A carp hatchery: its essential components, site, proper hatchery operation procedures

The paper presents the essential components, ideal site, and proper hatchery operation procedures of a carp hatchery.

The effect of Rosmarinus officinalis and Zataria multiflora extracts on the stability of poly unsaturated fatty acids in frozen silver carp minced

The purpose of this study, Evaluation the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris extracts on the stability of poly unsaturated fatty acids in frozen Silver carp minced. Treatments include: Treatment 1 - Control: frozen meat packaged in conventional Treatment 2: Frozen Silver carp minced+Thyme 300 mg/kg in normal packaging Treatment 3: Frozen Silver carp minced+Rosemary 200 mg/kg in normal packaging Treatment 4: Frozen Silver carp minced+Rosemary compound (100 mg/kg) and Thyme (100 mg/kg) in normal packaging After rapid freezing of samples in the spiral freezer by individual quick freezing method, to maintain the cold temperature (-18) °C were transferred. Sampling and measurements to determine the fatty acid profile of the zero phase beginning in the first month and then every ten days, and 15 days in the second month of the third month after the monthly test. Identifying, defining and measuring the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography was performed. In this study, levels of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in three experimental and one control were identified as follows: A: saturated fatty acids: Meristic C14: 0/Palmitic C16: 0/Hepta decaenoic C17: 0/Stearic C18: 0/Arashidic C20: 0/B:Mono unsaturated fatty acids: palmitoleic C16: 1-W7/Oleic C18: 1-W9/Gadoleic C20: 1-W9 C:Poly unsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic C18: 2-W6/α-Linolenic C18: 3-W3 D:High unsaturated fatty acids: Arachidonic C20: 4-W6 Eicosapentaenoic acid C20: 5-EPA/W3 Docosahexaenoic C22: 6-DHA/W3 Results of this study was to determine, Thyme and rosemary extracts containing silver carp minced stored in freezing conditions, Stability of different types of fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are. So that none of the fatty acids measured were not significant 100% increase or decrease, While changes in the fatty acid oxidation during storage time is minimized. The results obtained from the fatty acid profiles and indicators of their and statistical tests show that treatment with rosemary extract More stable during storage (-18) ° C In comparison with the control and other treatments are shown; And at relatively low compared to other treatments and control samples oleic acid and linoleic acid, palmitic more. According to studies,in Silver carp minced that containing rosemary extract, end of the storage period of six months. Were usable, so even rosemary extract the shelf-life examples to increase more than six months.

Population dynamics and stock assessment of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea

In order to come up with the responsible fishing pattern of common carp, there was a need to identify some of the biological characteristics and stock assessment of carp in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea .The fork length ,weight ,age ,growth parameters of von bertalanffy and mortality rates of common carp were estimated from oct 2006 to sept 2007.Based on the exponential relationship between length and weight in the size range 6.3-65.6 cm ,b was calculated 2.895, 2.843 and 2.925 respectively for combined sexes ,males and females. The mean condition factor was 1.9 which is close to the ideal condition.The results from measuring 3170 specimens ,were showed the first fork length of maturity was 30 cm for males and 32 cm for females. The results indicated that females were predominate and sex ratio was 0.66:1 (M:F) and chi-squares analysis showeda significant difference between males and females.(p<0.05).Length infinity and growth coefficient were calculated by three different methods as below: Length frequency analysis : k=0.17 L∞ =68.04 Age-Length Key k=0.15 L∞ =74.25 Back calculation : k=0.14 L∞ =68.4 The mortality parameters and exploitation rate were estimated as below : Z=0.73 per year M=0.31 per year F=0.42 per year E=0.56 Refer to amount of common carp catch in 2007 -08 ,biomass was calculated 9640.2 tones by jone's cohort analysis and MSY 2374.5 tones.According to analysis ,the number of common carp in the distribution area (Iranian part of the Caspian Sea ) was estimated 24 millions in the 2006-07.

