Fisiologia, qualidade e produtividade da videira cv Syrah em diferentes estratégias de irrigação no semiárido

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Fisiologia, qualidade e produtividade da videira cv Syrah em diferentes estratégias de irrigação no semiárido

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Bioactive compounds and phenolic-linked functionality of powdered tropical fruit residues

Tropical fruit residues consisting of seeds, peels and residual pulp generated as by-products of fruit processing industry were investigated for bioactive compounds, the in vitro antioxidant capacity as well as alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities. Cyanidin, quercetin, ellagic acid (EA) and proanthocyanidins were found in acerola, jambolan, pitanga and caja-umbu residue powders. Acerola powder had the highest phenolic content (8839.33 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100 g) and also high-ascorbic acid (AA) concentration (2748.03 mg/100 g), followed by jambolan and pitanga. The greatest 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition was observed for jambolan (436.76 mmol Trolox eq/g) followed by pitanga (206.68 mmol Trolox eq/g) and acerola (192.60 mmol Trolox eq/g), while acerola had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay result (7.87 mmol Trolox eq/g). All fruit powders exhibited enzymatic inhibition against alpha-amylase (IC50 ranging from 3.40 to 49.5 mg CE/mL) and alpha-glucosidase (IC50 ranging from 1.15 to 2.37 mg CE/mL). Therefore, acerola, jambolan and pitanga dried residues are promising natural ingredients for food and nutraceutical manufacturers, due to their rich bioactive compound content.

Effect of enzymatic treatment on the cross-flow microfiltration of acai pulp: Analysis of the fouling and recovery of phytochemicals

This study aimed to investigate the effects of pectinase enzyme treatment of acai pulp on cross-flow microfiltration (CFMF) performance and on phytochemical and functional characteristics of their compounds. Analyses of fouling mechanisms were carried out through resistance in series and blocking in law models. The enzymatic treatment was conducted using Ultrazym(R) AFPL (Novozymes A/S) at 500 mg kg(-1) of acai pulp for 30 min at 35 degrees C. Before microfiltrations, untreated and enzyme-treated acai pulps were previously diluted in distilled water (1:3; w/v). CFMFs were conducted using commercial alpha-alumina (alpha-Al2O3) ceramic membranes (Andritz AG, Austria) of 0.2 mu m and 0.8 mu m pore sizes, and 0.0047 m(2) of filtration area. The microfiltration unit was operated in batch mode for 120 min at 25 degrees C and the fluid-dynamic conditions were transmembrane pressure of Delta P = 100 kPa and cross-flow velocity of 3 m s(-1) in turbulent flow. The highest values of permeate flux and accumulated permeate volume were obtained using enzyme-treated pulp and 0.2 mu m pore size membranes with steady flux values exceeding 100 L h(-1) m(-2). For the 0.8 mu m pore size membrane, the estimated total resistance after the microfiltration of enzyme-treated acai pulp was 21% lower than the untreated pulp, and for the 0.2 mu m pore size membrane, it was 18%. Cake filtration was the dominant mechanism in the early stages of most of the CFMF processes. After approximately 20 min, however, intermediate pore blocking and complete pore blocking contributed to the overall fouling mechanisms. The reduction of the antioxidant capacity of the permeates obtained after microfiltration of the enzyme-treated pulp was higher (p < 0.01) than that obtained using untreated pulp. For total polyphenols, on the contrary, the permeates obtained after microfiltration of the enzyme-treated pulp showed a lower mean reduction (p < 0.01) than those from the untreated pulp. The results show that the enzymatic treatment had a positive effect on the CFMF process of acai pulp. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Potential dietary sources of ellagic acid and other antioxidants among fruits consumed in Brazil: Jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg)

