Identifying cell class specific losses from serially generated electroretinogram components

Purpose. Processing of information through the cellular layers of the retina occurs in a serial manner. In the electroretinogram (ERG), this complicates interpretation of inner retinal changes as dysfunction may arise from "upstream" neurons or may indicate a direct loss to that neural generator. We propose an approach that addresses this issue by defining ERG gain relationships.

Methods. Regression analyses between two serial ERG parameters in a control cohort of rats are used to define gain relationships. These gains are then applied to two models of retinal disease.

Results. The PIIIamp to PIIamp gain is unity whereas the PIIamp to pSTRamp and PIIamp to nSTRamp gains are greater than unity, indicating "amplification" (P <0.05). Timing relationships show amplification between PIIIit to PIIit and compression for PIIit to pSTRit and PIIit to nSTRit, (P <0.05). Application of these gains to ?-3-deficiency indicates that all timing changes are downstream of photoreceptor changes, but a direct pSTR amplitude loss occurs (P <0.05). Application to diabetes indicates widespread inner retinal dysfunction which cannot be attributed to outer retinal changes (P <0.05).

Conclusions. This simple approach aids in the interpretation of inner retinal ERG changes by taking into account gain characteristics found between successive ERG components of normal animals.

Susceptibility of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinal function and ocular blood flow to acute intraocular pressure challenge.

PURPOSE: To consider whether STZ-induced hyperglycemia renders rat retinal function and ocular blood flow more susceptible to acute intraocular pressure (IOP) challenge.

METHODS: Retinal function (electroretinogram, ERG) was measured during acute IOP challenge (10-100 mmHg, 5 mmHg increments, 3 min/step, vitreal cannulation) in adult Long-Evans rats (6-week old, citrate: n=6, STZ: n=10) 4 weeks after citrate buffer or streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg, blood glucose > 15 mmol/l) injection. At each IOP, dim and bright flash (-4.56, -1.72 log cd.s.m^-2) ERG responses were recorded to measure inner retinal and ON-bipolar cell function, respectively. Ocular blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry, citrate; n=6, STZ; n=10) was also measured during acute IOP challenge. Retinae were isolated for qPCR analysis of nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression endothelial, eNos; inducible, iNos; neuronal, nNos).

RESULTS: STZ-induced diabetes increased the susceptibility of inner retinal (IOP at 50% response, 60.1, CI: 57.0-62.0 mmHg vs. citrate: 67.5, CI: 62.1-72.4 mmHg) and ON-bipolar cell function (STZ: 60.3, CI: 58.0-62.8 mmHg vs. citrate: 65.1, CI: 58.0-62.78 mmHg) and ocular blood flow (43.9, CI: 40.8-46.8 vs. citrate: 53.4, CI: 50.7-56.1 mmHg) to IOP challenge. Citrate eyes showed elevated eNos mRNA (+49.7%) after IOP stress, an effect not found in STZ-diabetic eyes (-5.7%, P<0.03). No difference was observed for iNos or nNos (P>0.05) following IOP elevation.

CONCLUSIONS: STZ-induced diabetes increased functional susceptibility during acute IOP challenge. This functional vulnerability is associated with a reduced capacity for diabetic eyes to upregulate eNOS expression and to autoregulate blood flow in response to stress.

Using the electroretinogram to understand how intraocular pressure elevation affects the rat retina

Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a key risk factor for glaucoma. Our understanding of the effect that IOP elevation has on the eye has been greatly enhanced by the application of the electroretinogram (ERG). In this paper, we describe how the ERG in the rodent eye is affected by changes in IOP magnitude, duration, and number of spikes. We consider how the variables of blood pressure and age can modify the effect of IOP elevation on the ERG. Finally, we contrast the effects that acute and chronic IOP elevation can have on the rodent ERG.

Relationship between the magnitude of intraocular pressure during an episode of acute elevation and retinal damage four weeks later in rats

Purpose: To determine relationship between the magnitude of intraocular pressure (IOP) during a fixed-duration episode of acute elevation and the loss of retinal function and structure 4 weeks later in rats.

