Local alignment refinement using structural assessment.

Homology modeling is the most commonly used technique to build a three-dimensional model for a protein sequence. It heavily relies on the quality of the sequence alignment between the protein to model and related proteins with a known three dimensional structure. Alignment quality can be assessed according to the physico-chemical properties of the three dimensional models it produces.In this work, we introduce fifteen predictors designed to evaluate the properties of the models obtained for various alignments. They consist of an energy value obtained from different force fields (CHARMM, ProsaII or ANOLEA) computed on residue selected around misaligned regions. These predictors were evaluated on ten challenging test cases. For each target, all possible ungapped alignments are generated and their corresponding models are computed and evaluated.The best predictor, retrieving the structural alignment for 9 out of 10 test cases, is based on the ANOLEA atomistic mean force potential and takes into account residues around misaligned secondary structure elements. The performance of the other predictors is significantly lower. This work shows that substantial improvement in local alignments can be obtained by careful assessment of the local structure of the resulting models.

Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Tome dix-septième, Venerien-Z / par une société de gens de lettres ; mis en ordre et publié par M. [Denis] Diderot,... et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. [Jean Le Rond] d'Alembert,..

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 118

Le dictionnaire de l'Académie françoise, dédié au Roy. T. 2. L-Z

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 1

Dictionnaire de la langue françoise ancienne et moderne. Tome 2, I-Z / de Pierre Richelet ; augmenté de plusieurs additions d'histoire, de grammaire, de critique, de jurisprudence et d'une liste alphabétique des auteurs et des livres citez..

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 352

Sångstycken ur Kung Carls jagt Duettino, Kuplett, Duett : musik af F. Pacius; text af Z. Topelius - [Pärmen]

Helsingfors : Wasenius & Co. [1853]

Sagor : af Z. Topelius - [Bilder] - Första samlingen (0001)

1 Helsingfors : A. W. Gröndahl 1847

Evolution of dosage compensation under sexual selection differs between X and Z chromosomes.

Complete sex chromosome dosage compensation has more often been observed in XY than ZW species. In this study, using a population genetic model and the chicken transcriptome, we assess whether sexual conflict can account for this difference. Sexual conflict over expression is inevitable when mutation effects are correlated across the sexes, as compensatory mutations in the heterogametic sex lead to hyperexpression in the homogametic sex. Coupled with stronger selection and greater reproductive variance in males, this results in slower and less complete evolution of Z compared with X dosage compensation. Using expression variance as a measure of selection strength, we find that, as predicted by the model, dosage compensation in the chicken is most pronounced in genes that are under strong selection biased towards females. Our study explains the pattern of weak dosage compensation in ZW systems, and suggests that sexual selection plays a major role in shaping sex chromosome dosage compensation.

Vid Z. Topelius jordfästning (en gammel koralmelodi)

Soitinnus: sekakuoro.