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the content of ellagic acid in fruits consumed by the Brazilian population, including native ones; (2) to further characterize rich sources in relation to ascorbic acid, phenolics contents and in vitro antioxidant capacity; and (3) to study the distribution and effect of ripening stage on ellagitannins content of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba). The content of free ellagic acid and ellagic acid derivatives such as ellagitannins was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Ellagic acid was detected in 10 out of a total of 35 fruits analyzed. The content of free ellagic acid in fruits varied from 0.0028 to 0.085 g kg(-1) (FW) and total ellagic acid varied from 0.215 to 3.11 g kg(-1) (FW). All the seven fruits belonging to the Myrtaceae family evaluated in this study presented high contents of ellagitannins in their composition, with jabuticaba, grumixama and cambuci (all native from Brazil) showing the highest total ellagic acid contents. Jabuticaba, the most consumed in Brazilamongthose and already adapted to commercial plantations, contained concentrated phenolics compounds, including ellagitannins, in the peel. Anthocyanins (cyanidin derivatives) increased significantly through ripening of jabuticaba and were not present in the pulp or seeds. Samples collected from three different locations during summer, winter and spring had total ellagic contents varying from 1.88 to 3.31 g kg(-1) (FW). The decrease in ellagic acid content with ripening was more accentuated for pulp (eight times) compared to seeds (2.3 times) and peel (2.0 times). CONCLUSION: These results showed the potential of jabuticaba as dietary source of ellagic acid and reinforced consumption of the whole fruit by the population. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Effetti del chitosano su composti polifenolici in colture cellulari di vite: aspetti molecolari e metabolici

