Influencia de la cobertura del dosel en los daños por herbivorismo en una plantacion de enriquecimiento en el bosque seco secundario de Nandaime, Granada

El objetivo fue evaluar el establecimiento de tres especies forestales de valor comercial, Swietenia humilis, Cedrela odorata y Pachira quinata, como medida de enriquecimiento del bosque seco secundario de Nandaime, como medida de enriquecimiento del bosque seco. Se establecieron tres parcelas cuadradas con área de 625 m² (25 m x 25 m) y un espaciamiento de 3 m x 3 m entre plantas y líneas. Se plantaron 15 plantas por especie para un total de 45 individuos por parcelas, cada parcela con un porcentaje de cobertura de dosel correspondiente a: 0 a 20%, 20 a 50% y 50% a más. Las variables medidas fueron sobrevivencia, daños por insectos. Se obtuvo un porcentaje general de sobrevivencia de 53%, C. odorata es la especie que presentó valores más bajos (0%) en la cobertura0 a 20% y mayor de 50, los principales daños causados fueron notorios en los meses secos al final del período evaluado, principalmente en la cobertura mayor a 50%. Con los resultados obtenidos de las tres especies evaluadas se concluye que las especies P. quinata y Swietenia humilis, pueden utilizarse en plantaciones de enriquecimiento forestal con cobertura inferior al a 50% mientras C. odorata siempre y cuando se establezca un sistema de monitoreo y control de agentes de agentes que incrementan el riesgo de mortalidad de la especie.

Tratamiento silvicultural, monitoreo y repoblación con iguana (Iguana iguana) en bosque de galeria de la unidad productiva hacienda Las Mercedes sur del lago Xolotlán

El estudio fue realizado en la Unidad Productiva “Hacienda Las Mercedes” patrimonio de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA). El objetivo fue contribuir a la conservación del Bosque de Galería mediante la aplicación del tratamiento silvicultural de enriquecimiento y repoblación con la especie Iguana iguana. La metodología se desarrolló iniciando con una visita de reconocimiento a La ribera de la Presa Los Sábalos (sitio de la plantación forestal) y a la ribera Presa Las Mercedes (sitio para la repoblación con iguanas). El experimento de de repoblación forestal inició con el establecimiento de seis parcelas con especies forestales ( Pithecellobium saman (jacq) Bent, Swietenia humilis Zucc, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam, Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC, Albizzia caribeae (Urb).B&R y Dalbergia retusa Hemsl) en un área de 0.22 ha. Dentro de cada parcela se ubicó una parcela útil (16 individuos) para realizar el levantamiento de datos dasométricos (altura cm, diámetro basal mm y sobrevivencia) y análisis estadístico. Luego se identificaron las especies vegetales presentes en la plantación y se monitoreo (caracterización del sitio) de Iguana iguana (Iguana verde) y Ctenosaura similis (Garrobo negro también conocida como iguana rayada), para lo cual se establecieron seis transeptos (156 m, 200 m, 209 m, 212 m, 190 m y 198 m) en 4.9 ha con la aplicación del método de King. Posteriormente se estableció la repoblación con la especie Iguana iguana; para ello se introdujeron 18 hembras y 6 machos. Por último se realizo el procesamiento y análisis de la información obtenida. Los mayores incrementos promedios totales y mensuales en altura y diámetro basal se presentaron en C. candidissimum (Vahl) DC (21.93 cm y 3.655 cm y 0.34 mm y 0.057 mm). En la sobrevivencia los valores de excelente (100%) lo obtuvieron las especies C. candidissimum (Vahl) DC y D. retusa Hemsl y entre los buenos resultaron G. ulmifolia (76%) y S. humilis (67%). La sobrevivencia promedio de las especies forestales establecidas fue de (87 %). 10 especies vegetales fueron identificadas (Elitraria imbricata, Baltimora recta, Sida acuta, Lantara camara, Rowolfio tetrafila, Commelina difusa, Priva lappulaceae, Mimosa pudica, Datura stramonium y Solanum? americanum). En el primer monitoreo no se encontró Iguana iguana solo la Ctenosaura similis (52 individuos), observado en los transeptos 2, 4 y 6 (en sitios con árboles grandes y frondosos, distantes de la fuente de agua. Después de la repoblación, la especie Iguana iguana (51 individuos) se observó en los transectos 2, 5 y 6 (en sitios próximos a fuentes de agua, árboles pequeños. Y Ctenosaura similis (48 individuos) se observó en los transectos 2, 3, 4 y 6.

