Viaje a la teoría analítica de números desde un problema elemental

El trabajo que presentamos es una experiencia desarrollada por los autores y que consiste en trabajar a diferentes niveles (secundaria, bachillerato y universidad) los conceptos que, de forma natural, aparecen al utilizar la generalización como estrategia de resolución de problemas. Con esta estrategia y resolviendo problemas de los libros de texto de bachillerato, se estudian algunas propiedades de la teoría de números. Esta experiencia permite, además, realizar un trabajo interdisciplinar física-matemáticas.

Sesgos en el razonamiento probabilístico y efectos de la instrucción estadística elemental

En este articulo presentamos una investigación sobre el razonamiento probabilístico de estudiantes recién ingresados en la universidad. El trabajo se enmarca teóricamente en el paradigma de heurísticos y sesgos (Kahneman, Slavic y Tversky, i982) de tradición muy fecunda en el campo del pensamiento probabilístico. Además estudiamos los efectos de la enseñanza estadística que recibieron estos estudiantes en la enseñanza secundaria. Consideramos que de los resultados de la investigación se derivan ideas muy útiles para establecer un nuevo modelo de enseñanza de las probabilidades en la educación secundaria.

Una construcción elemental de las funciones exponencial y logarítmica

Se presenta una construcción rigurosa de la función exponencial con base en aproximaciones decimales de números reales y utilizando herramientas relativamente simples de la teoría de sucesiones numéricas. Visto desde la óptica de un docente de secundaria, esta construcción es la formalización de la construcción intuitiva que siempre hemos enseñado a los muchachos. En la primera parte se repasa la completitud de R y sus consecuencias, así como algunas nociones básicas de sucesiones. La segunda parte prsenta paso a paso, la construcción de la función exponencial con exponente racional y en la tercera parte se extiende esta definición a exponentes reales. La presentación es completada con ejercicios que le ayuden al lector a profundizar un poco más en el tema, de acuerdo con los conocimientos previos. El trabajo esta dirigido a profesores y futuros profesores de secundaria. Se ha evitado en lo posible el uso de herramientas matemáticas sofisticadas, con el fin de hacer la lectura apropiada a la mayor audiencia posible.

Elemental analysis of soil samples for forensic purposes by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry - precision considerations

Major and trace elemental composition provides a powerful basis for forensic comparison of soils, sediments and rocks. However, it is important that the potential 'errors' associated with the procedures are fully understood and quantified, and that standard protocols are applied for sample preparation and analysis. This paper describes such a standard procedure and reports results both for instrumental measurement precision (repeatability) and overall 'method' precision (reproducibility). Results obtained both for certified reference materials and example soils show that the instrumental measurement precision (defined by the coefficient of variation, CV) for most elements is better than 2-3%. When different solutions were prepared from the same sample powder, and from different sub-sample powders prepared from the same parent sample, the CV increased to c. 5-6% for many elements. The largest variation was found in results for certified reference materials generated from 23 instrument runs over an 18 month period (mean CV=c. 11%). Some elements were more variable than others. W was found to be the most variable and the elements V, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb also showed higher than average variability. SiO2, CaO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3, Rb, Sr, La, Ce, Nd and Sm generally showed lower than average variability, and therefore provided the most reliable basis for inter-sample comparison. It is recommended that, whenever possible, samples relating to the same investigation should be analysed in the same sample run, or at least sequential runs.

A guide to the assessment of heavy metal contamination in estuaries using biological indicators. Occasional Publication of the Marine Biological Association 4

The rationale behind the use of analyses of estuarine organisms to assess levels of heavy-metal contamination is described and compared with alternative methods such as the analysis of waters or sediments. Based on field observations in United Kingdom estuaries and on evidence from the literature, an assessment is made of the suitability of 17 species as the indicators of metals and metalloids including Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Se, Sn, Pb and Zn.

The use of biological indicators of heavy metal contamination in estuaries. Occasional Publication of the Marine Biological Association 1

The use of the deposit-feeding molluscs Scrobicularia plana and Macoma balthica and the burrowing polychaete Nereis diversicolor as indicators of the biological availability of heavy metals in sediments has been evaluated. Concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn have been measured in organisms and sediments from more than 30 estuaries in south west England and South Wales and indicate that the biological availability of most metals varies by order of magnitude between uncontaminated and contaminated sites. The results have been compared with those obtained with the use of other species of indicator organisms in estuaries.

Heavy metals in the Fal estuary, Cornwall: A study of long term contamination by mining waste and its effects on estuarine organisms. Occasional Publication of the Marine Biological Association 2

The Fal Estuary System in West Cornwall has, over many centuries, received inputs of heavy metals from various mining activities. In this context its most important tributary is the Carnon River. Analyses of organisms from the Fal Estuary have shown that some species contain abnormally high concentrations of Cu, Zn and As, especially those living in Restronguet Creek.