Polyphenols, including flavonoids and stilbenes, are an essential part of human diet and constitute one of the most abundant and ubiquitous group of plant secondary metabolites. The level of these compounds is inducible by stress or fungal attack, so attempts are being made to identify likely biotic and abiotic elicitors and to better understand the underlying mechanism. Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene), which belongs to the stilbene family, is a naturally occurring polyphenol, found in several fruits, vegetables and beverages including red wine. It is one of the most important plant polyphenols with proved benefic activity on animal health. In the last two decades, the potential protective effects of resveratrol against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the chemopreventive properties against cancer, have been largely investigated. The most important source of polyphenols and in particular resveratrol for human diet is grape (Vitis vinifera). Since stilbenes and flavonoids play a very important role in plant defence responses and enviromental interactions, and their effects on human health seem promising, the aim of the research of this Thesis was to study at different levels the activation and the regulation of their biosynthetic pathways after chitosan treatment. Moreover, the polyphenol production in grape cells and the optimisation of cultural conditions bioreactor scale-up, were also investigated. Cell suspensions were obtained from cv. Barbera (Vitis vinifera L.) petioles and were treated with a biotic elicitor, chitosan (50 μg/mL, dissolved in acetic acid) to promote phenylpropanoid metabolism. Chitosan is a D-glucosamine polymer from fungi cell wall and therefore mimes fungal pathogen attack. Liquid cultures have been monitored for 15 days, measuring cell number, cell viability, pH and grams of fresh weight. The endogenous and released amounts of 7 stilbenes (trans and cis isomers of resveratrol, piceid and resveratroloside, and piceatannol), gallic acid, 6 hydroxycinnamic acids (trans-cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic and chlorogenic acids), 5 catechines (catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin and epicatechin-gallate) and other 5 flavonoids (chalcon, naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin and rutin) in cells and cultural medium, were measured by HPLC-DAD analysis and total anthocyanins were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis. Chitosan was effective in stimulating trans-resveratrol endogenous accumulation with a sharp peak at day 4 (exceeding acetic acid and water controls by 36% and 63%, respectively), while it did not influence the production of the cis-isomer. Compared to both water and acetic acid controls, chitosan decreased the release of both trans- and cis-resveratrol respect to controls. No effect was shown on the accumulation of single resveratrol mono-glucoside isomers, but considering their total amount, normalized for the relative water control, it was possible to evidence an increase in both accumulation and release of those compounds, in chitosan-treated cells, throughout the culture period and particularly during the second week. Many of the analysed flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids were not present or detectable in trace amounts. Catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) were detectable both inside the cells and in the culture media, but chitosan did not affect their amounts. On the contrary, total anthocyanins have been stimulated by chitosan and their level, from day 4 to 14, was about 2-fold higher than in both controls, confirming macroscopic observations that treated suspensions showed an intense brown-red color, from day 3 onwards. These elicitation results suggest that chitosan selectively up-regulates specific biosynthetic pathways, without modifying the general accumulation pattern of other flavonoids. Proteins have been extracted from cells at day 4 of culture (corresponding to the production peak of trans-resveratrol) and separated by bidimensional electrophoresis. The 73 proteins that showed a consistently changed amount between untreated, chitosan and acetic acid (chitosan solvent) treated cells, have been identified by mass spectrometry. Chitosan induced an increase in stilbene synthase (STS, the resveratrol biosynthetic enzyme), chalcone-flavanone isomerase (CHI, that switches the pathway from chalcones to flavones and anthocyanins), pathogenesis-related proteins 10 (PRs10, a large family of defence proteins), and a decrease in many proteins belonging to primary metabolisms. A train of six distinct spots of STS encoded by the same gene and increased by chitosan, was detected on the 2-D gels, and related to the different phosphorylation degree of STS spots. Northern blot analyses have been performed on RNA extracted from cells treated with chitosan and relative controls, using probes for STS, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, the first enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway), CHS (chalcone synthase, that shares with STS the same precursors), CHI and PR-10. The up-regulation of PAL, CHS and CHI transcript expression levels correlated with the accumulation of anthocyanins. The strong increase of different molecular weight PR-10 mRNAs, correlated with the 11 PR-10 protein spots identified in proteomic analyses. The sudden decrease in trans-resveratrol endogenous accumulation after day 4 of culture, could be simply explained by the diminished resveratrol biosynthetic activity due to the lower amount of biosynthetic enzymes. This might be indirectly demonstrated by northern blot expression analyses, that showed lower levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and stilbene synthase (STS) mRNAs starting from day 4. Other possible explanations could be a resveratrol oxidation process and/or the formation of other different mono-, di-glucosides and resveratrol oligomers such as viniferins. Immunolocalisation experiments performed on grape protoplasts and the subsequent analyses by confocal microscope, showed that STS, and therefore the resveratrol synthetic site, is mostly associated to intracellular membranes close to the cytosolic side of plasma membrane and in a smaller amount is localized in the cytosol. STS seemed not to be present inside vacuole and nucleus. There were no differences in the STS intracellular localisation between the different treatments. Since it was shown that stilbenes are largely released in the culture medium and that STS is a soluble protein, a possible interaction of STS with a plasma membrane transporter responsible for the extrusion of stilbenes in the culture medium, might be hypothesized. Proteomic analyses performed on subcellular fractions identified in the microsomial fraction 5 proteins taking part in channel complexes or associated with channels, that significantly changed their amount after chitosan treatment. In soluble and membrane fractions respectively 3 and 4 STS and 6 and 3 PR-10 have been identified. Proteomic results obtained from subcellular fractions substantially confirmed previous result obtained from total cell protein extracts and added more information about protein localisation and co-localisation. The interesting results obtained on Barbera cell cultures with the aim to increase polyphenol (especially stilbenes) production, have encouraged scale up tests in 1 litre bioreactors. The first trial fermentation was performed in parallel with a normal time-course in 20 mL flasks, showing that the scale-up (bigger volume and different conditions) process influenced in a very relevant way stilbenes production. In order to optimise culture parameters such as medium sucrose amount, fermentation length and inoculum cell concentration, few other fermentations were performed. Chitosan treatments were also performed. The modification of each parameter brought relevant variations in stilbenes and catechins levels, so that the production of a certain compound (or class of compounds) could be hypothetically promoted by modulating one or more culture parameters. For example the catechin yield could be improved by increasing sucrose content and the time of fermentation. The best results in stilbene yield were obtained in a 800 mL fermentation inoculated with 10.8 grams of cells and supplemented with chitosan. The culture was fed with MS medium added with 30 g/L sucrose, 25 μg/mL rifampicin and 50 μg/mL of chitosan, and was maintained at 24°C, stirred by marine impeller at 100 rpm and supplied of air at 0.16 L/min rate. Resveratroloside was the stilbene present in the larger amount, 3-5 times more than resveratrol. Because resveratrol glucosides are similarly active and more stable than free resveratrol, their production using a bioreactor could be a great advantage in an hypothetical industrial process. In my bioreactor tests, stilbenes were mainly released in the culture medium (60-80% of the total) and this fact could be another advantage for industrial applications, because it allows recovering the products directly from the culture medium without stopping the fermentation and/or killing the cells. In my best cultural conditions, it was possible to obtain 3.95 mg/L of stilbenes at day 4 (maximum resveratrol accumulation) and 5.13 mg/L at day 14 (maximum resveratroloside production). In conclusion, chitosan effect in inducing Vitis vinifera defense mechanisms can be related to its ability to increase the intracellular content of a large spectrum of antioxidants, and in particular of resveratrol, its derivates and anthocyanins. Its effect can be observed at transcriptional, proteomic (variation of soluble and membrane protein amounts) and metabolic (polyphenols production) level. The chitosan ability to elicit specific plant matabolisms can be useful to produce large quantities of antioxidant compounds from cell culture in bioreactor.