Methods: Unilateral elevation of IOP (105 minutes) was achieved manometrically in adult Brown Norway rats (9 groups; n = 4 to 8 each, 10–100 mm Hg and sham control). Full-field ERGs were recorded simultaneously from treated and control eyes 4 weeks after IOP elevation. Scotopic ERG stimuli were white flashes (26.04 to 2.72 log cd.s.m^-2). Photopic ERGs were recorded (1.22 to 2.72 log cd.s.m22) after 15 min of light adaptation (150 cd/m2). Relative amplitude (treated/control, %) of ERG components versus IOP was described with a cummulative normal function. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer density was determined post mortem by histology.

Results: All ERG components failed to recover completely normal amplitudes by 4 weeks after the insult if IOP was 70 mmHg or greater during the episode. There was no ERG recovery at all if IOP was 100 mmHg. Outer retinal (photoreceptor) function demonstrated the least sensitivity to prior acute IOP elevation. ERG components reflecting inner retinal function were correlated with post mortem RGC layer density.

Conclusions: Retinal function recovers after IOP normalization, such that it requires a level of acute IOP elevation approximately 10 mmHg higher to cause a pattern of permanent dysfunction similar to that observed during the acute event. There is a ‘threshold’ for permanent retinal functional loss in the rat at an IOP between 60 and 70 mmHg if sustained for 105 minutes or more.

Clinical and experimental links between diabetes and glaucoma

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. It is a multifactorial condition, the risk factors for which are increasingly well defined from large-scale epidemiological studies. One risk factor that remains controversial is the presence of diabetes. It has been proposed that diabetic eyes are at greater risk of injury from external stressors, such as elevated intraocular pressure. Alternatively, diabetes may cause ganglion cell loss, which becomes additive to a glaucomatous ganglion cell injury. Several clinical trials have considered whether a link exists between diabetes and glaucoma. In this review, we outline these studies and consider the causes for their lack of concordant findings. We also review the biochemical and cellular similarities between the two conditions. Moreover, we review the available literature that attempts to answer the question of whether the presence of diabetes increases the risk of developing glaucoma. At present, laboratory studies provide robust evidence for an association between diabetes and glaucoma.

Glial and neuronal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Neuronal dysfunction has been noted very soon after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin injection in rats. It is not clear from anatomical evidence whether glial cell dysfunction accompanies the well-documented neuronal deficit. Here, we isolate the Müller cell driven slow-P3 component of the full-field electroretinogram and show that it is attenuated at 4 weeks following the onset of streptozotocin-hyperglycaemia. We also found a concurrent reduction in the sensitivity of the phototransduction cascade, as well as in the components of the electroretinogram known to indicate retinal ganglion cell and amacrine cell integrity. Our data support the idea that neuronal and Müller cell dysfunction occurs at the same time in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia.

Factors influencing success of clinical genome sequencing across a broad spectrum of disorders

To assess factors influencing the success of whole-genome sequencing for mainstream clinical diagnosis, we sequenced 217 individuals from 156 independent cases or families across a broad spectrum of disorders in whom previous screening had identified no pathogenic variants. We quantified the number of candidate variants identified using different strategies for variant calling, filtering, annotation and prioritization. We found that jointly calling variants across samples, filtering against both local and external databases, deploying multiple annotation tools and using familial transmission above biological plausibility contributed to accuracy. Overall, we identified disease-causing variants in 21% of cases, with the proportion increasing to 34% (23/68) for mendelian disorders and 57% (8/14) in family trios. We also discovered 32 potentially clinically actionable variants in 18 genes unrelated to the referral disorder, although only 4 were ultimately considered reportable. Our results demonstrate the value of genome sequencing for routine clinical diagnosis but also highlight many outstanding challenges.

Astrophysics: Cosmic explosions in the young Universe

The discovery of two superluminous supernovae at large distances from Earth pushes the frontier of supernova studies to just 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, and suggests that they may be common in the young Universe. See Letter p.228

