Compositional data-driven alternatives to single geochemical component maps

Conventional practice in Regional Geochemistry includes as a final step of any geochemical campaign the generation of a series of maps, to show the spatial distribution of each of the components considered. Such maps, though necessary, do not comply with the compositional, relative nature of the data, which unfortunately make any conclusion based on them sensitive
to spurious correlation problems. This is one of the reasons why these maps are never interpreted isolated. This contribution aims at gathering a series of statistical methods to produce individual maps of multiplicative combinations of components (logcontrasts), much in the flavor of equilibrium constants, which are designed on purpose to capture certain aspects of the data.
We distinguish between supervised and unsupervised methods, where the first require an external, non-compositional variable (besides the compositional geochemical information) available in an analogous training set. This external variable can be a quantity (soil density, collocated magnetics, collocated ratio of Th/U spectral gamma counts, proportion of clay particle fraction, etc) or a category (rock type, land use type, etc). In the supervised methods, a regression-like model between the external variable and the geochemical composition is derived in the training set, and then this model is mapped on the whole region. This case is illustrated with the Tellus dataset, covering Northern Ireland at a density of 1 soil sample per 2 square km, where we map the presence of blanket peat and the underlying geology. The unsupervised methods considered include principal components and principal balances
(Pawlowsky-Glahn et al., CoDaWork2013), i.e. logcontrasts of the data that are devised to capture very large variability or else be quasi-constant. Using the Tellus dataset again, it is found that geological features are highlighted by the quasi-constant ratios Hf/Nb and their ratio against SiO2; Rb/K2O and Zr/Na2O and the balance between these two groups of two variables; the balance of Al2O3 and TiO2 vs. MgO; or the balance of Cr, Ni and Co vs. V and Fe2O3. The largest variability appears to be related to the presence/absence of peat.

Beamed neutron emission driven by laser accelerated light ions

Highly anisotropic, beam-like neutron emission with peak flux of the order of 10^9 n/sr was obtained from light nuclei reactions in a pitcher–catcher scenario, by employing MeV ions driven by subpetawatt laser. The spatial profile of the neutron beam, fully captured for the first time by employing a CR39 nuclear track detector, shows a FWHMdivergence angle of ~70 deg, with a peak flux nearly an order of magnitude higher than the isotropic component elsewhere. The observed beamed flux of neutrons is highly favourable for a wide range of applications, and indeed for further transport and moderation to thermal energies. A systematic study employing various combinations of pitcher–catcher materials indicates the dominant reactions being d(p, n+p)1Hand d(d,n)3He. Albeit insufficient cross-section data are available for modelling, the observed anisotropy in the neutrons’ spatial and spectral profiles are most likely related to the directionality and high energy of the projectile ions.

Fairness in assessing group projects: a conceptual framework for higher education

Group projects form a large and possibly growing component of the work undertaken for assessing students in higher education, and especially in post-graduate work in business. Yet the assessments sources, methods and purposes result in an array of combinations that the literature fails to capture in its full complexity. Tutors may be able to assess the work of the group as well as they might the work of any individual. But grades - and degrees - are awarded to individuals. Writers on higher education speak of using self- and peer-assessment as a way of qualifying the evaluation of group work so as to differentiate between individuals. But these commonly used terms - drawn from approaches to assessing individual work - are ambiguous or even misleading in the context of group work. This paper proposes a framework for discussing the assessment of group projects in an effort to help identify how the benefits of group learning and be translated into fairer summative assessments.

Analysis of UV spectral bands using multidimensional scaling

This study describes the change of the ultraviolet spectral bands starting from 0.1 to 5.0 nm slit width in the spectral range of 200–400 nm. The analysis of the spectral bands is carried out by using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach to reach the latent spectral background. This approach indicates that 0.1 nm slit width gives higher-order noise together with better spectral details. Thus, 5.0 nm slit width possesses the higher peak amplitude and lower-order noise together with poor spectral details. In the above-mentioned conditions, the main problem is to find the relationship between the spectral band properties and the slit width. For this aim, the MDS tool is to used recognize the hidden information of the ultraviolet spectra of sildenafil citrate by using a ShimadzuUV–VIS 2550, which is in theworld the best double monochromator instrument. In this study, the proposed mathematical approach gives the rich findings for the efficient use of the spectrophotometer in the qualitative and quantitative studies.