Bioactive and toxic compounds in different foodstuffs: analytical techniques and sensory analysis

Foods that provide medical and health benefits or have a role in disease risk prevention are termed functional foods. The functionality of functional foods is derived from bioactive compounds that are extranutritional constituents present in small quantities in food. Bioactive components include a range of chemical compounds with varying structures such as carotenoids, flavonoids, plant sterols, omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), allyl and diallyl sulfides, indoles (benzopyrroles), and phenolic acids. The increasing consumer interest in natural bioactive compounds has brought about a rise in demand for these kinds of compounds and, in parallel, an increasing number of scientific studies have this type of substance as main topic. The principal aim of this PhD research project was the study of different bioactive and toxic compounds in several natural matrices. To achieve this goal, chromatographic, spectroscopic and sensorial analysis were performed. This manuscript reports the main results obtained in the six activities briefly summarized as follows: • SECTION I: the influence of conventional packaging on lipid oxidation of pasta was evaluated in egg spaghetti. • SECTION II: the effect of the storage at different temperatures of virgin olive oil was monitored by peroxide value, fatty acid activity, OSI test and sensory analysis. • SECTION III: the glucosinolate and phenolic content of 37 rocket salad accessions were evaluated, comparing Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia species. Sensory analysis and the influence of the phenolic and glucosinolate composition on sensory attributes of rocket salads has been also studied. • SECTION IV: ten buckwheat honeys were characterised on the basis of their pollen, physicochemical, phenolic and volatile composition. • SECTION V: the polyphenolic fraction, anthocyanins and other polar compounds, the antioxidant capacity and the anty-hyperlipemic action of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa were achieved. • SECTION VI: the optimization of a normal phase high pressure liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection method for the quantitation of flavanols and procyanidins in cocoa powder and chocolate samples was performed.

Effects of Global Warming on Berry Composition of cv. Sangiovese: Biochemical and Molecular Aspects and Agronomical Adaptation Approaches

Wine grape must deal with serious problems due to the unfavorable climatic conditions resulted from global warming. High temperatures result in oxidative damages to grape vines. The excessive elevated temperatures are critical for grapevine productivity and survival and contribute to degradation of grape and wine quality and yield. Elevated temperature can negatively affect anthocyanin accumulation in red grape. Particularly, cv. Sangiovese was identified to be very sensitive to such condition. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were slightly repressed by high temperature. Also, the heat stress repressed the expression of the transcription factor “VvMYBA1” that activates the expression of UFGT. Moreover, high temperatures had repressing effects on the activity of the flavonoids biosynthetic enzymes “PAL” and “UFGT”.Anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin is due to the balance between its synthesis and oxidation. In grape cv. Sangiovese, the gene transcription and activity of peroxidases enzyme was elevated by heat stress as a defensive mechanism of ROS-scavenging. Among many isoforms of peroxidases genes, one gene (POD 1) was induced in Sangiovese under thermal stress condition. This gene was isolated and evaluated via the technique of genes transformation from grape to Petunia. Reduction in anthocyanins concentration and higher enzymatic activity of peroxidase was observed in POD 1 transformed Petunia after heat shock compared to untrasformed control. Moreover, in wine producing regions, it is inevitable for the grape growers to adopt some adaptive strategies to alleviate grape damages to abiotic stresses. Therefore, in this thesis, the technique of post veraison trimming was done to improve the coupling of phenolic and sugar ripening in Vitis vinifera L. cultivar Sangiovese. Trimming after veraison showed to be executable to slow down the rate of sugar accumulation in grape (to decrease the alcohol potential in wines) without evolution of the main berry flavonoids compounds.