Prevalence and Diagnostic Approach to Sleep Apnea in Hemodialysis Patients: A Population Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous observations found a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the hemodialysis population, but the best diagnostic approach remains undefined. We assessed OSA prevalence and performance of available screening tools to propose a specific diagnostic algorithm. METHODS: 104 patients from 6 Swiss hemodialysis centers underwent polygraphy and completed 3 OSA screening scores: STOP-BANG, Berlin's Questionnaire, and Adjusted Neck Circumference. The OSA predictors were identified on a derivation population and used to develop the diagnostic algorithm, which was validated on an independent population. RESULTS: We found 56% OSA prevalence (AHI ≥ 15/h), which was largely underdiagnosed. Screening scores showed poor performance for OSA screening (ROC areas 0.538 [SE 0.093] to 0.655 [SE 0.083]). Age, neck circumference, and time on renal replacement therapy were the best predictors of OSA and were used to develop a screening algorithm, with higher discriminatory performance than classical screening tools (ROC area 0.831 [0.066]). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the high OSA prevalence and highlights the low diagnosis rate of this treatable cardiovascular risk factor in the hemodialysis population. Considering the poor performance of OSA screening tools, we propose and validate a specific algorithm to identify hemodialysis patients at risk for OSA for whom further sleep investigations should be considered.

今古奇觀Jin gu qi guan.Merveilles de l'antiquité et des temps modernes.

Contient : I, livre 1三孝廉讓產立高名San xiao lian rang chan li gao ming.Les trois licenciés charitables qui acquièrent de la célébrité ; II, livre 2兩縣令競義婚孤女Liang xian ling jing yi hun gu nü.L'orpheline ; III, livre 3滕大尹鬼斷家私Teng da yin gui duan jia si.Le portrait de famille ; IV, livre 4裴晉公義還原配Pei jin gong yi huan yuan phei.Comment le mandarin Dan bi perdit et retrouva sa fiancée ; V, livre 5杜十娘怒沈百寶箱Du shi niang nu chen bai bao xiang.Du Shi niang, de colère, jette dans l'eau la cassette de bijoux ; VI, livre 6李謫仙醉草嚇蠻書Li zhe xian zui cao he man shu.Le poète Li Tai bai ; VII, livre 7賣油郎獨占花魁Mai you lang du zhan hua khoei.Le vendeur d'huile qui seul possède la reine de beauté ; VIII, livre 8灌園叟（alias 吏）晚逢仙女Guan yuan sou (alias li) wan feng xian nü.Les pivoines ; IX, livre 9轉運漢巧遇洞庭紅Zhuan yun han qiao yu dong ting hong.Le couli des transports, adroitement, reçoit la beauté du Dong ting ; X, livre 10看財奴刁買寃家主Kan cai nu diao mai yuan jia zhu.Richesse mal acquise (Comment le ciel donne et reprend les richesses) ; XI, livre 11吳保安棄家贖友Wu bao