Application of continuous wavelet transform to the analysis of the modulus of the fractional Fourier transform bands for resolving two component mixture

In this paper, the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) is applied to the spectral bands of two component mixture containing oxfendazole and oxyclozanide to provide the multicomponent quantitative prediction of the related substances. With this aim in mind, the modulus of FrFT spectral bands are processed by the continuous Mexican Hat family of wavelets, being denoted by MEXH-CWT-MOFrFT. Four modulus sets are obtained for the parameter a of the FrFT going from 0.6 up to 0.9 in order to compare their effects upon the spectral and quantitative resolutions. Four linear regression plots for each substance were obtained by measuring the MEXH-CWT-MOFrFT amplitudes in the application of the MEXH family to the modulus of the FrFT. This new combined powerful tool is validated by analyzing the artificial samples of the related drugs, and it is applied to the quality control of the commercial veterinary samples.

Analysis of UV spectral bands using multidimensional scaling

This study describes the change of the ultraviolet spectral bands starting from 0.1 to 5.0 nm slit width in the spectral range of 200–400 nm. The analysis of the spectral bands is carried out by using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach to reach the latent spectral background. This approach indicates that 0.1 nm slit width gives higher-order noise together with better spectral details. Thus, 5.0 nm slit width possesses the higher peak amplitude and lower-order noise together with poor spectral details. In the above-mentioned conditions, the main problem is to find the relationship between the spectral band properties and the slit width. For this aim, the MDS tool is to used recognize the hidden information of the ultraviolet spectra of sildenafil citrate by using a Shimadzu UV–VIS 2550, which is in the world the best double monochromator instrument. In this study, the proposed mathematical approach gives the rich findings for the efficient use of the spectrophotometer in the qualitative and quantitative studies.

Application of Continuous Wavelet Transform to the Analysis of the Modulus of the Fractional Fourier Transform Bands for Resolving Two Component Mixture

In this paper, the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) is applied to the spectral bands of two component mixture containing oxfendazole and oxyclozanide to provide the multicomponent quantitative prediction of the related substances. With this aim in mind, the modulus of FrFT spectral bands are processed by the continuous Mexican Hat family of wavelets, being denoted by MEXH-CWT-MOFrFT. Four modulus sets are obtained for the parameter a of the FrFT going from 0.6 up to 0.9 in order to compare their effects upon the spectral and quantitative resolutions. Four linear regression plots for each substance were obtained by measuring the MEXH-CWT-MOFrFT amplitudes in the application of the MEXH family to the modulus of the FrFT. This new combined powerful tool is validated by analyzing the artificial samples of the related drugs, and it is applied to the quality control of the commercial veterinary samples.

Pair trading: Clustering based on principal component analysis

This study focuses on the implementation of several pair trading strategies across three emerging markets, with the objective of comparing the results obtained from the different strategies and assessing if pair trading benefits from a more volatile environment. The results show that, indeed, there are higher potential profits arising from emerging markets. However, the higher excess return will be partially offset by higher transaction costs, which will be a determinant factor to the profitability of pair trading strategies. Also, a new clustering approach based on the Principal Component Analysis was tested as an alternative to the more standard clustering by Industry Groups. The new clustering approach delivers promising results, consistently reducing volatility to a greater extent than the Industry Group approach, with no significant harm to the excess returns.

Réponse auditive oscillatoire chez le non-voyant : investigation par magnétoencéphalographie