Raleo de racimos en Vitis Vinifera Cv. Malbec : efecto sobre los componentes del rendimiento y la composición polifenólica de las bayas

En Mendoza es cada vez más común ralear racimos con el propósito de afectar la composición de las uvas. No obstante, el conocimiento local sobre cómo lograr un equilibrio adecuado de los distintos atributos de calidad mediante el raleo es escaso. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la relación entre el raleo de racimos en diferentes intensidades y épocas, y los componentes del rendimiento y la composición fenólica de la uva. Para este estudio, que se realizó en un viñedo de Agrelo, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza (Argentina), se eligió la cultivar Malbec por ser el cepaje emblemático de Argentina y el típico de la Denominación de Origen Controlado (DOC) Luján de Cuyo. En las plantas de dicha cultivar, conducidas en espaldero alto y podadas en cordón Royat bilateral, el raleo fue manual, en tres momentos del ciclo: 1) cuando los granos tenían el tamaño de una arveja; 2) en envero y 3) a 21 °Brix. La intensidad de raleo fue de 25 y 50 % de los racimos. Se comprobó la hipótesis planteada en relación con que el raleo aumenta el tamaño de la baya y mejora la calidad de la uva, por cuanto incrementa la biosíntesis de los polifenoles. En los componentes del rendimiento aumenta el peso del racimo y el tamaño de la baya cuando el raleo se hace temprano y con una intensidad elevada. En cuanto a la influencia en la biosíntesis de los polifenoles se demuestra que el raleo temprano e intenso mejora la concentración de antocianas, catequinas y proantocianidinas. La concentración azucarina se vio incrementada cuando el raleo se hizo en envero y fue intenso.

Influencia del tiempo de maceración sobre el color, la composición tánica y la astringencia de vinos Cabernet Sauvignon y Malbec de Argentina

El objetivo fue determinar qué tiempo de maceración permite una mayor expresión del color y del cuerpo y una menor astringencia en vinos Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) y Malbec (M), de Mendoza, Argentina. A partir de dos vinificaciones industriales de 20 000 L se llevó a cabo un experimento (n = 3) probando tres tiempos de maceración: 5, 10 y 20 días, mediante sucesivos descubes de 60 L. En los vinos resultantes se determinaron fenoles totales, taninos condensados totales, índice de gelatina, intensidad colorante, matiz, color copigmentado y color polimérico, mediante técnicas de espectrofotometría VIS y UV. Los vinos fueron evaluados por un panel de degustadores expertos. Los CS obtenidos con maceración de 10 y 20 días fueron similares y resultaron superiores a los de 5 días en contenidos de antocianos, color polimérico y taninos. También provocaron sensaciones de concentración y untuosidad mayores. Además resultaron más ásperos, astringentes y secantes que los de 5 días, pero estas sensaciones no alcanzaron notas elevadas. Los vinos CS de 20 días alcanzaron contenidos de polifenoles totales y de taninos no precipitables con gelatina mayores que los CS de 10 días. Los vinos M de 10 lograron mayores intensidades colorantes, polifenoles tales, antocianos, color polimérico y taninos que los de 5 y 20 días. Esto se asoció con sensaciones de concentración y untuosidad intensas y similares a las de los CS de 10 y 20 días pero con menos aspereza, astringencia y secante. Los M de 5 días resultaron muy pobres en atributos y los de 20 días con características intermedias entre los M de 5 y los M de 10 días. Tomando en cuenta las dos variedades y los tres tiempos de maceración, cuanto mayor fue el tiempo de maceración menor fue la proporción de antocianos copigmentados y mayor la de antocianos polimerizados. Los polifenoles totales y los taninos se correlacionaron positivamente con la aspereza, la astringencia, lo secante, la untuosidad y la concentración. Lo secante se asoció negativamente con la proporción de taninos no precipitables con gelatina.