an qi jia shu you.Véritable amitié ; XII, livre 12羊角哀舍命全交Yang jue ai she ming quan jiao.Yang Jue ai fait le sacrifice do sa vie par dévouement pour un ami ; XIII, livre 13沈小霞相會出師表Shen xiao xia xiang hui chu shi biao.Shen Xiao xia rencontre et présente le modèle des maîtres ; XIV, livre 14宋金郎團圓破氊笠Song jin lang tuan yuan po zhan li.Les tendres époux ; XV, livre 15盧太學詩酒傲公侯Lu tai xue shi jiu ao gong hou.Lu tai xue, poète et ivre, brave les princes ; XVI, livre 16李汧公窮邸遇俠客Li qian gong qiong di yu xie ke.Li Qian gong, dans sa résidence misérable, traite un hôte magnanime ; XVII, livre 17蘇小妹三難新郎Su xiao mei san nan xin lang.La jeune Su trois fois maltraite un nouveau marié ; XVIII, livre 18劉元普雙生貴子Liu yuan pu shuang sheng gui zi.Liu Yuan pu obtient deux beaux enfants ; XIX, livre 19俞伯牙摔琴謝知音Yu bai ya choai qin xie zhi yin.Le luth brisé ; XX, livre 20莊子休鼓盆成大道Zhuang zi xiu gu phen cheng da dao.La matrone du pays de Song ; XXI, livre 21老門生三世報恩Lao men sheng san shi bao en.Le vieil élève montre sa reconnaissance à la troisième génération ; XXII, livre 22鈍秀才一朝交泰Dun xiu cai yi zhao jiao tai.Le bachelier obtus tout d'un coup exerce son influence formatrice ; XXIII, livre 23蔣興哥重會珍珠衫Jiang xing ge chong hui zheng zhu shan.Le négociant ruiné (La tunique de perles) ; XXIV, livre 24陳御史巧勘金釵鈿Chen yu shi qiao kan jin tchhai tian.Une cause célèbre ; XXV, livre 25徐老僕義憤成家Xu lao bu yi fen cheng jia.Un serviteur méritant ; XXVI, livre 26蔡小姐忍辱報讐Cai xiao jie ren ru bao chou .L'héroïsme de la piété filiale ; XXVII, livre 27錢秀才錯占鳳凰儔.Qian xiu cai tsho zhan feng huang chou .Mariage forcé ; XXVIII, livre 28喬太守亂㸃鴛鴦譜.Qiao tai shou luan dian yuan yang pu.Le préfet Qiao pointe à tort le registre des unions ; XXIX, livre 29懷私怨很僕告主Huai si yuan hen bu gao zhu.Le crime puni ; XXX, livre 30念親恩孝女藏兒Nian qin en xiao nü cang er.La calomnie démasquée ; XXXI, livre 31呂大郎還金完骨肉Lü da lang huan jin wan gu ru.Les trois frères ; XXXII, livre 32金玉奴棒打薄情郎.Jin yu nu bang da bai qing lang.Femme et mari ingrats ; XXXIII, livre 33唐解元玩世出奇.Tang jie yuan wan shi chu qi.Le mariage du licencié Tang (Tang le jie yuan) ; XXXIV, livre 34女秀才移花接木.Nü xiu cai yi hua jie mu.La bachelière du pays de Zhu ; XXXV, livre 35王喬鸞百年長恨.Wang qiao luan bai nian chang hen.Le ressentiment perpétuel de Wang Qiao luan ; XXXVI, livre 36十三郎五歲朝天.Shi san lang wu sui chao tian.Shi san lang pendant cinq ans se tourne vers le ciel ; XXXVII, livre 37崔俊臣巧合芙蓉屏.Cui jun chen qiao he fu yong ping.Paravent révélateur ; XXXVIII, livre 38趙縣君喬送黃柑子.Zhao xian jun qiao song huang gan zi.Chantage ; XXXIX, livre 39誇妙術丹容提金.Khoa miao shu dan yong ti jin.Les alchimistes ; XL, livre 40逞多財（alias 錢多） 白丁橫帶Cheng duo cai (qian duo) bai ding heng dai.Cupidité et dérèglement

