en esa zona. La especie Q. mexicanus esta distribuida principalmente en el sector sureste. Las fuentes de atracción para las aves van desde sitios ideales para hábitat, refugio, anidación y perchaje hasta fuente de alimentos que incluyen vegetales, insectos, vertebrados, basureros y mataderos.

De uma chuva de manga ao funk de Lelê: imagens da afrodiáspora em uma escola de Acari

Nesta pesquisa o objetivo principal é discutir o padrão de beleza historicamente hegemónicos em uma escola Pública Muncipal de Educação Infantil, na periferia do Rio de Janeiro, em Acari. Tenho como pressuposto para pesquisa que neste tempoespaço escolar se estabelece uma tensão entre as invisibilidades e visibilidades de imagens de heróis e heroínas e suas narrativas africanas e afrobrasileiras em relação às identidades, pois nesse espaço escolar parte da representação do humano é preferencialmente eurocêntrico-branca, embora os indivíduos que frequentam àquele espaço - crianças e educadoras sejam em sua grande maioria negros e mestiços. É neste cotidiano escolar que desenvolvo uma pesquisa/intervenção, articulando brincadeiras e tecnologias com literatura infantil da contemporaneidade. Intervenção que propõe uma discussão em torno da ética e da estética. Tal abordagem me instiga a investigar e a discutir as questões de relação étnico-raciais dessa escola e as emergências de heróis e heroínas da afrodiáspora.

采后果实衰老和冷害的机理及调控研究

衰老和冷害是果实采后极易发生的两种重要的生理性失调，严重影响了果实的商品质量和市场价值。本论文选用在采后贮藏期间容易衰老和出现冷害的枇杷、杧果和桃果实作为研究材料，比较深入系统地研究了这些果实采后衰老或冷害的机理和调控。主要的研究内容包括：（1）枇杷果实在不同贮藏条件下（低温、气调）的生理代谢、品质变化、衰老进程和贮藏性;（2）杧果果实采后生理特性及外源草酸和水杨酸处理对杧果冷害、品质和活性氧代谢的影响;（3）桃果实在低温贮藏下冷害发生特征，并从氧化还原平衡和蛋白质组表达方面探讨了桃果实采后冷害的发生机理。 试验结果表明：（1）与自发气调包装（MAP）相比，气调（CA, 10% O2＋1%CO2）能更有效的抑制枇杷果实的腐烂、延缓衰老、保持品质，以及控制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性。枇杷果实在1 ºC气调下贮藏50天，腐烂指数低于7%，并保持固有的风味品质。短时间的高氧处理对果实腐烂和品质影响不大，促进了贮藏后期果实内乙醇的积累;（2）外源草酸和水杨酸处理显著减轻了杧果果实在贮藏期间的冷害程度，但对果实的硬度、可溶性固型物和可滴定酸含量影响不大。外源草酸和水杨酸提高了果实内抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的还原状态、提高了H2O2含量、降低了O2-含量和脂氧合酶活性，并提高了超氧化物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性;（3）与非冷害桃果实相比，冷害桃果实呈现较低的H2O2含量、较高的膜透性、较高的酚类物质含量以及较高的抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽还原状态。水杨酸对果实内H2O2含量、膜透性、酚类物质含量有显著的影响。冷害桃果实与非冷害桃果实的蛋白质表达也有明显的区别，32个差异表达蛋白依其功能分为8类，分别为能量产生、代谢、次生代谢、抗性、蛋白质的分布、基因转录、细胞结构和细胞生长。水杨酸对其中20个蛋白质的表达有显著影响。烯醇化酶、脂质运载蛋白、脱水蛋白、分支酸变位酶以及桂醇脱氢酶等与桃冷害发生有密切关系。 通过对上述结果的分析，得出如下结论：（1）与MAP相比，CA（10% O2 + 1% CO2）可显著延缓枇杷果实的衰老、腐烂和品质下降，CA延缓枇杷衰老的作用机理可能与其减轻果实内氧胁迫、降低PG和PPO活性有关;（2）用外源草酸或水杨酸处理杧果，可减轻贮藏期间果实的冷害程度，其调控机制可能与提高果实抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的还原状态、抑制O2－含量和提高H2O2含量有关;（3）在低温贮藏下，桃冷害发生与果实内较低的H2O2含量、生物膜完整性的破坏以及酚类物质含量增加密切相关，果实生物膜完整性的破坏与烯醇化酶、脂质运载蛋白、过敏蛋白以及脱水蛋白的下调表达有关，而酚类物质含量的增加与分支酸变位酶、桂醇脱氢酶的上调表达有关。

