Unilateralismo y Multilateralismo (Tema Central)

El artículo profundiza el reciente debate entre unilateralismo y el multilateralismo, generado entorno a la guerra Estados Unidos-Iraq. Para ello el autor trabaja varios interrogantes: ¿Qué son el uni y multilateralismo? ¿Cuándo surgió la tendencia hacia el unilateralismo en la política exterior norteamericana? ¿Qué explica el unilateralismo de EE.UU.? ¿Es el multilateralismo sinónimo de multipolaridad? ¿Cuál es la respectiva eficacia de los dos esquemas frente al reto de la seguridad global? Finalmente, se cuestiona la visión idealizada del multilateralismo y analiza sus implicaciones para América Latina a partir de la experiencia vivida.

La seguridad nacional de EE. UU. en el nuevo orden global: de la vinculación y expansión a la seguridad patria y el antiterrorismo (Tema Central)

El artículo describe y compara las estrategias de seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos de las administraciones de Bill Clinton y George Bush. Trata de clarificar la forma en que se concibe el espacio nacional estadounidense, mundial y global dentro de estas estrategias.

La seguridad en las relaciones Ecuador-Colombia (Tema Central)

El artículo se ocupa del tema de política exterior ecuatoriana más urgente y sobresaliente en la actualidad, esto es la existencia de un conflicto violento transfronterizo. El autor examina críticamente los supuestos éticos y conceptuales de la actual política exterior ecuatoriana desde la perspectiva de los estudios de paz. Se argumenta que el conflicto colombiano puede ser entendido como una guerra contemporánea en la cual el Estado ecuatoriano estaría implicado por el imperativo ético de proteger la seguridad humana de los ecuatorianos, y de las poblaciones colombianas forzadas a desplazarse.

Diagnóstico de la frontera Ecuador-Colombia (Informe Especial)

Este documento describe la situación actual imperante en la frontera, en el lado ecuatoriano, concretamente en las provincias de Esmeraldas, Carchi y Sucumbíos, tomando en cuenta cuatro áreas temáticas: presencia institucional del Estado ecuatoriano, seguridad, comercio binacional Ecuador-Colombia y tejido sociocultural, con indicadores específicos para cada una de ellas. Este diagnóstico describe cómo el conflicto colombiano y la política de seguridad del Estado ecuatoriano están afectando a la institucionalidad política, la economía y la sociedad de la frontera Ecuador-Colombia.

Plan Colombia y dinámicas de seguridad Ecuador-Colombia (Tema Central)

Este documento busca analizar en detalle las causas del incremento en los niveles de inestabilidad que se han presentado entre Ecuador y Colombia –y que han contado con la participación de Venezuela– a través del análisis de los procesos de securitización en cada uno de estos países y en las consecuentes interrelaciones de seguridad. Para ello, primeramente analizaremos las dinámicas de seguridad tradicionales de los países andinos, para identificar sus interrelaciones. Después estudiaremos los procesos de securitización en los EUA desde los ataques del 11/S y su vinculación con las dinámicas de seguridad colombianas. Continuaremos con un vistazo del impacto de los procesos de securitización de Colombia en Ecuador y finalizaremos analizando la crisis de marzo de 2008.

Military competition and the emergence of nationalism: putting the logic of political survival into historical context

This essay aims to make a contribution to the conversation between IR and nationalism literatures by considering a particular question: What is the relationship between interstate military competition and the emergence of nationalism as a potent force in world politics? The conventional wisdom among international security scholars, especially neorealists, holds that nationalism can be more or less treated like a “technology” that allowed states to extract significant resources as well as manpower from their respective populations. This paper underlines some of the problems involved with this perspective and pushes forward an interpretation that is based on the logic of political survival. I argue that nationalism’s emergence as a powerful force in world politics followed from the “mutation” and absorption of the universalistic/cosmopolitan republican ideas that gained temporary primacy in Europe during the eighteenth century into particularistic nationalist ideologies. This transformation, in turn, can be best explained by the French Revolution’s dramatic impacts on rulers’ political survival calculi vis-à-vis both interstate and domestic political challenges. The analysis offered in this essay contributes to our understanding of the relationship between IR and nationalism while also highlighting the potential value of the political survival framework for exploring macrohistorical puzzles.

