Investigations of cohesive zone properties of the interface between metal film and ceramic substrate at nano- and micro-scales

Cohesive zone characterizations of the interface between metal film and ceramic substrate at micro- and nano-scales are performed in the present research. At the nano-scale, a special potential for special material interface (Ag/MgO) is adopted to investigate the interface separation mechanism by using MD simulation, and stress-separation relationship will be obtained. At the micro-scale, peeling experiment is performed for the Al film/Al2O3 substrate system with an adhesive layer at the interface. Adhesive is a mixture of epoxy and polyimide with mass ratio 1:1, by which a brittle cohesive property is obtained. The relationships between energy release rate, the film thickness and the adhesive layer thickness are measured during the steady-state peeling. The experimental result has a similar trend as modeling result for a weak adhesion interface case.

Possible inclusion of fish waste (scales and fins) in the diet of fishes in aquaculture

The scales and fins of some freshwater fish species (Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zillii, Barbus callipterus, Hemichromis fasciatus) from Kainji Lake, Nigeria were analyzed for their organic and inorganic matter. The aim of such study is to determine the usefulness of these waste parts of the fish in fish feed preparation. In all instances, the inorganic matter was found to be quite high in the fish exoskeleton, and calcium formed the highest element in the scales and the fins. These waste materials are therefore, considered as possible replacement for mineral sources in fish feed and probably the feed for other livestock

Effects of international trade of food and feed and human diet shifts on food security and environmental safety: integrating scales

4 p.

Force chains, friction, and flow: Behavior of granular media across length scales

We study the behavior of granular materials at three length scales. At the smallest length scale, the grain-scale, we study inter-particle forces and "force chains". Inter-particle forces are the natural building blocks of constitutive laws for granular materials. Force chains are a key signature of the heterogeneity of granular systems. Despite their fundamental importance for calibrating grain-scale numerical models and elucidating constitutive laws, inter-particle forces have not been fully quantified in natural granular materials. We present a numerical force inference technique for determining inter-particle forces from experimental data and apply the technique to two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems under quasi-static and dynamic load. These experiments validate the technique and provide insight into the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of granular materials.

At a larger length scale, the mesoscale, we study the emergent frictional behavior of a collection of grains. Properties of granular materials at this intermediate scale are crucial inputs for macro-scale continuum models. We derive friction laws for granular materials at the mesoscale by applying averaging techniques to grain-scale quantities. These laws portray the nature of steady-state frictional strength as a competition between steady-state dilation and grain-scale dissipation rates. The laws also directly link the rate of dilation to the non-steady-state frictional strength.

At the macro-scale, we investigate continuum modeling techniques capable of simulating the distinct solid-like, liquid-like, and gas-like behaviors exhibited by granular materials in a single computational domain. We propose a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) approach for granular materials with a viscoplastic constitutive law. The constitutive law uses a rate-dependent and dilation-dependent friction law. We provide a theoretical basis for a dilation-dependent friction law using similar analysis to that performed at the mesoscale. We provide several qualitative and quantitative validations of the technique and discuss ongoing work aiming to couple the granular flow with gas and fluid flows.

Proficiency, Attitude and Conventions in Minority Languages

In this paper we study a simple mathematical model of a bilingual community in which all agents are f luent in the majority language but only a fraction of the population has some degree of pro ficiency in the minority language. We investigate how different distributions of pro ficiency, combined with the speaker´attitudes towards or against the minority language, may infl uence its use in pair conversations.

Community Turnover of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi across Hierarchical Spatial Scales

For efficient use of conservation resources it is important to determine how species diversity changes across spatial scales. In many poorly known species groups little is known about at which spatial scales the conservation efforts should be focused. Here we examined how the community turnover of wood-inhabiting fungi is realised at three hierarchical levels, and how much of community variation is explained by variation in resource composition and spatial proximity. The hierarchical study design consisted of management type (fixed factor), forest site (random factor, nested within management type) and study plots (randomly placed plots within each study site). To examine how species richness varied across the three hierarchical scales, randomized species accumulation curves and additive partitioning of species richness were applied. To analyse variation in wood-inhabiting species and dead wood composition at each scale, linear and Permanova modelling approaches were used. Wood-inhabiting fungal communities were dominated by rare and infrequent species. The similarity of fungal communities was higher within sites and within management categories than among sites or between the two management categories, and it decreased with increasing distance among the sampling plots and with decreasing similarity of dead wood resources. However, only a small part of community variation could be explained by these factors. The species present in managed forests were in a large extent a subset of those species present in natural forests. Our results suggest that in particular the protection of rare species requires a large total area. As managed forests have only little additional value complementing the diversity of natural forests, the conservation of natural forests is the key to ecologically effective conservation. As the dissimilarity of fungal communities increases with distance, the conserved natural forest sites should be broadly distributed in space, yet the individual conserved areas should be large enough to ensure local persistence.