Studies on arsenical creosote as a wood preservative for marine structures. Part 2. Observation on leaching, corrosion and resistance to borer attack

A detailed study on arsenical creosote with reference to leaching, corrosion and anti-borer properties was carried out. Results showed that aging had very little effect on the preservative which suggested better fixation of the preservative into the wood. Corrosion of mild steel, galvanised iron, aluminium-magnesium alloy (M57S) and copper panels in the preservative was found to be negligible. Normal creosote and low temperature creosote of Regional Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, both fortified with arsenic trioxide resisted borer damage on wooden panels for a period of over five months in the port of Cochin. The performance of low temperature creosote fortified with arsenic was found to be equally satisfactory when compared to normal creosote fortified in the same manner. A loading of 208.6 Kgs/ml³ for Haldu (Adina cordifolia) and 138 Kgs/m³ for Mango (Mangifera indica) in the case of normal creosote and 177 Kgs/m³ for Mango the case of RRL creosote were found to be sufficient for treating the wood.

Manejo da fertilidade do solo na implantacao da cultura da mangueira.

2001

Controle do crescimento e identificação de microrganismos contaminantes visando à micropropagação de gemas laterais de mangueira.

2008

Evolução das exportações de manga e uva produzidas no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco no período de 2010-2014.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as estatísticas disponíveis para aferir a evolução, nos últimos 5 anos (2010-2014), das exportações das frutas de maior importância econômica para o Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, enfocando tanto o comportamento agregado quanto o mercado europeu e o americano. A base de dados usada foi a do sistema Aliceweb2, do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior, (MDIC).

Los pueblos de la esperanza: Frente al neoliberalismo

"Había un árbol enorme que estaba repleto de toda clase de alimentos sabrosos, del que solo disfrutaban unos pocos que vivían en la copa. Abajo, sabían de la existencia de esa riqueza, pues caían, de vez en cuando, trozos de mango, papaya. Los animales de abajo se organizaron para cortar el árbol, pero, al llegar la noche, éste soltaba una resina y se curaba; un día trabajaron día y noche y terminaron de talar el árbol, no obstante éste quedó enganchado en la copa con una liana y poco a poco empezaba a brotar la resina y se volvía a pegar, Llamaron a una ardillita para que se trepara y desliara la copa; como era tan pequeña, arriba no la vieron. Deslió la copa y el árbol calló y rajándose por la mitad brotó como un manantial de comida que se repartió entre todos, según sus necesidades." Este mito, que de alguna manera es común a muchos pueblos indios de la región caribe amazónica, sirve para introducir eltema que tratamos en Cumbayá, Ecuador, entre los días 29 de Octubre y el6 de Noviembrede 1995.

Dissenting Exhibitions by Artists (1968-1998). Reframing Marxist Exhibition Legacy.