Evaluación de sobrevivencia e incremento de seis especies forestales maderables en plantaciones de la finca Eco forestal, San Juan del Sur, Rivas. 2010

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la sobrevivencia y el incremento de seis especies forestales: Caoba del Pacífico (Swietenia humilis. Zucc.), Pochote (Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Alverson), Roble ( Tabebuia rosea(Bertol) DC.), Teca (Tectona grandis L.F.), Caoba Africana (Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss) y Ñambar (Dalbergia retusa Hemsl). La plantación se encuentra establecida en la finca Eco forestal, San Juan del Sur, Rivas. Se inventariaron 62 parcelas de 20m x 20m (400 m²), estas parcelas tienen un área útil de 225m², las plantas están establecidas con un distanciamiento de 2.5m x 2.5m entre planta, cada parcela contiene 64 árboles y la parcela útil contiene 36 árboles, el inventario se aplicó a la parcela útil. Las variables evaluadas fueron diámetro, altura total y sobrevivencia. La sobrevivencia general de la plantación fue 76% (entre las edades de 5 a 11 años). La especie que presentó mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fue Caoba africana (Khaya enegalensis(Desr) con 87% y la especie que presentó menor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fue el Pochote (Pachira quinata (Jacq.)con 66.59%. El mayor incremento medio anual en diámetro lo obtuvo la especie Caoba africana (Khaya senegalensis (Desr)) con 1.6 cm/año, mientras que el Ñambar (Dalbergiaretus a Hemsl.) presentó el menor incremento medio anual en diámetro con 0.82 cm/año. Los valores en incremento medio en altura total por especie la Teca (Tectona grandis L.F.)presentó el mayor valor con 1.11 m/año, debido a que es una especie de rápido crecimiento y el espaciamiento fue ideal para dicho incremento, mientras que el Ñambar (Dalbergia retusa Hemsl.) presentó el menor incremento medio anual en altura con 0.64 m/año

高寒草甸生态系统陆地生物圈模式研究及应用

改进了适合于高寒草甸生态系统的陆地生态圈模式，分析了模式中温度变化与水分运动分层的物理原因，说明了气候状况对地表面能量交换的影响，给出了净辐射和蒸散量新的计算方法，提出了有很差分计算中具有二阶精度的Euler隐式格式，介绍了中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态站的气候概况和野外观测情况。最后利用本模式对高寒草甸生态站地区的土壤-植被-大气间水热交换过程进行了数值模拟，模拟值与实测值吻合较好。

Non-target Impacts to Eelgrass from Treatments to Control Spartina in Willapa Bay, Washington

Four methods to control the smooth cordgrass Spartina (Spartina alterniflora) and the footwear worn by treatment personnelat several sites in Willapa Bay, Washington were evaluatedto determine the non-target impacts to eelgrass (Zostera japonica). Clone-sized infestations of Spartina were treated bymowing or a single hand-spray application of Rodeo® formulatedat 480 g L-1acid equivalence (ae) of the isopropylaminesalt of glyphosate (Monsanto Agricultural Co., St. Louis, MO;currently Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) with the nonionic surfactant LI 700® (2% v/v) or a combination of mowing and hand spraying. An aerial application of Rodeo® with X-77 Spreader® (0.13% v/v) to a 2-ha meadow was also investigated. Monitoring consisted of measuring eelgrass shoot densities and percent cover pre-treatment and 1-yr post-treatment. Impacts to eelgrass adjacent to treated clones were determined 1 m from the clones and compared to a control 5-m away. Impacts from footwear were assessed at 5 equidistant intervals along a 10-m transect on mudflat and an untreated control transect at each of the three clone treatment sites. Impacts from the aerial application were determined by comparing shoot densities and percent cover 1, 3 and 10 m from the edge of the treated Spartina meadow to that at comparable distances from an untreated meadow. Methods utilized to control Spartina clones did not impact surrounding eelgrass at two of three sites. Decreases in shoot densities observed at the third site were consistent across treatments. Most impacts to eelgrass from the footwear worn by treatment personnel were negligible and those that were significant were limited to soft mud substrate. The aerial application of the herbicide was associated with reductions in eelgrass (shoot density and percent cover) at two of the three sampling distances, but reductions on the control plot were greater. We conclude that the unchecked spread of Spartina is a far greater threat to the survival and health of eelgrass than that from any of the control measures we studied. The basis for evaluating control measures for Spartina should be efficacy and logistical constraints and not impacts to eelgrass. PDF is 7 pages.