今古奇觀Jin gu qi guan.Merveilles de l'antiquité et des temps modernes.

Contient : I, livre 1三孝廉讓產立高名San xiao lian rang chan li gao ming.Les trois licenciés charitables qui acquièrent de la célébrité ; II, livre 2兩縣令競義婚孤女Liang xian ling jing yi hun gu nü.L'orpheline ; III, livre 3滕大尹鬼斷家私Teng da yin gui duan jia si.Le portrait de famille ; IV, livre 4裴晉公義還原配Pei jin gong yi huan yuan phei.Comment le mandarin Dan bi perdit et retrouva sa fiancée ; V, livre 5杜十娘怒沈百寶箱Du shi niang nu chen bai bao xiang.Du Shi niang, de colère, jette dans l'eau la cassette de bijoux ; VI, livre 6李謫仙醉草嚇蠻書Li zhe xian zui cao he man shu.Le poète Li Tai bai ; VII, livre 7賣油郎獨占花魁Mai you lang du zhan hua khoei.Le vendeur d'huile qui seul possède la reine de beauté ; VIII, livre 8灌園叟（alias 吏）晚逢仙女Guan yuan sou (alias li) wan feng xian nü.Les pivoines ; IX, livre 9轉運漢巧遇洞庭紅Zhuan yun han qiao yu dong ting hong.Le couli des transports, adroitement, reçoit la beauté du Dong ting ; X, livre 10看財奴刁買寃家主Kan cai nu diao mai yuan jia zhu.Richesse mal acquise (Comment le ciel donne et reprend les richesses) ; XI, livre 11吳保安棄家贖友Wu bao an qi jia shu you.Véritable amitié ; XII, livre 12羊角哀舍命全交Yang jue ai she ming quan jiao.Yang Jue ai fait le sacrifice do sa vie par dévouement pour un ami ; XIII, livre 13沈小霞相會出師表Shen xiao xia xiang hui chu shi biao.Shen Xiao xia rencontre et présente le modèle des maîtres ; XIV, livre 14宋金郎團圓破氊笠Song jin lang tuan yuan po zhan li.Les tendres époux ; XV, livre 15盧太學詩酒傲公侯Lu tai xue shi jiu ao gong hou.Lu tai xue, poète et ivre, brave les princes ; XVI, livre 16李汧公窮邸遇俠客Li qian gong qiong di yu xie ke.Li Qian gong, dans sa résidence misérable, traite un hôte magnanime ; XVII, livre 17蘇小妹三難新郎Su xiao mei san nan xin lang.La jeune Su trois fois maltraite un nouveau marié ; XVIII, livre 18劉元普雙生貴子Liu yuan pu shuang sheng gui zi.Liu Yuan pu obtient deux beaux enfants ; XIX, livre 19俞伯牙摔琴謝知音Yu bai ya choai qin xie zhi yin.Le luth brisé ; XX, livre 20莊子休鼓盆成大道Zhuang zi xiu gu phen cheng da dao.La matrone du pays de Song ; XXI, livre 21老門生三世報恩Lao men sheng san shi bao en.Le vieil élève montre sa reconnaissance à la troisième génération ; XXII, livre 22鈍秀才一朝交泰Dun xiu cai yi zhao jiao tai.Le bachelier obtus tout d'un coup exerce son influence formatrice ; XXIII, livre 23蔣興哥重會珍珠衫Jiang xing ge chong hui zheng zhu shan.Le négociant ruiné (La tunique de perles) ; XXIV, livre 24陳御史巧勘金釵鈿Chen yu shi qiao kan jin tchhai tian.Une cause célèbre ; XXV, livre 25徐老僕義憤成家Xu lao bu yi fen cheng jia.Un serviteur méritant ; XXVI, livre 26蔡小姐忍辱報讐Cai xiao jie ren ru bao chou .L'héroïsme de la piété filiale ; XXVII, livre 27錢秀才錯占鳳凰儔.Qian xiu cai tsho zhan feng huang chou .Mariage forcé ; XXVIII, livre 28喬太守亂㸃鴛鴦譜.Qiao tai shou luan dian yuan yang pu.Le préfet Qiao pointe à tort le registre des unions ; XXIX, livre 29懷私怨很僕告主Huai si yuan hen bu gao zhu.Le crime puni ; XXX, livre 30念親恩孝女藏兒Nian qin en xiao nü cang er.La calomnie démasquée ; XXXI, livre 31呂大郎還金完骨肉Lü da lang huan jin wan gu ru.Les trois frères ; XXXII, livre 32金玉奴棒打薄情郎.Jin yu nu bang da bai qing lang.Femme et mari ingrats ; XXXIII, livre 33唐解元玩世出奇.Tang jie yuan wan shi chu qi.Le mariage du licencié Tang (Tang le jie yuan) ; XXXIV, livre 34女秀才移花接木.Nü xiu cai yi hua jie mu.La bachelière du pays de Zhu ; XXXV, livre 35王喬鸞百年長恨.Wang qiao luan bai nian chang hen.Le ressentiment perpétuel de Wang Qiao luan ; XXXVI, livre 36十三郎五歲朝天.Shi san lang wu sui chao tian.Shi san lang pendant cinq ans se tourne vers le ciel ; XXXVII, livre 37崔俊臣巧合芙蓉屏.Cui jun chen qiao he fu yong ping.Paravent révélateur ; XXXVIII, livre 38趙縣君喬送黃柑子.Zhao xian jun qiao song huang gan zi.Chantage ; XXXIX, livre 39誇妙術丹容提金.Khoa miao shu dan yong ti jin.Les alchimistes ; XL, livre 40逞多財（alias 錢多） 白丁橫帶Cheng duo cai (qian duo) bai ding heng dai.Cupidité et dérèglement

今古奇觀Jin gu qi guan.Merveilles de l'antiquité et des temps modernes.