The goal of this thesis is to look at the critical and dissenting value of exhibitions through the examination of four cases studies, based on six exhibitions taking place between 1968 and 1998 in Latin and North America. The exhibitions belong to the history of modern and contemporary exhibitions and curating, a field of research and study that has only started to be written about in the last two decades. This investigation contributes to it, in its creation of new genealogies by connecting previously overlooked antecedents, or by proposing new relations within established lineages, at the intersection of a specific historiography; to address exhibitions, a tradition of artists acting as curators and an emerging history of curating. The examined exhibitions were put together by artists or artist collectives and were placed in a liminal position between artistic and curatorial practice. All the cases presented a distinct proposal in relation to art and social change, a fact that connects them, in their aims and modus operandi, to a Marxist and neo-Marxist critical and transformative legacy. The cases address the following connections: exhibition as political site (Tucumán Arde, 1968); exhibition as social space (The People’s Choice (Arroz con Mango), 1981); exhibition as encounter (Rooms with a view, We the People, Art/Artifact, 1987-88); and exhibition as an exchange situation (El Museo de la Calle, 1998-2001). Key to their analysis is the concept of dissensus, as put forward by Jacques Rancière. Within this theoretical framework, these exhibitions put into practice particular cases of dissensus in a given distribution of the sensible. All of them tried to deal with their thematic concerns by performing them as a praxis. They dissent with the way in which reality was formatted in their historical moment and challenge the exhibition medium itself opening new ways of doing and making in the exhibition field. Therefore, in this thesis the dissenting value of exhibitions is closely related to its main features as a medium, namely their temporality, heterogeneity and flexibility, which contribute to their potential for creative analysis and propositioning. In the case of these exhibitions, this capability is brought into play for institutional interrogation, for offering alternative cultural narratives and also for inspiring new imaginary realms.

Chicanas em busca de território : a herança de Glória Anzaldúa

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura (Estudos Americanos), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2015

Analyse en identification partielle de la décision d'émigrer des étudiants africains

La migration internationale d’étudiants est un investissement couteux pour les familles dans beaucoup de pays en voie de développement. Cependant, cet investissement est susceptible de générer des bénéfices financiers et sociaux relativement importants aux investisseurs, tout autant que des externalités pour d’autres membres de la famille. Cette thèse s’intéresse à deux aspects importants de la migration des étudiants internationaux : (i) Qui part? Quels sont les déterminants de la probabilité de migration? (ii) Qui paie? Comment la famille s’organise-t-elle pour couvrir les frais de la migration? (iii) Qui y gagne? Ce flux migratoire est-il au bénéfice du pays d’origine? Entreprendre une telle étude met le chercheur en face de défis importants, notamment, l’absence de données complètes et fiables; la dispersion géographique des étudiants migrants en étant la cause première. La première contribution importante de ce travail est le développement d’une méthode de sondage en « boule de neige » pour des populations difficiles à atteindre, ainsi que d’estimateurs corrigeant les possibles biais de sélection. A partir de cette méthodologie, j’ai collecté des données incluant simultanément des étudiants migrants et non-migrants du Cameroun en utilisant une plateforme internet. Un second défi relativement bien documenté est la présence d’endogénéité du choix d’éducation. Nous tirons avantage des récents développements théoriques dans le traitement des problèmes d’identification dans les modèles de choix discrets pour résoudre cette difficulté, tout en conservant la simplicité des hypothèses nécessaires. Ce travail constitue l’une des premières applications de cette méthodologie à des questions de développement. Le premier chapitre de la thèse étudie la décision prise par la famille d’investir dans la migration étudiante. Il propose un modèle structurel empirique de choix discret qui reflète à la fois le rendement brut de la migration et la contrainte budgétaire liée au problème de choix des agents. Nos résultats démontrent que le choix du niveau final d’éducation, les résultats académiques et l’aide de la famille sont des déterminants importants de la probabilité d’émigrer, au contraire du genre qui ne semble pas affecter très significativement la décision familiale. Le second chapitre s’efforce de comprendre comment les agents décident de leur participation à la décision de migration et comment la famille partage les profits et décourage le phénomène de « passagers clandestins ». D’autres résultats dans la littérature sur l’identification partielle nous permettent de considérer des comportements stratégiques au sein de l’unité familiale. Les premières estimations suggèrent que le modèle « unitaire », où un agent représentatif maximise l’utilité familiale ne convient qu’aux familles composées des parents et de l’enfant. Les aidants extérieurs subissent un cout strictement positif pour leur participation, ce qui décourage leur implication. Les obligations familiales et sociales semblent expliquer les cas de participation d’un aidant, mieux qu’un possible altruisme de ces derniers. Finalement, le troisième chapitre présente le cadre théorique plus général dans lequel s’imbriquent les modèles développés dans les précédents chapitres. Les méthodes d’identification et d’inférence présentées sont spécialisées aux jeux finis avec information complète. Avec mes co-auteurs, nous proposons notamment une procédure combinatoire pour une implémentation efficace du bootstrap aux fins d’inférences dans les modèles cités ci-dessus. Nous en faisons une application sur les déterminants du choix familial de soins à long terme pour des parents âgés.