高寒草甸地区陆面过程观测及耦合模式研究

对海北高寒草甸地区水热传输过程进行了系统观测,特别考虑了叶片气孔为非饱和水汽条件下的交换情况,结合修正的根系吸水公式,发展了一个多层陆气耦合模式.利用该模式对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态试验站地区矮嵩草草甸陆气水热交换进行了数值模拟,分析了湍流交换的物理过程,给出了沿高度分布的各物理量.模拟结果与实测值吻合较好.

Structural and clumped-isotope constraints on the mechanisms of displacement along low-angle detachments

Despite years of research on low-angle detachments, much about them remains enigmatic. This thesis addresses some of the uncertainty regarding two particular detachments, the Mormon Peak detachment in Nevada and the Heart Mountain detachment in Wyoming and Montana.

Constraints on the geometry and kinematics of emplacement of the Mormon Peak detachment are provided by detailed geologic mapping of the Meadow Valley Mountains, along with an analysis of structural data within the allochthon in the Mormon Mountains. Identifiable structures well suited to constrain the kinematics of the detachment include a newly mapped, Sevier-age monoclinal flexure in the hanging wall of the detachment. This flexure, including the syncline at its base and the anticline at its top, can be readily matched to the base and top of the frontal Sevier thrust ramp, which is exposed in the footwall of the detachment to the east in the Mormon Mountains and Tule Springs Hills. The ~12 km of offset of these structural markers precludes the radial sliding hypothesis for emplacement of the allochthon.

The role of fluids in the slip along faults is a widely investigated topic, but the use of carbonate clumped-isotope thermometry to investigate these fluids is new. Faults rocks from within ~1 m of the Mormon Peak detachment, including veins, breccias, gouges, and host rocks, were analyzed for carbon, oxygen, and clumped-isotope measurements. The data indicate that much of the carbonate breccia and gouge material along the detachment is comminuted host rock, as expected. Measurements in vein material indicate that the fluid system is dominated by meteoric water, whose temperature indicates circulation to substantial depths (c. 4 km) in the upper crust near the fault zone.

Slip along the subhorizontal Heart Mountain detachment is particularly enigmatic, and many different mechanisms for failure have been proposed, predominantly involving catastrophic failure. Textural evidence of multiple slip events is abundant, and include multiple brecciation events and cross-cutting clastic dikes. Footwall deformation is observed in numerous exposures of the detachment. Stylolitic surfaces and alteration textures within and around “banded grains” previously interpreted to be an indicator of high-temperature fluidization along the fault suggest their formation instead via low-temperature dissolution and alteration processes. There is abundant textural evidence of the significant role of fluids along the detachment via pressure solution. The process of pressure solution creep may be responsible for enabling multiple slip events on the low-angle detachment, via a local rotation of the stress field.

Clumped-isotope thermometry of fault rocks associated with the Heart Mountain detachment indicates that despite its location on the flanks of a volcano that was active during slip, the majority of carbonate along the Heart Mountain detachment does not record significant heating above ambient temperatures (c. 40-70°C). Instead, cold meteoric fluids infiltrated the detachment breccia, and carbonate precipitated under ambient temperatures controlled by structural depth. Locally, fault gouge does preserve hot temperatures (>200°C), as is observed in both the Mormon Peak detachment and Heart Mountain detachment areas. Samples with very hot temperatures attributable to frictional shear heating are present but rare. They appear to be best preserved in hanging wall structures related to the detachment, rather than along the main detachment.

Evidence is presented for the prevalence of relatively cold, meteoric fluids along both shallow crustal detachments studied, and for protracted histories of slip along both detachments. Frictional heating is evident from both areas, but is a minor component of the preserved fault rock record. Pressure solution is evident, and might play a role in initiating slip on the Heart Mountain fault, and possibly other low-angle detachments.

Comunidades macrofaunais bênticas associadas às algas de deriva e à grama marinha Halodule wrightii Ascherson na Ilha do Japonês, Cabo Frio, RJ