A influência da habilidade empática sobre o perdão interpessoal

Diversos estudos têm apontado os benefícios da habilidade empática. Ela está associada à saúde e bem-estar psicológicos, a relacionamentos mais satisfatórios, a comportamentos pró-sociais e morais, à resiliência etc., ao passo que sua ausência está associada a diversos prejuízos pessoais e interpessoais. Como habilidade social, entende-se que a empatia é um fenômeno multidimensional, com aspectos cognitivos, afetivos e comportamentais. Respectivamente, envolve a capacidade de compreender o ponto de vista do outro, de se interessar genuinamente pelo seu bem-estar, e de expressar, por meio de comportamentos verbais e/ou não verbais, sua compreensão e interesse ao interlocutor, permitindo a este se sentir entendido e validado em suas experiências. Esta habilidade tem sido associada, mais recentemente, por diversos estudos internacionais, à capacidade de perdoar um ofensor por suas transgressões. Com isso, o propósito do presente trabalho foi investigar a influência da habilidade empática sobre o perdão interpessoal, em uma amostra brasileira. O perdão também vem sendo considerado uma experiência multifatorial, com domínios cognitivos, afetivos e comportamentais, que abrangem os pensamentos, as emoções e os comportamentos em relação a um ofensor. Para a realização desta investigação, 172 participantes responderam o Inventário de Empatia (IE), a Escala de Atitudes (o Enright Forgiveness Inventory EFI) e uma ficha sobre dados socidemográficos. O IE apresenta quatro subescalas: Tomada de Perspectiva, Sensibilidade Afetiva, Flexibilidade Interpessoal e Altruísmo. O EFI apresenta uma Escala Global de perdão e três Subescalas: Afetiva, Cognitiva e Comportamental. Testes correlacionais e de regressão foram processados a fim de investigar as relações entre os fatores do IE e do EFI, bem como a predição da empatia sobre o perdão. Os resultados indicaram diversas relações positivas e significativas estatisticamente: a Tomada de Perspectiva se relacionou à Escala Global do perdão e às Subescalas Afetiva e Comportamental; a Sensibilidade Afetiva e o Altruísmo se relacionaram à Escala Global e à Comportamental do perdão; a Flexibilidade Interpessoal foi o único fator empático que não apresentou correlações significativas com o perdão. Com a regressão, constatou-se que: Altruísmo e Tomada de Perspectiva, combinados, ou Tomada de Perspectiva, sozinha, predisseram o Perdão Global; Sensibilidade Afetiva, Tomada de Perspectiva e Altruísmo, combinados ou individualmente, tiveram valor preditivo sobre a Subescala Comportamental do perdão; e apenas a Tomada de Perspectiva, sozinha, predisse a Subescala Afetiva do perdão. Nenhum fator do IE teve valor preditivo sobre a Subescala Cognitiva do perdão e a Flexibilidade Interpessoal não predisse qualquer dimensão do EFI. Os resultados encontrados apoiam pesquisas anteriores, confirmando a importância da empatia para a ocorrência do perdão interpessoal. Contudo, ressalta-se que a Tomada de Perspectiva se destacou como a dimensão empática mais importante, sugerindo a relevância que a capacidade de adotar o ponto de vista do outro tem para que o perdão seja alcançado.

Collective dynamics of glass-forming polymers at intermediate length scales: a synergetic combination of neutron scattering, atomistic simulations and theoretical modelling

Qens/wins 2014 - 11th International Conference on Quasielastic Neutron Scattering and 6th International Workshop on Inelastic Neutron Spectrometers / editado por:Frick, B; Koza, MM; Boehm, M; Mutka, H

A guide to the interpretation of sea trout scales

The overall purpose of this guide is to provide a manual for the collection and interpretation of sea trout scales. A brief introduction considers the advantages and disadvantages of using scales to determine age and growth. To ensure that scales are interpreted in a consistent manner, all major terms are defined and a standard system for age notation is proposed. The methodology for the collection, mounting and interpretation of scales is described in detail, and this is followed by a section on the back-calculation of lengths at different ages. Each topic is discussed critically. The final part of this guide is an atlas illustrating scales from a wide range of sea trout and including not only excellent "type-scales" but also difficult and impossible scales.