Waste Water Treatment Using Low Cost Natural Adsorbents

Heavy metals are major toxic pollutants with severe health effects on humans. They are released into the environment from a variety of industrial activities. Cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium and copper are the most toxic metals of widespread use in industries such as tanning, electroplating, electronic equipment manufacturing and chemical processing plants. Heavy metals contribute to a variety of adverse health environmental effects due to their acute and chronic exposure through air, water and food chain. Conventional treatment methods of metal removal are often limited by their cost and ineffectiveness at low concentrations. Adsorption, the use of inactivated biomass as adsorbents offers an attractive potential alternative to their conventional methods. Mango peel and Alisma plantago aquatica are naturally occurring and abundant biomass can offer an economical solution for metal removal.The Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cr(III) and Cu(II) adsorption by milled adsorbents of mango peel and Alisma plantago aquatica were evaluated in batches.

Development and Integration of Biocontrol Products in Branched Broomrape (Phelipanche ramosa) management in Tomato

Parasitic weeds of the genera Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche pose a severe problem for agriculture because they are difficult to control and are highly destructive to several crops. The present work was carried out during the period October, 2009 to February, 2012 to evaluate the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to suppress P. ramosa on tomatoes and to investigate the effects of air-dried powder and aqueous extracts from Euphorbia hirta on germination and haustorium initiation in Phelipanche ramosa. The work was divided into three parts: a survey of the indigenous mycorrhizal flora in Sudan, second, laboratory and greenhouse experiments (conducted in Germany and Sudan) to construct a base for the third part, which was a field trial in Sudan. A survey was performed in 2009 in the White Nile state, Sudan to assess AMF spore densities and root colonization in nine fields planted with 13 different important agricultural crops. In addition, an attempt was made to study the relationship between soil physico-chemical properties and AMF spore density, colonization rate, species richness and other diversity indices. The mean percentage of AMF colonization was 34%, ranging from 19-50%. The spore densities (expressed as per 100 g dry soil) retrieved from the rhizosphere of different crops were relatively high, varying from 344 to 1222 with a mean of 798. There was no correlation between spore densities in soil and root colonization percentage. A total of 45 morphologically classifiable species representing ten genera of AMF were detected with no correlation between the number of species found in a soil sample and the spore density. The most abundant genus was Glomus (20 species). The AMF diversity expressed by the Shannon–Weaver index was highest in sorghum (H\= 2.27) and Jews mallow (H\= 2.13) and lowest in alfalfa (H\= 1.4). With respect to crop species, the genera Glomus and Entrophospora were encountered in almost all crops, except for Entrophospora in alfalfa. Kuklospora was found only in sugarcane and sorghum. The genus Ambispora was recovered only in mint and okra, while mint and onion were the only species on which no Acaulospora was found. The hierarchical cluster analysis based on the similarity among AMF communities with respect to crop species overall showed that species compositions were relatively similar with the highest dissimilarity of about 25% separating three of the mango samples and the four sorghum samples from all other samples. Laboratory experiments studied the influence of root and stem exudates of three tomato varieties infected by three different Glomus species on germination of P. ramosa. Root exudates were collected 21or 42 days after transplanting (DAT) and stem exudates 42 DAT and tested for their effects on germination of P. ramosa seeds in vitro. The tomato varieties studied did not have an effect on either mycorrhizal colonization or Phelipanche germination. Germination in response to exudates from 42 day old mycorrhizal plants was significantly reduced in comparison to non-mycorrhizal controls. Germination of P. ramosa in response to root exudates from 21 day old plants was consistently higher than for 42 day-old plants (F=121.6; P<.0001). Stem diffusates from non-mycorrhizal plants invariably elicited higher germination than diffusates from the corresponding mycorrhizal ones and differences were mostly statistically significant. A series of laboratory experiments was undertaken