As extensas pradarias submersas formadas pelas gramas marinhas são importantes habitats da costa, onde ocorrem interações ecológicas entre diversas espécies da vegetação subaquática, invertebrados bentônicos e peixes. As gramas marinhas e algas de deriva são conhecidas como macrófitas marinhas e, por ocuparem o mesmo tipo de substrato, são normalmente encontradas juntas, proporcionando oxigênio, alimento, proteção, abrigo além de sítios de reprodução e pastagem para os animais associados a essas pradarias. Amostras de algas de deriva e de H. wrightii foram coletadas, ao longo de transectos fixos de 50 m paralelos à Ilha do Japonês, a fim de analisar a existência de relações positivas entre as espécies de macrófitas marinhas e sua macrofauna associada, comparar as duas comunidades e avaliar a estruturação da comunidade macrofaunal bêntica do local. Os transectos foram alocados de acordo com a posição do banco de grama marinha. Observou-se que a densidade de eixos e a biomassa de H. wrightii não explicam a variação da biomassa, riqueza de espécies e diversidade (Índice de Simpson) das algas de deriva. A grande movimentação das algas de deriva ao longo do banco de grama marinha faz com que elas se homogeneízem e ocupem diferentes lugares ao acaso na pradaria, muitos desses locais com baixa biomassa de H. wrightii devido à grande variabilidade na distribuição dessa espécie no local de estudo. Os descritores ecológicos da grama marinha também não tiveram relações positivas com sua macrofauna bêntica associada. A comunidade macrofaunal associada às gramas marinhas foi mais densa, rica e diversa do que a comunidade macrofaunal associada às algas de deriva. Os moluscos Anomalocardia flexuosa, Cerithium atratum, Ostrea sp, Tellina lineata e Divalinga quadrissulcata dominaram o ambiente de gramas marinhas. A maior complexidade estrutural das algas de deriva forneceu um habitat protegido mais atrativo para os crustáceos como, Pagurus criniticornis, Cymadusa filosa e Batea catharinensis. A malacofauna associada às algas não foi abundante, mas um novo registro foi a ocorrência do bivalve invasor Lithopaga aristatus, perfurando uma concha de Ostrea sp. As relações entre os descritores da biomassa algal foram comprovadas para a maioria dos descritores de sua fauna associada. As relações das macrófitas marinhas com a macrofauna total associada seguiram o mesmo padrão das relações das algas de deriva. As análises de agrupamento e ordenação mostraram que as comunidades macrofaunais bênticas do local são estruturadas de acordo com os táxons dos organismos associados mais dominantes influenciados pelo tipo de vegetação basibionte (algas de deriva ou grama marinha). Destaca-se com o presente estudo a importância de medidas de maior proteção no local para a preservação e manutenção do ecossistema da Ilha do Japonês, RJ, Brasil