Les personnes non-voyantes montrent dans les différents aspects de leurs vies qu’elles sont capables de s’adapter à la privation visuelle en utilisant les capacités intactes comme l’ouï ou le toucher. Elles montrent qu’elles peuvent bien évoluer dans leur environnement en absence de vision et démontrent même des fois des habiletés supérieures à celles des personnes voyantes. La recherche de ces dernières décennies s’est beaucoup intéressée aux capacités adaptatives des non-voyants surtout avec l’avènement des nouvelles techniques d’imagerie qui ont permis d’investiguer des domaines qui ne l’étaient pas ou l’étaient difficilement avant. Les capacités supérieures des non voyants dans l’utilisation plus efficace des informations auditives et tactiles semblent avoir leur base neuronale dans le dans le cortex visuel désafférenté, qui continu à être fonctionnel après la privation sensorielle et s’en trouve recruté pour le traitement de stimulations dites intermodales : auditives, tactiles et même montre une implication dans des processus de plus haut niveau, comme la mémoire ou le langage. Cette implication fonctionnelle intermodale résulte de la plasticité du cortex visuel c'est-à-dire sa capacité à changer sa structure, sa fonction et d’adapter ses interactions avec les autres systèmes en l’absence de vision. La plasticité corticale n’est pas exclusive au cortex visuel mais est un état permanent de tout le cerveau. Pour mesurer l’activité du cortex visuel des non voyants, une mesure d’excitabilité de ses neurones consiste à mesurer le temps de recouvrement de l’onde N1 en potentiels évoqués, qui est plus rapide chez les non voyants dans la modalité auditive. En effet, les réponses en potentiels et champs évoqués ont été utilisés en EEG/MEG pour mettre en évidence des changements plastiques dans le cortex visuel des non-voyants pour le traitement de stimuli dans les modalités auditives et tactiles. Ces réponses étaient localisées dans les régions postérieures chez les non voyants contrairement aux contrôles voyants. Un autre type de réponse auditive a reçu moins d’intérêt dans la recherche concernant la réorganisation fonctionnelle en relation avec la privation sensorielle, il s’agit de la réponse auditive oscillatoire (Auditory Steady-State Response ASSR). C’est une réponse qui a l’avantage d’osciller au rythme de stimulation et d’être caractérisé par une réponse des aires auditives étiquetée à la fréquence de stimulation. Cette étiquette se présente sous la forme qu’un pic d’énergie spectrale important qui culmine aux fréquences présentes dans la stimulation. Elle a également l’avantage d’être localisée dans les régions auditives primaires, de là tout changement de localisation de cette réponse chez des non voyants en faveur des régions visuelles pourrait être considéré comme une évidence de la réorganisation fonctionnelle qui s’opère après une privation sensorielle précoce. Le but de cette thèse est donc d’utiliser la réponse oscillatoire à l’écoute des sons modulés en amplitude (MA) pour mettre en évidence les corrélats de la réorganisation fonctionnelle dans le cortex visuel des non-voyants précoces. La modulation de la réponse auditive dans les régions visuelles nous permettra de montrer qu’une réorganisation est possible chez les non-voyants pour ce traitement intermodal. La première étude est une validation du paradigme expérimental «frequency tagged sounds». Il s’agit de montrer qu’une tâche de détection de changement dans la stimulation, permet de moduler la réponse ASSR aux sons modulés en amplitude en vue de l’utiliser dans les études chez les non voyants et dans les conditions d’une privation visuelle transitoire (avec les yeux bandés). Un groupe de sujets voyants ont réalisé une tâche de détection de changement dans la stimulation les yeux ouverts dans deux conditions : écoute active qui consiste à détecter un changement dans la fréquence porteuse de la modulation en appuyant avec l’index droit sur un bouton de réponse et une condition d’écoute passive. Les sons étaient présentés en écoute monaurale et dichotique. Les résultats ont montré une différence significative à l’occurrence du changement dans la stimulation en écoute dichotique seulement. Les schémas de plus grande réponse controlatérale et de suppression binaurale décrit dans la littérature ont été confirmés. La deuxième étude avait pour but de mettre en évidence une réorganisation rapide de la réponse ASSR chez un groupe de sujets voyants dans les conditions de privation visuelle transitoire de courte durée, par bandage des yeux pendant six heures. Le même protocole expérimental que la première étude a été utilisé en écoute active seulement. Les résultats montrent que dans ces conditions une modulation de la réponse corticale en écoute dichotique dans les régions visuelles est possible. Ces sources d’activité occipitale adoptent une propriété du cortex auditif qui est le battement binaural, c'est-à-dire l’oscillation de la réponse ASSR à la différence des fréquences présentées dans chaque oreille. Cet effet est présent chez la moitié des sujets testés. La représentation corticale des sources occipitales évolue durant la période de privation et montre un déplacement des sources d’activité dans la direction antéropostérieure à la fin de la période de privation. La troisième étude a permis de comparer le traitement de la réponse ASSR dans un groupe de non-voyants congénitaux à un groupe de voyants contrôles, pour investiguer les corrélats de la réorganisation fonctionnelle de cette réponse après une privation sensorielle de longue durée c'est-à-dire chez des non voyants congénitaux. Les résultats montrent des différences significatives dans la représentation spectrale de la réponse entre les deux groupes avec néanmoins des activations temporales importantes aussi bien chez les non voyants que chez les contrôles voyants. Des sources distribuées ont été localisées dans les régions associatives auditives dans les deux groupes à la différence des non voyants où il y avait en plus l’implication des régions temporales inférieures, connues comme étant activées par la vision des objets chez les voyants et font partie de la voie visuelle du quoi. Les résultats présentés dans le cadre de cette thèse vont dans le sens d’une réorganisation rapide de la réponse auditive oscillatoire après une privation visuelle transitoire de courte durée par l’implication des régions visuelles dans le traitement de la réponse ASSR par l’intermédiaire du démasquage de connections existantes entre le cortex visuel et le cortex auditif. La privation visuelle de longue durée, elle conduit à des changements plastiques, d’une part intra modaux par l’extension de l’activité aux régions temporales supérieures et médianes. D’autre part, elle induit des changements inter modaux par l’implication fonctionnelle des régions temporales inférieures visuelles dans le traitement des sons modulés en amplitude comme objets auditifs alors qu’elles sont normalement dédiées au traitement des objets visuels. Cette réorganisation passe probablement par les connections cortico-corticales.