to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts from Euphorbia hirta on germination, radicle elongation, and haustorium initiation in P. ramosa. P. ramosa seeds conditioned in water and subsequently treated with diluted E. hirta extract (10-25% v/v) displayed considerable germination (47-62%). Increasing extract concentration to 50% or more reduced germination in response to the synthetic germination stimulants GR24 and Nijmegen-1 in a concentration dependent manner. P. ramosa germlings treated with diluted Euphorbia extract (10-75 % v/v) displayed haustorium initiation comparable to 2, 5-Dimethoxy-p-benzoquinon (DMBQ) at 20 µM. Euphorbia extract applied during conditioning reduced haustorium initiation in a concentration dependent manner. E. hirta extract or air-dried powder, applied to soil, induced considerable P. ramosa germination. Pot experiments were undertaken in a glasshouse at the University of Kassel, Germany, to investigate the effects of P. ramosa seed bank on tomato growth parameters. Different Phelipanche seed banks were established by mixing the parasite seeds (0 - 32 mg) with the potting medium in each pot. P. ramosa reduced all tomato growth parameters measured and the reduction progressively increased with seed bank. Root and total dry matter accumulation per tomato plant were most affected. P. ramosa emergence, number of tubercles, and tubercle dry weight increased with the seed bank and were, invariably, maximal with the highest seed bank. Another objective was to determine if different AM fungi differ in their effects on the colonization of tomatoes with P. ramosa and the performance of P. ramosa after colonization. Three AMF species viz. GIomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and Glomus Sprint® were used in this study. For the infection, P. ramosa seeds (8 mg) were mixed with the top 5 cm soil in each pot. No mycorrhizal colonization was detected in un-inoculated control plants. P. ramosa infested, mycorrhiza inoculated tomato plants had significantly lower AMF colonization compared to plants not infested with P. ramosa. Inoculation with G. intraradices, G. mosseae and Glomus Sprint® reduced the number of emerged P. ramosa plants by 29.3, 45.3 and 62.7% and the number of tubercles by 22.2, 42 and 56.8%, respectively. Mycorrhizal root colonization was positively correlated with number of branches and total dry matter of tomatoes. Field experiments on tomato undertaken in 2010/12 were only partially successful because of insect infestations which resulted in the complete destruction of the second run of the experiment. The effects of the inoculation with AMF, the addition of 10 t ha-1 filter mud (FM), an organic residues from sugar processing and 36 or 72 kg N ha-1 on the infestation of tomatoes with P. ramosa were assessed. In un-inoculated control plants, AMF colonization ranged between 13.4 to 22.1% with no significant differences among FM and N treatments. Adding AMF or FM resulted in a significant increase of branching in the tomato plants with no additive effects. Dry weights were slightly increased through FM application when no N was applied and significantly at 36 kg N ha-1. There was no effect of FM on the time until the first Phelipanche emerged while AMF and N application interacted. Especially AMF inoculation resulted in a tendency to delayed P. ramosa emergence. The marketable yield was extremely low due to the strong fruit infestation with insects mainly whitefly Bemisia tabaci and tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta). Tomatoes inoculated with varied mycorrhiza species displayed different response to the insect infestation, as G. intraradices significantly reduced the infestation, while G. mosseae elicited higher insect infestation. The results of the present thesis indicate that there may be a potential of developing management strategies for P. ramosa targeting the pre-attachment stage namely germination and haustorial initiation using plant extracts. However, ways of practical use need to be developed. If such treatments can be combined with AMF inoculation also needs to be investigated. Overall, it will require a systematic approach to develop management tools that are easily applicable and affordable to Sudanese farmers. It is well-known that proper agronomical practices such as the design of an optimum crop rotation in cropping systems, reduced tillage, promotion of cover crops, the introduction of multi-microbial inoculants, and maintenance of proper phosphorus levels are advantageous if the mycorrhiza protection method is exploited against Phelipanche ramosa infestation. Without the knowledge about the biology of the parasitic weeds by the farmers and basic preventive measures such as hygiene and seed quality control no control strategy will be successful, however.