Perfil antociánico y composición fenólica de vinos Tannat elaborados con adición de enzimas pectolíticas.

Se estudiaron los efectos de la adición de un preparado enzimático a la vendimia sobre el color, composición fenólica y perfil antociánico del vino y se realizaron vinificaciones a escala reducida con uvas de la variedad Tannat. Los vinos fueron analizados al descube y a los dos meses de finalizada la fermentación alcohólica, determinándose la composición fenólica por métodos espectrofotométricos y los antocianos individuales por HPLC. Se obtuvieron vinos con altas concentraciones de polifenoles totales y antocianos y elevada intensidad colorante; estos valores fueron superiores en los vinos enzimados que en el testigo. En general, las concentraciones de antocianos en los vinos testigo y enzimado sufrieron los mismos cambios en el transcurso del tiempo, de manera que el perfil antociánico puede considerarse característico de la variedad.

Influencia del manejo del suelo y las coberturas vegetales en el microclima de la canopia de la vid, la composición de la uva y el vino

Para determinar la influencia del manejo del suelo sobre la composición de la uva y el vino se estableció un experimento en un viñedo de Cabernet Sauvignon conducido en doble cordón de pitones en espaldero alto. Se aplicaron tres tratamientos: TR-suelo sin maleza; CVP-cobertura de suelo espontánea y control del desarrollo vegetativo por desbrozado y CA-cobertura de flora espontánea y control del desarrollo vegetativo con aplicación de herbicida de contacto desecante. En la uva se determinó el contenido de azúcar, acidez total, pH y la composición fenólica (índice de polifenoles totales (IPT), grado de polimerización, flavonoles, flavan-3-oles, antocianos y proantocianidoles). Se elaboraron vinos que fueron evaluados físico-química y sensorialmente por jueces expertos. CVP tuvo el mayor contenido de antocianas y TR el de flavonoles, flavan-3-oles, proantocianidoles, IPT y grado de polimerización; CA presentó valores intermedios. Los vinos del tratamiento TR tuvieron mayor contenido de alcohol y menor de acidez total, con el color rojo (DO520) más bajo y una intensidad colorante más pequeña. Los vinos de CA y TR resultaron más amargos, más astringentes y más ásperos, y los de CVP tuvieron mayor carácter varietal. Resultó útil el empleo de coberturas de raíces superficiales y permanentemente desbrozadas para provocar cierta disminución en los valores de radiación reflejada y de la temperatura de la canopia. Las elevadas temperaturas y alta radiación solar son perjudiciales para la uva, porque aumentan la producción de quercetina y afectan el metabolismo y la degradación de antocianos.

Influencia del clima en bayas y mostos de las variedades Bonarda y Syrah : Mendoza (Argentina)

En la elaboración de los vinos tintos, el estado de maduración de las uvas es de importancia capital pues del contenido de azúcares y ácidos dependerá el desarrollo adecuado de la fermentación y del contenido polifenólico, el color y la capacidad de crianza. Considerando que el clima es un aspecto relevante que debe considerarse para evaluar el impacto de las condiciones ambientales en el contenido fenólico de las uvas, en el presente trabajo se estudió su influencia en las variedades Bonarda y Syrah de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. El muestreo se realizó en el momento de cosecha. Se observó un leve determinismo climático en la variedad Syrah para el contenido de antocianos y polifenoles. Las diferencias de temperaturas nocturnas no se vincularon con una variación de contenido de antocianos y polifenoles. El contenido de azúcares reductores de la variedad Bonarda fue significativamente menor al de la variedad Syrah en el momento de cosecha. La zona Este resulta particularmente propicia para el cultivo de Bonarda diferenciándose de Syrah en el contenido de antocianos en dicha zona. La menor relación semilla/pulpa de la variedad Syrah podría incidir en algunas características sensoriales de sus vinos, tal como la astringencia.