Application of combined effect of sodium acetate and nisin on reduction of contamination by Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum packaged grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets kept at 4°C

In this study microbiological , chemical quality and fatty acid composition of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets treated by dipping in sodium acetate (%1 and %3), nisin (% 0.1 and % 0.2) and combination of sodium acetate and nisin was evaluated during 16 days of refrigerated of 4°C Antilisterial effect of nisin was enhanced with the increased concentration of sodium acetate. At day 12 post storage, Listeria monocytogenese count was higher in the control group than the recommended value, however in sodium acetate and nisin treated samples, the count was lower (5.17-5.91 log cfu/g). With increasing the concentrations of sodium acetate, mesophilic counts were lower. Regarding nisin, better results was obtained by applying %0.1 nisin. Greater inhibition of mesophile bacteria was observed when combination treatment was used. The number of lactobacillus was lower when higher concentrations of sodium acetate and nisin were used. Total Volatile Nitrogen values at the end of the experiment were lower in the samples treated with both nisin and sodium acetate and the better results were obtained in combination treatments. Peroxide (PV) at the end of the experiment was 1.9 meq/kg in control, and the lowest values were observed for the treatments 3(%0 sodium acetate +% 0.2 nisin) and 9(%3 sodium acetate +% 0.2 nisin) between 1.08 and 1.62 meq/kg without significant difference. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) levels at the end of experiment have been shown to be 0.46 mg malonaldehyde per kg in the control. On the other hand treatments 9 had the TBA values of 0.19 mg malonaldehyde per kg which was significantly lower than that of control. Polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by increasing the sodium acetate doses and instead saturated fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio decreased. The ratio of UFA/SFA and also C22:6/C16:0 increased when a higher concentration of sodium acetate has been used. The best result obtained by using 3% of sodium acetate but no such relation with nisin was observed.

Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and nisin on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in light salted silver carp fillet (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

There is an increasing demand in developing newer and safer methods in preserving food products.Among which herbal additives seem to attract evermore attention recently.the major advantage of herbal additives is due to their favorable aroma besides their antimicrobial effects and less expensive than chemical additives. Zataria multiflora Boiss is a native Iranian herb which is used vastly as a food preserver essential oils and also medical usage. Metabolites of harmless bacteria, such as Nisin are also known to be safe preservatives that have antimicrobial activity. However to establish the usefulness of natural antimicrobial preservatives, they must be evaluated alone and in combination with other preservation factors to determine whether there are synergistic effects in rigid media . In this study were evaluated the effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora (EO 0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405 ,0.810 %) and Nisin(0, 0.15, 0.25, 0.75 μg/ml) and Storage time (up to 21 days) on growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 in a food model system(light salted fish of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). The results on growth of S. aureus were evaluated using SPSS 15.0 statistical software (SPSS 15.0 for windows, SPSS Inc.) and analyzed the logarithm of total count of the bacteria by Tukey Test. Results were considered statistically significant when P≤0.05. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus was affected significantly(P<0.05) by EO and Nisin and also combinations of EO and Nisin. Samples treated with 0.135, 0.405 and 0.810% of thyme essential oil showed a significant decrease on the growth of the bacteria compared with an treated samples(P<0.05). No significant difference was seen on the growth of S.aureus in samples treated with lower concentrations of Z.multiflora(below 0.045%) and untreated group(P>0.05). The most inhibitory effects were seen in samples treated with 0.405% and 0.810% of thyme essential oil until 9 and 12 days after storage,respectively. Also there was significant inhibtory effect(P<0.05) in different concentration of nisin on the organism compared with an treated samples. The synergism effects of the Eo and nisin on the growth rate of the bacteria was significant (P<0.05) compared with untreated samples and samples treated with the Eo or nisin, only. Synergismic effects was observed at concentration of 0.405 and 0.810% of Z. multiflora essential oil with 0.25 μg/ml Nisin, respectively until 15 days after storage. As expected it is preferred to apply the least possible amounts of additives in food preserving that not only are effective and safe but are economically justifiable.

Gross clinical signs and haematological changes associated with artifical infection of Edwardsiella tarda in Koi Carp