嵩草属植物的系统学研究

嵩草属隶属于莎草科苔草亚科苔草族，主要分布于北半球温带地区，少数种类为环北极分布，有一种产于泰国清迈，一种产于苏门达腊岛北部高山。本‘文在形态学、微形态学、解剖学和胚胎学研究的基础上，对嵩草属植物进行了全面的分类学修订，根据属内各类群之间的系统演化关系建立了一个新的属下分类系统，确认了世界范围内53种3亚种嵩草属植物，并做出5个种上等级的新组合，描述了一个新亚组。 作者研究了国内外14家标本馆（室）的3000多份腊叶标本并进行多次野外的实地观察，对嵩草属植物的形态学性状进行了详细的比较和分析，评价了它们的系统学价值及其演化趋势。在嵩草属中，花序是由小穗排列成的圆锥花序或穗状花序，花序各部分的形态性状是种及种上等级分类的基础;花序的演化趋势是由圆锥花序到穗状花序，小穗是从由数朵雄花与1朵雌花组成简化到由1朵雌花组成。但是，花序和小穗由复杂到简单的进化在嵩草属中平行地发生于不同的类群中。先出叶的性状状态是分种的主要特征之一，通常认为边缘开裂的先出叶是原始的，边缘合生而为囊状的先出叶是进化的。同样，先出叶由开裂到合生的进化也是多次发生的。此外，根状茎、秆、叶鞘、叶片、柱头及小坚果等的性状状态对于种及种上等级的分类都具有重要的意义。 应用扫描电子显微镜对38种（或亚种）嵩草属植物的小坚果表面进行了观察，证明小坚果纹饰在种及种上等级的分类中具有重要的参考价值，并能揭示种及种下等级的亲缘关系。例如，分布于喜马拉雅东部至横断山地区的3种植物，K．clarkeana、K．curvata和K．fragilis外部形态非常相似，难于区分，而其小坚果的微形态特征却可以提供3种之间关系的证据。K．clarkeana与K．fragilis果实表面的特征完全一致，且与其它植物有显著区别，应为同种植物;K．curvata与它们明显不同，也与其它种有较大差异，应为独立的种。K．gramini folia，K．cercostach ys和K. nepalensis果实表面纹饰具有一些共同的特征，说明它们之间的亲缘关系较近。K．filicina和K．duthiei也存在同样的情形。 通过对秆和叶片的横切面和表皮的解剖学观察比较，发现嵩草属植物秆的横切面表现出由三角形到圆形的一系列变化。秆的横切面明显地分两个区域，中部的髓由较大而无色的细胞组成，其中心常碎裂形成大的气腔;外围的绿色部分，由绿色组织及分布其中的气腔和外韧维管束及与其相伴的厚壁组织组成。秆的表皮与叶片下表皮非常相象。叶片横切面的外形为V形、新月形或半圆形。V形的叶片具有明显发育的中脉并且在远轴面凸起，形成脊;新月形和半圆形的叶片中脉发育不明显，也无脊。叶片的表皮细胞均为长方形，垂周壁波纹状;平列型的气孔器纵向成行排列，多局限于下表皮;上表皮近边缘及脉附近的细胞常常在细胞的一端形成乳突。秆和叶片横切面的形态对于分种及种上等级的划分具有参考价值。 胚胎学研究表明小孢子、胚囊和胚的发育与莎草科其它类群一致。花粉为假单体花粉( pseudomonad)，成熟花粉三核。胚珠倒生，厚珠心，双层珠被，珠孑L由内珠被形成。胚囊的发育为蓼型，原胚的发育为柳叶菜型灯芯草变型。首次观察到，在大孢子四分体时期，合点端和珠孔端两个大孢子细胞开始时体积都增大，而中部两个很快退化，稍后珠孔端一个也退化，合点端一个为功能大孢子，发育成为胚囊。根据胚胎学证据，不支持将嵩草属与苔草族一起另立为嵩草科。 嵩草属中较原始的一个亚属subg. Compositae主要分布于西喜马拉雅至横断山地区，还有一种见于泰国，一种产于苏门达腊，而后2种植物还具有一些最原始的形态性状。结合地史的变化推测，嵩草属可能在第三纪早期起源于古地中海的东部和北部。 根据形态学和解剖学性状的分析表明，许多性状在嵩草属中是平行演化的，如花序和小穗由复杂到简单、秆由圆柱形到三棱形、叶片横切面由V形到半圆形等。该属的属下分类应该追溯这些平行的演化线，而不能像以前的分类那样，将它们横向地划分为几个组或亚属。作者认为嵩草属有3个大的进化分支，据此将其划分为3个亚属。Subg. Compositae，12种，是较原始的一个分支。叶近基生，叶片扁平;花序多疏松圆锥状，少穗状，苞片多为叶状;小穗两性到单性，先出叶多为囊状，少边缘分离，退化小穗轴明显、扁平、较长。Subg. Blysmocarex，仅2种，是较早分化而相对隔离的一个分支。根状茎匍匐状;花序由圆锥状到穗状，小穗两性或单性;柱头2。Subg. Kobresia，种类最多。叶片扁平或内卷;秆三棱形到圆柱形;花序紧密，复杂到简单，苞片不为叶状;小穗两性或单性，先出叶由开裂到合生，退化小穗轴较小而不显著。根据该亚属呈现出的不同的性状演化系列，可以分为3个组。Sect. Kobresia花序圆锥状至穗状，小穗多为两性，少为单性，先出叶边缘分离。含3个亚组：subsect. Kobresia，8种2亚种．植株纤细，秆与叶均为丝状;subsect. Royleanae，8种l亚种，植株较粗壮，叶片扁平或对折;subsect. Sibiri-cae，4种，秆较粗，叶片内卷。Sect. Psmmostachys，仅2种，小穗两性，先出叶完全合生为囊状。Sect．Hemicarex花序一般为穗状，稀圆锥状，小穗多为单性，少两性。分为四个亚组：subsect. Forexeta，6种，叶片内卷或对折，先出叶线形，边缘分离或合生;subsect. Chlorostachys，3种，叶片扁平，小穗两性;subsect. Holmia，4种，叶片扁平，小穗单性;subsect．Utriculatae，5种，叶片丝状，先出叶完全合生为囊状，不为线形。嵩草属的属下分类纲要如下： Subgenus 1. Compositae (Clarke) Kukkonen Type: K. laxa Nees. Subgenus 2. Blysmocarex (Ivanova) S. R. Zhang Type: K. macrantha Boeck. Subgenus 3. Kobresia Section 1. Kobresia Subsection 1. Kobresia Type: K. simpliciuscula (Wahl. ) Mack. Subsection 2. Royleanae (Ivanova) S. R. Zhang Type: K. royleana (Nees) Boeck. Subsection 3. Sibiricae (Ivanova) Egorova Type: K. sibirica (Turcz. ex Ledeb. ) Boeck. Section 2. Psmmostachys Ivanova Type: K. robusta Maxim. Section 3. Hemicarex (Bentham) Clarke Subsection 4. Forexeta (Raffin. ) S. R. Zhang Type: K. cercostachys (Franch. ) C. B. Clarke. Subsection 5. Chlorostachys (Ivanova) S. R. Zhang Type: K. duthiei C B. Clarke. Subsection 6. Holmia (Boern. ) S. R. Zhang Type: K. esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie. Subsection 7. Utriculatae S. R. Zhang Type: K. prainii Kukenthal.