Desarrollo de estándares de calidad para uvas Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec y Syrah

El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar estándares de calidad de uva basados en atributos físicos y químicos, capaces de predecir la calidad del vino. Se instaló una red de ensayos en Mendoza (Norte, Este y Valle de Uco), San Juan (Valle de Zonda), La Rioja (Chilecito), Catamarca y Salta (Valles Calchaquíes) (Argentina). Se ensayaron niveles de carga de uva (desbrote 30 y 50%, raleo 30 y 50% y testigo) en Malbec y Syrah. En la cosecha, las uvas fueron analizadas (tamaño baya, concentración azucarina, pH, antocianos, catequinas, taninos, fenoles totales) y vinificadas. Los vinos fueron analizados (alcohol, extracto seco, intensidad colorante, matiz, antocianos, catequinas, taninos, fenoles totales, color polimérico) y evaluados por un panel de degustadores. Empleando todos las variables de los vinos, mediante un análisis de componentes principales, se generaron dos índices que resumieron los atributos con mayor peso explicativo de la variabilidad observada (80%); ellos fueron: Riqueza Fenólica (RF, asociado a antocianos, taninos, catequinas, fenoles totales y concentración) y Peligro Oxidativo (PO, asociado a pH, matiz y tonalidad percibida). No existieron diferencias en cuanto a RF entre variedades ni entre niveles de producción de uva. Los vinos con RF mayor y PO menor se consideraron de mayor calidad. Las uvas cultivadas en zonas más frías tuvieron una mayor RF. En Malbec, las zonas frías y los bajos niveles productivos generaron un PO menor. Para cada variedad se desarrollaron predictores para RF y PO del vino. Se usó la regresión múltiple lineal paso a paso, seleccionando las variables de la uva con mayor poder predictivo. Se definieron las funciones de ajuste RFpred (Malbec R2 = 80%; Syrah R2 = 62%) y POpred (Malbec R2 = 80%; Syrah R2 = 62%). Los índices se tradujeron en estándares de calidad que mostraron concordancia entre uvas y vinos. La metodología puede ser válida para otras variedades tintas, pero debe ajustarse para cada caso. Los estándares permitirían asociar un precio a cada calidad y aumentar la transparencia del mercado.

Efecto de la técnica de sangrado sobre la composición fenólica de vinos cv. Malbec

El mercado actual exige, en gran parte, la disponibilidad de vinos estructurados con coloraciones intensas, razón por la cual los enólogos evalúan constantemente diversas variantes tecnológicas tendientes a satisfacer los requerimientos del consumidor. En respuesta a esta necesidad, se estudió la incidencia de la técnica de sangrado (T1, 10%; T2, 20%; T3, 30%) sobre la composición fenólica de vinos cv. Malbec de Mendoza en dos vendimias consecutivas. En 2010 se observó que solo T3 aumentó significativamente el contenido de antocianos en los vinos terminados respecto del control, sin apreciarse un efecto sobre el resto de los parámetros fenólicos evaluados. En cuanto a los compuestos individuales determinados por HPLC- DAD/ESI-MS, los tres tratamientos favorecieron la extracción de los distintos derivados antociánicos y flavonoles, siendo T3 el más significativo. En 2011 se observó una tendencia similar además de un efecto significativo en la intensidad colorante, fenoles totales, proantocianidinas, ácidos hidroxibenzoicos, flavanoles, flavonoles y dihidroflavonoles. Por el contrario, el test triangular mostró la imposibilidad de diferenciar los vinos estudiados a través de un panel entrenado de jueces. Al comparar ambas temporadas, se pudo evidenciar la influencia del factor "año" sobre la composición de los vinos elaborados con y sin aplicación del sangrado. En conclusión, esta práctica enológica puede ser una herramienta útil para aumentar la calidad polifenólica del Malbec y mejorar la capacidad de envejecimiento en la producción de vinos de guarda.