Contient : I, livre 1三孝廉讓產立高名San xiao lian rang chan li gao ming.Les trois licenciés charitables qui acquièrent de la célébrité ; II, livre 2兩縣令競義婚孤女Liang xian ling jing yi hun gu nü.L'orpheline ; III, livre 3滕大尹鬼斷家私Teng da yin gui duan jia si.Le portrait de famille ; IV, livre 4裴晉公義還原配Pei jin gong yi huan yuan phei.Comment le mandarin Dan bi perdit et retrouva sa fiancée ; V, livre 5杜十娘怒沈百寶箱Du shi niang nu chen bai bao xiang.Du Shi niang, de colère, jette dans l'eau la cassette de bijoux ; VI, livre 6李謫仙醉草嚇蠻書Li zhe xian zui cao he man shu.Le poète Li Tai bai ; VII, livre 7賣油郎獨占花魁Mai you lang du zhan hua khoei.Le vendeur d'huile qui seul possède la reine de beauté ; VIII, livre 8灌園叟（alias 吏）晚逢仙女Guan yuan sou (alias li) wan feng xian nü.Les pivoines ; IX, livre 9轉運漢巧遇洞庭紅Zhuan yun han qiao yu dong ting hong.Le couli des transports, adroitement, reçoit la beauté du Dong ting ; X, livre 10看財奴刁買寃家主Kan cai nu diao mai yuan jia zhu.Richesse mal acquise (Comment le ciel donne et reprend les richesses) ; XI, livre 11吳保安棄家贖友Wu bao an qi jia shu you.Véritable amitié ; XII, livre 12羊角哀舍命全交Yang jue ai she ming quan jiao.Yang Jue ai fait le sacrifice do sa vie par dévouement pour un ami ; XIII, livre 13沈小霞相會出師表Shen xiao xia xiang hui chu shi biao.Shen Xiao xia rencontre et présente le modèle des maîtres ; XIV, livre 14宋金郎團圓破氊笠Song jin lang tuan yuan po zhan li.Les tendres époux ; XV, livre 15盧太學詩酒傲公侯Lu tai xue shi jiu ao gong hou.Lu tai xue, poète et ivre, brave les princes ; XVI, livre 16李汧公窮邸遇俠客Li qian gong qiong di yu xie ke.Li Qian gong, dans sa résidence misérable, traite un hôte magnanime ; XVII, livre 17蘇小妹三難新郎Su xiao mei san nan xin lang.La jeune Su trois fois maltraite un nouveau marié ; XVIII, livre 18劉元普雙生貴子Liu yuan pu shuang sheng gui zi.Liu Yuan pu obtient deux beaux enfants ; XIX, livre 19俞伯牙摔琴謝知音Yu bai ya choai qin xie zhi yin.Le luth brisé ; XX, livre 20莊子休鼓盆成大道Zhuang zi xiu gu phen cheng da dao.La matrone du pays de Song ; XXI, livre 21老門生三世報恩Lao men sheng san shi bao en.Le vieil élève montre sa reconnaissance à la troisième génération ; XXII, livre 22鈍秀才一朝交泰Dun xiu cai yi zhao jiao tai.Le bachelier obtus tout d'un coup exerce son influence formatrice ; XXIII, livre 23蔣興哥重會珍珠衫Jiang xing ge chong hui zheng zhu shan.Le négociant ruiné (La tunique de perles) ; XXIV, livre 24陳御史巧勘金釵鈿Chen yu shi qiao kan jin tchhai tian.Une cause célèbre ; XXV, livre 25徐老僕義憤成家Xu lao bu yi fen cheng jia.Un serviteur méritant ; XXVI, livre 26蔡小姐忍辱報讐Cai xiao jie ren ru bao chou .L'héroïsme de la piété filiale ; XXVII, livre 27錢秀才錯占鳳凰儔.Qian xiu cai tsho zhan feng huang chou .Mariage forcé ; XXVIII, livre 28喬太守亂㸃鴛鴦譜.Qiao tai shou luan dian yuan yang pu.Le préfet Qiao pointe à tort le registre des unions ; XXIX, livre 29懷私怨很僕告主Huai si yuan hen bu gao zhu.Le crime puni ; XXX, livre 30念親恩孝女藏兒Nian qin en xiao nü cang er.La calomnie démasquée ; XXXI, livre 31呂大郎還金完骨肉Lü da lang huan jin wan gu ru.Les trois frères ; XXXII, livre 32金玉奴棒打薄情郎.Jin yu nu bang da bai qing lang.Femme et mari ingrats ; XXXIII, livre 33唐解元玩世出奇.Tang jie yuan wan shi chu qi.Le mariage du licencié Tang (Tang le jie yuan) ; XXXIV, livre 34女秀才移花接木.Nü xiu cai yi hua jie mu.La bachelière du pays de Zhu ; XXXV, livre 35王喬鸞百年長恨.Wang qiao luan bai nian chang hen.Le ressentiment perpétuel de Wang Qiao luan ; XXXVI, livre 36十三郎五歲朝天.Shi san lang wu sui chao tian.Shi san lang pendant cinq ans se tourne vers le ciel ; XXXVII, livre 37崔俊臣巧合芙蓉屏.Cui jun chen qiao he fu yong ping.Paravent révélateur ; XXXVIII, livre 38趙縣君喬送黃柑子.Zhao xian jun qiao song huang gan zi.Chantage ; XXXIX, livre 39誇妙術丹容提金.Khoa miao shu dan yong ti jin.Les alchimistes ; XL, livre 40逞多財（alias 錢多） 白丁橫帶Cheng duo cai (qian duo) bai ding heng dai.Cupidité et dérèglement