Spectral dependence of third order nonlinear optical susceptibility of zinc phthalocyanine

Wavelength dependence of saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) of zinc phthalocyanine was studied using 10 Hz, 8 ns pulses from a tunable laser, in the wavelength range of 520–686 nm, which includes the rising edge of the Q band in the electronic absorption spectrum. The nonlinear response is wavelength dependent and switching from RSA to SA has been observed as the excitation wavelength changes from the low absorption window region to higher absorption regime near the Q band. The SA again changes back to RSA when we further move over to the infrared region. Values of the imaginary part of third order susceptibility are calculated for various wavelengths in this range. This study is important in identifying the spectral range over which the nonlinear material acts as RSA based optical limiter.

Spectral dependence of third order nonlinear optical susceptibility of zinc phthalocyanine

Wavelength dependence of saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) of zinc phthalocyanine was studied using 10 Hz, 8 ns pulses from a tunable laser, in the wavelength range of 520–686 nm, which includes the rising edge of the Q band in the electronic absorption spectrum. The nonlinear response is wavelength dependent and switching from RSA to SA has been observed as the excitation wavelength changes from the low absorption window region to higher absorption regime near the Q band. The SA again changes back to RSA when we further move over to the infrared region. Values of the imaginary part of third order susceptibility are calculated for various wavelengths in this range. This study is important in identifying the spectral range over which the nonlinear material acts as RSA based optical limiter.

A Prototype for a Multimodal Biometric Security system based on Face and Audio Signatures

Any automatically measurable, robust and distinctive physical characteristic or personal trait that can be used to identify an individual or verify the claimed identity of an individual, referred to as biometrics, has gained significant interest in the wake of heightened concerns about security and rapid advancements in networking, communication and mobility. Multimodal biometrics is expected to be ultra-secure and reliable, due to the presence of multiple and independent—verification clues. In this study, a multimodal biometric system utilising audio and facial signatures has been implemented and error analysis has been carried out. A total of one thousand face images and 250 sound tracks of 50 users are used for training the proposed system. To account for the attempts of the unregistered signatures data of 25 new users are tested. The short term spectral features were extracted from the sound data and Vector Quantization was done using K-means algorithm. Face images are identified based on Eigen face approach using Principal Component Analysis. The success rate of multimodal system using speech and face is higher when compared to individual unimodal recognition systems

Raman and infrared spectral analysis of thallium niobyl phosphates: Tl2NbO2PO4, Tl3NaNb4O9(PO4)2 and TlNbOP2O7

Raman and infrared spectra of Tl2NbO2PO4, Tl3NaNb4O9(PO4)2 and TlNbOP2O7 are reported. The observed bands are assigned in terms of vibrations of NbO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra in the first two compounds and in terms of NbO6 octahedra and P2O7 4− anion in the third compound. The NbO6 octahedra in all the title compounds are found to be corner-shared and distorted. The higher wavenumber values of the ν1 (NbO6) mode and other stretching modes indicate that the NbO6 octahedra in them are distorted in the order TlNbOP2O7 > Tl2NbO2PO4 > Tl3NaNb4O9(PO4)2. The splitting of the ν3 (PO4) mode indicates that PO4 tetrahedra is distorted more in Tl2NbO2PO4 than in Tl3NaNb4O9(PO4)2. The symmetry of P2O7 4− anion in TlNbOP2O7 is lowered. Bands indicate that the P–O–P bridge in the above compound has a bent P–O–P bridge configuration

Implementation of a Neural Network Classifier for Noise Sources in the Ocean

The paper investigates the feasibility of implementing an intelligent classifier for noise sources in the ocean, with the help of artificial neural networks, using higher order spectral features. Non-linear interactions between the component frequencies of the noise data can give rise to certain phase relations called Quadratic Phase Coupling (QPC), which cannot be characterized by power spectral analysis. However, bispectral analysis, which is a higher order estimation technique, can reveal the presence of such phase couplings and provide a measure to quantify such couplings. A feed forward neural network has been trained and validated with higher order spectral features

Design and Development of Spectral Signature Based Chipless RFID Tags

The main objective of this thesis is to design and develop spectral signature based chipless RFID tags Multiresonators are essential component of spectral signature based chipless tags. To enhance the data coding capacity in spectral signature based tags require large number of resonances in a limited bandwidth. The frequency of the resonators have to be close to each other. To achieve this condition, the quality factor of each resonance needs to be high. The thesis discusses about various types of multiresonators, their practical implementation and how they can be used in design. Encoding of data into spectral domain is another challenge in chipless tag design. Here, the technique used is the presence or absence encoding technique. The presence of a resonance is used to encode Logic 1 and absence of a speci c resonance is used to encode Logic 0. Di erent types of multiresonators such as open stub multiresonators, coupled bunch hairpin resonators and shorted slot ground ring resonator are proposed in this thesis.