The occurrence of diseases is a significant setback for successful aquafarming. One of the common fish bacterial disease syndromes, Edwardsiellosis is caused by Edwardsiella tarda, a gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium associated with several diseases of marine and fresh water fish. In this study, an attempt was made to observe and analyze the onset of clinical symptoms and certain haematological parameters in Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio L., following artificial infection with Edwardsiella tarda. The disease progress was observed and the clinical symptoms were monitored over a period of 15 days following infection. Fish were sampled at three day intervals to analyse the haematological parameters: total erythrocyte counts (RBC), total leucocyte counts (WBC), haemoglobin content and differential leucocyte count. Clinical symptoms observed included: erratic swimming behaviour, loss of appetite, haemorrhages, dropsy and exophthalmia. There was a significant decrease in the total RBC and haemoglobin levels by the 3rd and 6th day post infection, and an increase thereafter. WBC counts were higher in all infected groups in comparison to the control group. A significant increase in the number of neutrophils was found in the infected group up to the 9th day and a decrease thereafter. The lymphocyte number was significantly less up to the 12th day while the monocyte counts were significantly higher up to the 12th day post infection. The results showed that the bacterium, E. tarda, is pathogenic to Koi Carp. The hematological changes and clinical signs in infected fish reported in this paper will be helpful in the identification and the control of this infection.

Water budgeting studies on the hatchery and nursery rearing practices for the common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Aquaculture systems are an integral element of rural development and therefore should be environment friendly as well as socially and economically designed. From the economic standpoint, one of the major constraints for the development of sustainable aquaculture includes externalities generated by competition in access to a limited resource. This study was conducted as an investigation into the water requirement for the hatchery and nursery production phases of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) at the Maharashtra State Fish Seed Farm at Khopoli in Raigad Dist. of Maharashtra during the winter months from November to February. The water budgeting study involves the quantification of water used in every stage of production in hatchery and nursery systems and aimed at becoming a foundation for the minimization of water during production without affecting the yield; thereby conserving water and upholding the theme of sustainable aquaculture. The total water used in a single operation cycle was estimated to be 11,25,040 L [sic]. Out of the total water consumed, 4.74% water was used in the pre-operational management steps, 4.48% was consumed during breeding, 62.72% was consumed in the hatching phase, 21.50% was used for hatchery rearing and 6.56% was consumed during conditioning. In the nursery ponds, the water gain was primarily the regulated inflow coming through the irrigation channel. The total quantum of water used in the nursery rearing was 31,60,800 L [sic]. The initial filling and regulated inflow formed 42.60% and 57.40% respectively of water gain, while evaporation, seepage and discharge contributed 20.71%, 36.46% and 42.82% respectively to the water loss. The total water expended for the entire operation was 1,21,61,120 L [sic]. Water expense occurred to produce a single spawn in the hatchery system was calculated and found to be 0.56 L while the water expended to produce one fry was calculated as 4.86 L. The study fulfills the hydrological equation described by Winter (1981) and Boyd (1985). It also validates the water budget simulation model that can be used for forecasting water requirements for aquaculture ponds (Nath and Bolte, 1998).

Evaluate the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide and levaemisole hydrochloride in the treatment of Persian sturgeon, Chinese carp eggs and juveniles

During a two years research hydrogen peroxide efficacy evaluated for Persian sturgeon, Chinese carps and common carp eggs. These series of the experiments conducted in various conditions different concentration of hydrogen peroxide include 250, 500, 750, 1,000 1,500 2,000 3,000 and 9,000 PPM used as ten and fifteen minutes baths, compared with Malachite green and natural control . In the next phase effect of Levaemisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulator which applied as 5 mg/I in twenty minutes baths from day sixth after hatch evaluated by daily mortality rate and leukocytes counts. The results shown that according fertilization percent and temperature condition hydrogen peroxide at 1,000 and 1,500 PPM concentrations is a effective antifungal agent during incubation periods of Persian sturgeon and even sometimes increasing hatching rates significantly comparing with natural controls and Malachite green. In Chinese carps although hydrogen peroxide controls water molds but it is not recommended in high temperatures because it make shortened incubation time and mold infections will decrease. Also the results shown 750 PPM concentration of hydrogen peroxide in common carp eggs controls water moulds infections and increase hatching rate significantly comparing with Malachite green and natural control. Daily mortality rates accessing of Persian sturgeon fries show that 20 minutes baths of 5mg/1 levamisole hydrochloride decreases daily mortality rate during yolk sac absorption. Nitrogenous compounds: nitrate and ammonium differ significantly between treated tanks with control. Blood leucocytes concentrations as an immune index was different significantly in treated fishes by levamisole hydrochloride comparing with controls. In Chinese carps because yolks sac absorption time is short there is not necessary to use the levamisole hydrochloride. Although treated larvae were more active than controls. As a result our suggestions is to use hydrogen peroxide in Persian sturgeon and common carp artificial propagation and also suggest the use levamisole hydrochloride for Persian sturgeon beside management method in stress and pollution condition