今古奇觀Jin gu qi guan.Merveilles de l'antiquité et des temps modernes.

Contient : I, livre 1三孝廉讓產立高名San xiao lian rang chan li gao ming.Les trois licenciés charitables qui acquièrent de la célébrité ; II, livre 2兩縣令競義婚孤女Liang xian ling jing yi hun gu nü.L'orpheline ; III, livre 3滕大尹鬼斷家私Teng da yin gui duan jia si.Le portrait de famille ; IV, livre 4裴晉公義還原配Pei jin gong yi huan yuan phei.Comment le mandarin Dan bi perdit et retrouva sa fiancée ; V, livre 5杜十娘怒沈百寶箱Du shi niang nu chen bai bao xiang.Du Shi niang, de colère, jette dans l'eau la cassette de bijoux ; VI, livre 6李謫仙醉草嚇蠻書Li zhe xian zui cao he man shu.Le poète Li Tai bai ; VII, livre 7賣油郎獨占花魁Mai you lang du zhan hua khoei.Le vendeur d'huile qui seul possède la reine de beauté ; VIII, livre 8灌園叟（alias 吏）晚逢仙女Guan yuan sou (alias li) wan feng xian nü.Les pivoines ; IX, livre 9轉運漢巧遇洞庭紅Zhuan yun han qiao yu dong ting hong.Le couli des transports, adroitement, reçoit la beauté du Dong ting ; X, livre 10看財奴刁買寃家主Kan cai nu diao mai yuan jia zhu.Richesse mal acquise (Comment le ciel donne et reprend les richesses) ; XI, livre 11吳保安棄家贖友Wu bao an qi jia shu you.Véritable amitié ; XII, livre 12羊角哀舍命全交Yang jue ai she ming quan jiao.Yang Jue ai fait le sacrifice do sa vie par dévouement pour un ami ; XIII, livre 13沈小霞相會出師表Shen xiao xia xiang hui chu shi biao.Shen Xiao xia rencontre et présente le modèle des maîtres ; XIV, livre 14宋金郎團圓破氊笠Song jin lang tuan yuan po zhan li.Les tendres époux ; XV, livre 15盧太學詩酒傲公侯Lu tai xue shi jiu ao gong hou.Lu tai xue, poète et ivre, brave les princes ; XVI, livre 16李汧公窮邸遇俠客Li qian gong qiong di yu xie ke.Li Qian gong, dans sa résidence misérable, traite un hôte magnanime ; XVII, livre 17蘇小妹三難新郎Su xiao mei san nan xin lang.La jeune Su trois fois maltraite un nouveau marié ; XVIII, livre 18劉元普雙生貴子Liu yuan pu shuang sheng gui zi.Liu Yuan pu obtient deux beaux enfants ; XIX, livre 19俞伯牙摔琴謝知音Yu bai ya choai qin xie zhi yin.Le luth brisé ; XX, livre 20莊子休鼓盆成大道Zhuang zi xiu gu phen cheng da dao.La matrone du pays de Song ; XXI, livre 21老門生三世報恩Lao men sheng san shi bao en.Le vieil élève montre sa reconnaissance à la troisième génération ; XXII, livre 22鈍秀才一朝交泰Dun xiu cai yi zhao jiao tai.Le bachelier obtus tout d'un coup exerce son influence formatrice ; XXIII, livre 23蔣興哥重會珍珠衫Jiang xing ge chong hui zheng zhu shan.Le négociant ruiné (La tunique de perles) ; XXIV, livre 24陳御史巧勘金釵鈿Chen yu shi qiao kan jin tchhai tian.Une cause célèbre ; XXV, livre 25徐老僕義憤成家Xu lao bu yi fen cheng jia.Un serviteur méritant ; XXVI, livre 26蔡小姐忍辱報讐Cai xiao jie ren ru bao chou .L'héroïsme de la piété filiale ; XXVII, livre 27錢秀才錯占鳳凰儔.Qian xiu cai tsho zhan feng huang chou .Mariage forcé ; XXVIII, livre 28喬太守亂㸃鴛鴦譜.Qiao tai shou luan dian yuan yang pu.Le préfet Qiao pointe à tort le registre des unions ; XXIX, livre 29懷私怨很僕告主Huai si yuan hen bu gao zhu.Le crime puni ; XXX, livre 30念親恩孝女藏兒Nian qin en xiao nü cang er.La calomnie démasquée ; XXXI, livre 31呂大郎還金完骨肉Lü da lang huan jin wan gu ru.Les trois frères ; XXXII, livre 32金玉奴棒打薄情郎.Jin yu nu bang da bai qing lang.Femme et mari ingrats ; XXXIII, livre 33唐解元玩世出奇.Tang jie yuan wan shi chu qi.Le mariage du licencié Tang (Tang le jie yuan) ; XXXIV, livre 34女秀才移花接木.Nü xiu cai yi hua jie mu.La bachelière du pays de Zhu ; XXXV, livre 35王喬鸞百年長恨.Wang qiao luan bai nian chang hen.Le ressentiment perpétuel de Wang Qiao luan ; XXXVI, livre 36十三郎五歲朝天.Shi san lang wu sui chao tian.Shi san lang pendant cinq ans se tourne vers le ciel ; XXXVII, livre 37崔俊臣巧合芙蓉屏.Cui jun chen qiao he fu yong ping.Paravent révélateur ; XXXVIII, livre 38趙縣君喬送黃柑子.Zhao xian jun qiao song huang gan zi.Chantage ; XXXIX, livre 39誇妙術丹容提金.Khoa miao shu dan yong ti jin.Les alchimistes ; XL, livre 40逞多財（alias 錢多） 白丁橫帶Cheng duo cai (qian duo) bai ding heng dai.Cupidité et dérèglement