Strong armies, slow adaptation: civil-military relations and diffusion of military power

Why are some states more willing to adopt military innovations than others? Why, for example, were the great powers of Europe able to successfully reform their military practices to better adapt to and participate in the so-called military revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries while their most important extra-European competitor, the Ottoman Empire, failed to do so? This puzzle is best explained by two factors: civil-military relations and historical timing. In the Ottoman Empire, the emergence of an institutionally strong and internally cohesive army during the early stages of state formation—in the late fourteenth century—equipped the military with substantial bargaining powers. In contrast, the great powers of Europe drew heavily on private providers of military power during the military revolution and developed similar armies only by the second half of the seventeenth century, limiting the bargaining leverage of European militaries over their rulers. In essence, the Ottoman standing army was able to block reform efforts that it believed challenged its parochial interests. Absent a similar institutional challenge, European rulers initiated military reforms and motivated officers and military entrepreneurs to participate in the ongoing military revolution.

Soft balancing in the Americas: Latin American opposition to U.S. intervention, 1898–1936

In the aftermath of the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, scholars of international relations debated how to best characterize the rising tide of global opposition. The concept of “soft balancing” emerged as an influential, though contested, explanation of a new phenomenon in a unipolar world: states seeking to constrain the ability of the United States to deploy military force by using multinational organizations, international law, and coalition building. Soft balancing can also be observed in regional unipolar systems. Multinational archival research reveals how Argentina, Mexico, and other Latin American countries responded to expanding U.S. power and military assertiveness in the early twentieth century through coordinated diplomatic maneuvering that provides a strong example of soft balancing. Examination of this earlier case makes an empirical contribution to the emerging soft-balancing literature and suggests that soft balancing need not lead to hard balancing or open conflict.

The Commonwealth, gender and peacekeeping

Reflecting on the strategic commitment outlined in the Plan of Action for Gender Equality (2005-2015) and the priority issues of the Commonwealth Women’s Forum, this article assesses the extent to which the Commonwealth as an institution is supporting troop and police-contributing member states in addressing the gender imbalance in peacekeeping operations. Drawing on desk-based research, interviews with international policymakers and a statistical analysis of the International Peace Institute Peacekeeping Database, the article first outlines the Commonwealth’s gender and security policy perspective before examining data sets to determine the success of Commonwealth member states in integrating women into uniformed peacekeeping contingencies between 2009 and 2015. The article observes that, in spite of a renewed optimism and drive to propel women into leadership positions in politics, the judiciary, public bodies and private companies, security sector reform and the implementation of pillar one of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325, is notably absent from the Commonwealth’s gender agenda. It is argued that this policy gap suggests that national and international security architecture is regarded as an accepted domain of masculine privilege. A lack of political will among Commonwealth Heads of Government to mainstream gender equality and facilitate structural transformation of national security organs, and a chronically under resourced Commonwealth Secretariat limits the influence of the institution to that of arms-length promoter of international norms on women, peace and security.

As alterações da política externa brasileira nos anos noventa, um estudo de caso : a adesão ao tratado de não-proliferação de armas nucleares (TNP)

Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise política da política externa brasileira, especificamente durante o governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, enfatizando a questão da adesão do Brasil ao Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares - o TNP - suas causas e conseqüências. O tema em questão foi escolhido por sua relevância, levando-se em conta o papel desempenhado pela política externa brasileira no desenvolvimento nacional. No entanto, o Brasil tem enfrentado, desde o começo da década de 1990, novos padrões de relações internacionais. Assim, a abordagem clássica da diplomacia, relacionada com a guerra e a paz, tem crescentemente dado lugar à economia. A opção por um projeto alternativo de desenvolvimento para o país, como resultado do fim da Guerra Fria, levou a mudanças profundas na política externa brasileira. Dessa maneira, a assinatura e ratificação do referido Tratado, entre os anos de 1997 e 1998, caracterizou uma histórica ruptura com a política externa do país nas suas dimensãoes políticas e de segurança.

Segurança e defesa no Cone Sul: Transições com transformações?

The new conditions of international security don't only attach importance to sovereignty and interstate relations. This new framework has led to changes in the scope and requirements for Politics of Defense. Countries of the Southern Cone seek to establish new parameters in the definition of their policies, but need to define between dissuasive policies, as in the past, or establish mechanisms for cooperation with their neighbors. Furthermore, these policies, by their nature and size, are not exclusively militaries. The purpose of this article is to examine the definitions constraints on strategic deterrence and cooperation in international security, and identify the degree of autonomy and the nature of the concepts derived from the armed forces in shaping Politics of Defense. Finally, we try to check the level of civil policy direction in defining those policies.

A segurança internacional na política externa do Brasil: idas e vindas no processo de construção e consolidação da confiança mútua com a Argentina (1985-1994)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise da política estratégica dos Estados Unidos para a América do Sul: de Clinton a George W. Bush

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)