疏叶骆驼刺的生物生态学研究

盐生草甸是新疆平原草地生物生产力最高的植被类型。而豆科植物疏叶骆驼刺则是盐毕草甸植被的常见种类。此项工作对疏叶骆驼刺天然分布的范围及其生态环境条件，特别是土壤水盐状况和与该植物相联系的植物群落类型进行了调查分析。本文通过对K、Na、Ca、Mg4种金属盐性元素在土壤—疏叶骆驼刺系统中的迁移进行分析，探讨该种植物在盐化土壤环境中的生长状况与主要盐性金属元素的相互关系;通过对包括土壤植物体内元素含量、土壤水盐状况、植株生长状况等指标的综合分析，研究其生态适应关系和种群与土壤水盐状况的关系;通过对植物器官形态解剖学的研究，探讨该种植物与盐生土壤环境生态适应的生物结构基础和耐盐的生理途径;通过对土壤盐化过程影响因素和土壤盐化趋势的分析，结合疏叶骆驼刺的生态学特性，探讨该种植物在新疆盐化土壤的可能利用价值。结果如下： 1、疏叶骆驼刺为中生适弱盐化的潜水草甸植物。在有潜水发育的地带，其生存适应土壤盐化环境的范围较广。 2、在天然条件下，疏叶骆驼刺以根萌生新芽繁殖方式为主。在弱盐化和土壤水分较充足的地带，可以种子繁殖再生新株。 3、作为盐生草甸植被与荒漠植被间过渡类型中常出现的种类，疏叶骆驼刺的种群消长代表了一定的土壤盐化的演替阶段。 4、该种植物的器官组织显微结构显示出其与盐化土壤环境关系上特殊的适应机制。 5、在植物的生长发育过程中，金属盐性元素的迁移积累变化的性质表明，在一定条件下，该种植物对土壤盐性具有改善作用。 6、面对新疆盐化土地使用状况和土壤盐化退化的趋势，疏叶骆驼刺的生态利用潜势很大。

全球变化不绿洲的演化趋势研究-以塔里木盆地北部渭干河绿洲为例

本文以全球变化对绿洲水文循环影响为主线，分析了地处干旱区的绿洲在全球变化下的演变趋势。以塔里木盆地北部渭干河绿洲为例，探讨了其水量平衡、非灌溉土壤积盐特性、隐域性盐化草甸植被NPP，以及绿洲土地利用／覆被变化对全球变化的响应。从不同时间尺度上分析了全球变化的两大驱动因子，气候变化和人类活动对绿洲演化的影响。运用系统动力学模型模拟了未来30年绿洲土地覆被变化在上述两驱动因子的作用下的动态演变过程。其主要结论如下： 1、从生态学的角度，绿洲可定义为：存在于干旱、半干旱区的依赖于水源而生存的隐域性绿色景观．地质时期，绿洲的演化由气候等自然因子起决定作用;人类历史时期，在气候等自然因素的大背景下，人类活动对绿洲演变的作用越来越大;近百年来，绿洲的演变则主要受人为活动干扰。 2、在不改变绿洲现有土地利用格局和水资源利用率的情况下，当年平均气温升高2.5℃，无论降水增加200%或不增加，绿洲的水资源量都将出现负平衡，全球变化将使绿洲面临更为严重的水资源短缺。 3、绿洲自然土壤0-5 0cm土层积盐速率对全球变化的响应程度依地下水埋深的大小而有所差异。地下水埋深较小，积盐速率随温度的升高增加较明显;地下水埋深较大时，积盐速率变化不明显。当地下水埋深>2m，地表积盐速率不再随气候变化而变化．地下水埋深h=2m为渭干河绿洲非灌溉土壤地表积盐速率对全球变化响应的临界深度。 4、根据绿洲地下水埋深与植被NPP的相关关系，推导出了估算盐化草甸植被NPP的模型： NPP=-O. 991+0. 0005Eo (h-0. 25h^2+0. 021h^3) +5. 276EXP (-0. 651h) 并分别估算了当前及全球变化下的NPP值。盐化草甸植被NPP随地下水埋深的增加呈指数下降。全球变化下，地下水埋深较大时，NPP的增加较明显;地下水埋深较小时，NPP的增加不明显。 5、灵敏度分析表明：NPP对地下水埋深h的变化比对地下水矿化度变化为更敏感。h=3. 3m为渭干河绿洲盐化草甸植被的胁迫深度。 6、系统动力学模型模拟表明，渭干河绿洲耕地面积的增减受水资源利用率和人口数量变化的制约。全球变化下，由于水文状况的改变，未来30年将导致绿洲耕地面积增幅下降4. 5-5.1%。绿洲水文状况和人口数量变化是决定土地利用格局变化的关键驱动因素。 7、绿洲灌溉土地的优化模式为，耕地：林地：改良草地=70: 23:7;种植业（耕地）内部的比例为，粮食作物：经济作物：人工草地=46: 31: 23。