An Inquiry of Changes in Environmental Governance by Community-driven Process

Urban environmental depletion has been a critical problem among industrialized-transformed societies, especially at the local level where administrative authorities’ capacity lags behind changes. Derived from governance concept, the idea of civil society inclusion is highlighted. Focusing on an agglomerated case study, Bang Plee Community in Thailand, this research investigates on a non-state sector, 201-Community organization, as an agent for changes to improve urban environments on solid waste collection. Two roles are contested: as an agent for neighborhood internal change and as an intermediary toward governance changes in state-civil society interaction. By employing longitudinal analysis via a project intervention as research experiment, the outcomes of both roles are detected portrayed in three spheres: state, state-civil society interaction, and civil society sphere. It discovers in the research regarding agglomerated context that as an internal changes for environmental betterment, 201-Community organization operation brings on waste reduction at the minimal level. Community-based organization as an agent for changes – despite capacity input it still limited in efficiency and effectiveness – can mobilize fruitfully only at the individual and network level of civil society sectors, while fails managing at the organizational level. The positive outcomes result by economic waste incentive associated with a limited-bonded group rather than the rise of awareness at large. As an intermediary agent for shared governance, the community-based organization cannot bring on mutual dialogue with state as much as cannot change the state’s operation arena of solid waste management. The findings confine the shared governance concept that it does not applicable in agglomerated locality as an effective outcome, both in terms of being instrumental toward civil society inclusion and being provocative of internal change. Shared environmental governance as summarized in this research can last merely a community development action. It distances significantly from civil society inclusion and empowerment. However, the research proposes that community-based environmental management and shared governance toward civil society inclusion in urban environmental improvement are still an expectable option and reachable if their factors and conditions of key success and failure are intersected with a particular context. Further studies demand more precise on scale, scope, and theses factors of environmental management operation operated by civil society sectors.