镉对花鲢Aristichthys nobills仔鱼,鱼苗和鱼种的急性毒性及其安全浓度的评价

<正> 一、前言始日本发生的骨痛病后,镉污染对水生生物,特别是鱼类的毒性引起了普遍的关注。镉是一种稀有元素,天然水体中含量极低,一般在1μg/l以下。由于矿山开采和工业上用途广泛,以及镉废水的大量排放,致使天然水体受到不同程度的污染。人们注意到,对镉的短期或长期接触,都将对鱼类

Evolutionary Conservation of Dazl Genomic Organization and its Continuous and Dynamic Distribution Throughout Germline Development in Gynogenetic Gibel Carp

To investigate germline development and germ cell specification, we identified a Dazl homolog (CagDazl) from gynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Its cDNA sequence and BAC clone sequence analyses revealed the genomic organization conservation and conserved synteny of the Dazl family members and their neighborhood genes among vertebrates, especially in fish. Moreover, a polyclonal antibody specific to CagDazl was produced and used to examine its expression and distribution throughout germline development at protein level. Firstly, ovary-specific expression pattern of CagDazl was confirmed in adult tissues by RT-PCR and Western blot. In addition, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence localization demonstrated its specific expression in germ cells, and both its transcript and protein were localized to germ plasm. Then, co-localization of CagDazl and mitochondrial cloud was found, confirming that CagDazl transcript and its protein are germ plasm component and move via METRO pathway during oogenesis. Furthermore, the CagDazl is abundant and continuous throughout germline development and germ cell specification including primordial germ cell (PGC) formation, oogonium differentiation, oocyte development, and embryogenesis, and the dynamic distribution occurs at different development stages. The data suggest that maternal CagDazl might play an important role in gibel carp PGC formation. Therefore, CagDazl is a useful and specific marker for tracing germ plasm and germ cell development in the gynogenetic gibel carp. In addition, in comparison with previous studies in sexual reproduction species, the continuous and dynamic distribution of CagDazl protein in the germ plasm throughout the life cycle seems to have significant implication in sex evolution of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Deu. Euol.) 312B:855-871, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A one-year investigation of the relationship between serum GH levels and the growth of F-4 transgenic and non-transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio

It has been demonstrated that growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish often posses a trait for fast growth. Here, we investigated the growth of F-4 'all-fish' GH transgenic carp Cyprinus carpio and their serum GH levels for a year. The results showed that F-4 all-fish GH transgenic carp were significantly larger in body mass (c. two-fold, P < 0 center dot 001) and body length (c. 1 center dot 3 fold, P < 0 center dot 001), compared with the non-transgenic group. The discrepancy of serum GH levels between the transgenic carp group and control group is 54 fold, when the water temperature was 12-34 degrees C. When the water temperature decreased to 3 center dot 5 degrees C in January, the discrepancy was 256 fold. The serum GH level of the transgenic group was relatively constant, while that of control varied greatly based on month and water temperature. The changes of growth rates between the transgenic group and the control group were similar for a year. Taken together, the results indicated that F-4 all-fish GH transgenic carp had not only higher and constant serum GH levels but also a significant fast-growing effect, compared with the control. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a one-year investigation of growth trait and serum growth hormone level in F-4 all-fish GH transgenic carp.

Elevated ability to compete for limited food resources by 'all-fish' growth hormone transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio

Food consumption, number of movements and feeding hierarchy of juvenile transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio and their size-matched non-transgenic conspecifics were measured under conditions of limited food supply. Transgenic fish exhibited 73 center dot 3% more movements as well as a higher feeding order, and consumed 1 center dot 86 times as many food pellets as their non-transgenic counterparts. After the 10 day experiment, transgenic C. carpio had still not realized their higher growth potential, which may be partly explained by the higher frequency of movements of transgenics and the 'sneaky' feeding strategy used by the non-transgenics. The results indicate that these transgenic fish possess an elevated ability to compete for limited food resources, which could be advantageous after an escape into the wild. It may be that other factors in the natural environment (i.e. predation risk and food distribution), however, would offset this advantage. Thus, these results need to be assessed with caution.