锡林河流域一个放牧草原群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子的研究

本文综述了草原群落土壤呼吸研究的理论、方法、最新进展和主要成果。从2001年6月5日到10月15日，在内蒙古锡林河流域的一个典型草原群落放牧地段用气相色谱法对土壤呼吸进行了测定，并同期观测相应的环境因子，分析了它们之间的相互关系，并根据根系生物量和土壤呼吸的相关性外推出根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例。同时，采用碱液吸收法对该草原群落和一个沼泽化草甸群落的土壤呼吸进行了比对测定，比较在不同生境下土壤呼吸速率的差异。另外，重点比较了两种常用的土壤呼吸测量方法——碱液吸收法和气相色谱法对典型草原群落土壤呼吸的测量效果。主要研究成果如下： 1．在草原群落，生物量（包括地上和地下生物量）、温度（包括气温和土壤温度）和水分及土壤呼吸的季节变化均呈不规则的波动曲线;土壤呼吸与土壤湿度高度相关，与温度尤其是土壤温度以及地下生物量之间存在着一定的相关性，但和地上生物量及绿色生物量之间几乎没有关系。 2．草原群落和草甸群落土壤呼吸的季节动态基本一致，均出现了两个峰值，分别出现在6月底和7月底，它们的变化范围分别为312.8~1738.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1 和 354.6 ~2235.6 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，日平均土壤呼吸速率分别为785.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1 和1349.6 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，草甸群落的土壤呼吸速率明显高于草原群落; 3．土壤水分是草原群落土壤呼吸的主要限制因子，但对草甸群落的土壤呼吸变化却基本没有影响;草甸群落中，地上总生物量与土壤呼吸速率间没有显著的相关关系，但地上部分绿色生物量与土壤呼吸间存在着显著的幂函数关系，而在草原群落中，土壤呼吸速率与地上活生物量或地上总生物量的相关关系均很弱。 4．在草原群落，根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例为60.7% - 93.3%，平均为82%; 5．碱液吸收法和气相色谱法的测定结果具有很高的相关性（R2=0.7563），它们的季节动态基本一致，变化范围分别为从249.3~1795.1 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1和从312.8~1738.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，平均值分别为634.2 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1和802.7 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，碱液吸收法的测量值是气相色谱法的约1.4倍。

增温与土地利用变化对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统温室气体通量影响的研究

随着青藏高原气候变暖进程及放牧压力与开垦面积的逐年加大，非常有必要评价青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统温室气体通量对气候变暖、放牧（包括粪尿斑）和开垦的响应和反馈。与此同时，我们进行了粪尿斑及开垦对土壤理化性质影响研究。本研究对于青藏高原高寒草甸C、N循环关键过程对全球变化响应的认识具有重要意义。 本文通过2年（2006-2007）增温（白天+1.2℃，晚上+1.7℃）与放牧耦合试验，在生长季观测了增温与放牧对高寒草甸生态系统温室气体通量的影响。研究初步表明，增温试验显著增加10 cm土壤温度1℃左右；在放牧频度相对较高的2007年，放牧也显著增加了土壤温度1℃左右。总体上，增温对土壤湿度的影响不显著。 增温可以促进土壤对CH4的吸收，而放牧对CH4通量影响不大或起到一定程度抑制作用。在较低放牧频度的2006年，放牧显著降低了植物-土壤系统CO2总释放量，增温促进了CO2的释放。而在放牧频度相对较高的2007年生长季，没有发现增温及放牧对土壤-植被系统CO2释放显著的影响。2006年放牧后，增温促进了高寒草甸土壤N2O的释放；2007年，增温不放牧小区N2O总通量较对照增加了24.6%，同时放牧处理也促进了N2O释放。基于土壤温度和土壤湿度的线性回归模型可以解释55%-89%的CH4通量变异，而土壤湿度较土壤温度对CH4通量影响更大。土壤温度是影响CO2和N2O通量的主要因子，通过拟合的指数型曲线，土壤温度可以分别解释43%-63%CO2通量变异与65%-81%N2O通量变异。 在2005年与2006年夏季放牧期间，对牦牛粪尿斑处理对高寒草甸CH4、CO2和N2O通量进行了观测。牛粪小区2年观测期内CH4平均通量为687 μg m-2 h-1，而尿斑和对照土壤吸收CH4（平均通量分别为-34 μg m-2 h-1和-39 μg m-2 h-1）。牛粪小区CO2在2005年和2006年观测期内累积释放量较对照分别增加了35.8%和49.7%，而牛尿小区与对照累积释放量差异不显著。牛尿与牛粪小区N2O累积释放量显著高于对照，在2005年牛尿与牛粪小区N2O累积释放量较对照分别增加了3.7和3.5倍，而在2006年分别增加了2.1和1.8倍。因此，在估算放牧高寒草甸生态系统N2O释放时，来自牛粪斑释放量是不能被忽略的。但在中等放牧强度下（1.45头ha-1 y-1），有粪尿斑覆盖的高寒草甸在观测期内全球变暖潜势较相同面积没有粪尿斑覆盖的草甸仅增加了1%。土壤水分孔隙度（WFPS）可以解释牛尿小区35%和对照小区36%CH4通量变异。土壤温度是控制CO2释放的主要因子之一，它可以解释所有处理40-75% CO2的变异。牛尿处理（34%）、牛粪处理（48%）及对照（56%）N2O时间变异则同时受土壤温度和WFPS的驱动。在观测期内，牛尿可以显著提高土壤的pH值。粪尿斑对土壤微生物量碳氮没有产生显著性影响，但在一定时段内能显著增加土壤无机氮含量。 通过在青藏高原高寒草甸开展的人工草地试验，初步探讨了不同土地利用方式（种植燕麦、开垦后闲置及自然恢复）对CO2、CH4和N2O通量，以及土壤无机氮和微生物量氮的影响。燕麦地、自然恢复草地及开垦闲置地与天然草地相比，吸收CH4的能力均表现为增强（CH4的吸收总量分别增加了31.9%、57.2%和71.0%）。由于燕麦地生物量低于天然草地与恢复草地，造成了燕麦地土壤-植被CO2释放量低于天然草地和恢复草地。而闲置地几乎没有植被覆盖，其CO2释放量显著低于天然草地。草地恢复8年后，CO2释放基本恢复到天然草地的水平。闲置地N2O总通量显著高于天然草地，较天然草地增加了60.5%。观测期内燕麦地与天然草地相比，N2O总通量增加了24.3%，但没有达到显著性水平。开垦及种植燕麦，增加了土壤硝态氮的含量，而自然恢复地、燕麦地、天然草地和闲置地在观测期内土壤铵态氮平均含量没有观察到显著性差异。燕麦地土壤微生物量氮平均含量最低（119.7 mg N kg-1），而自然恢复草地、天然草地和闲置地土壤微生物量氮差异不大。

Foraging habitats and utilization distributions of Black-necked Cranes wintering at the Napahai Wetland, China

One of the most endangered populations of Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis), the central population, is declining due to habitat loss and degradation, but little is known about their space use patterns and habitat preferences. We examined the space use and habitat preferences of Black-necked Cranes during the winter of 2007-2008 at the Napahai wetland in northwest Yunnan, China, where approximately 300 Black-necked Cranes (>90% of the total central population) spent the winter. Euclidean distance analysis was employed to determine the habitat preferences of Black-necked Cranes, and a local nearest-neighbor, convex-hull construction method was used to examine space use. Our results indicate that Black-necked Cranes preferred shallow marsh and wet meadow habitats and avoided farmland and dry grassland. Core-use areas (50% isopleths) and total-use areas (100% isopleths) accounted for only 1.2% and 28.2% of the study area, respectively. We recommend that habitat protection efforts focus on shallow marsh and wet meadow habitats to maintain preferred foraging sites. Core-use areas, such as the primary foraging areas of Black-necked Cranes, should be designated as part of the core zone of the nature reserve. Monthly shifts in the core-use areas of the cranes also indicate that the reserve should be large enough to permit changes in space use. In addition to preserving habitat, government officials should also take measures to decrease human activity in areas used by foraging Black-necked Cranes.