The Extended Water Footprint and illegal groundwater use in the Upper Guadiana Basin (Spain)

Tablas de Daimiel National Park is located in the Upper Guadiana Basin and represents one of the largest and most important wetlands in Europe. The long term ecological integrity of this wetland is inherently associated with the maintenance of a shallow groundwater table, namely the Western Mancha aquifer (WMA) or Aquifer 23. The intensive use of groundwater, mainly for irrigation, has led over the last decades to deep socio‐economic changes. Such intensive use has also lowered the water table of Aquifer 23, drastically reducing the flooded area of the wetland and threatening its ecological integrity. A number of plans and measures have been developed and implemented since the declaration of overexploitation of Aquifer 23 in the year 1987. The most recent one is the Special Plan for the Upper Guadiana (SPUG), approved in 2008. This Plan is the main measure to comply with achieving the objective of good quantitative and qualitative status required under the Water Framework Directive (2000). This paper offers a new type of integrated analysis which allows assessing under a common lens the physical, economic and social dimensions of groundwater use in the area. The first objective is to calculate the groundwater footprint of agricultural production in the Upper Guadiana basin and its evolution during 2000‐2008. For this purpose, we have applied the Extended Water Footprint (EWF) methodology ‐a novel approach based on the classical Water Footprint (WF) approach‐ that includes an assessment of the water productivity from an economic and social perspective. Compared to the classical WF, the EWF allows for a more complete overview of the sector, providing new insights for policy decisions (e.g. to define options and possibilities on water re‐allocation in order to achieve both better ecosystem conservation and social equity). The second objective is to use the EWF to compare the existing authorized and non‐authorized or illegal use of water. This allows us to discuss current initiatives by public authorities in relation to the existing frame of water rights

(Table 3) Pollen analytical and carpological record of the outcrop Hölle below Dwadieden Park, Rügen Island

Pollen analyses and 14C-datings were carried out on two late glacial profiles from Ruegen Island, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern at the southwestern Baltic coast. The palaeoclimatic and palaeoecologic interpretations were supported by carpological investigations. The organogenic deposits of the 'Hoelle' outcrop near Dwasieden Park were chosen because of their unique stratigraphic position, which according to PANZIG (1989), lay under a m3m-Glacial Till of the Mecklenburg Advance (W3). The results indicated that the initial phase of the late glacial sedimentation in a relatively small and asymmetrical lake basin (in comparison with the larger Nieder- and Credner lake to the southwest), probably had its origin in the older Alleroed (II a) after FIRBAS (1949). The basal clastic sediments were rapidly followed by peat deposits and later, due to a rising water table, by muds rich in organic matter. The area was covered with sparse Betula-(Pinus) forests having heliophilous late-glacial elements typical of the surrounding areas during the younger Alleroed (II b). With the climatic change to colder and drier conditions at the beginning of the Younger Dryas (III), the vegetation decreased and enhanced erosional processes led to the fill up of the depression with fine clastic sediments. The intense relief differences of the surroundings coupled with high water saturation in the sediments led to solifluction in the m3m-Glacial Till and its placement discordantly over the organogenic sequence.

Geohydrology and model analysis for water-supply management in a small area of west-central Kansas /

Mode of access: Internet.

The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground water storage /

Mode of access: Internet.

Computation of drawdowns at equilibrium caused by wells drawing water from an aquifer fed by a finite straight line source /

Mode of access: Internet.

Construction and use of special drawdown scales for predicting water-level changes throughout heavily pumped areas /

Mode of access: Internet.

Ground water level changes and demographic analysis of ground water in Illinois /

"October, 1981."

Extensometer, water-level, and lithologic data from Bacon and Bethel Islands in Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, September 1987 to August 1993 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Shallow ground-water flow and drainage characteristics of the Brown Ditch basin near the East Unit, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana, 1982 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Analysis of the Hydrogeological Conditions and the Effects of Development on the Hydraulic Head at Redmond Ridge East

Redmond Ridge East (RRE) is a large-scale master plan community in East King County, WA. In this report, I evaluate the spatial variability of the Quaternary Advance Outwash (Qva) at RRE and the time-series data for 16 water wells with the intent to better understand groundwater below the RRE area. I investigate changes between pre- and post-development conditions through the determination of temporal changes in annual water level, annual water level fluctuations, hydraulic head response to precipitation, and ambient drainage of the aquifer. I also perform a basic analysis of the annual aquifer recharge and a determination for the storage through the implementation of the water table fluctuation (WTF) method. Associated Earth Sciences (AESI) was tasked with monitoring the geological and environmental impacts during the development of RRE and collected the data I use in this report. AESI involvement in monitoring began in 1998 and extends to the present. Sixteen wells were identified in the RRE area with adequate temporal data to conduct the analysis. A comparison of the well logs and aquifer testing data allowed local variations in the Qva to be mapped. The WTF was used to determine a range of reasonable specific yield values for locations where the Qva was unconfined. Yearly average of the seasonal water level high and lows, and the fluctuations were quantified. Temporal relationships were established through linear regression. The average water level was found to be increasing in some locations, and the corresponding fluctuations were found to decrease. However, no clear change between pre- and post-development was observed. The response of hydraulic head to precipitation was investigated through an analysis of hydrographs for ten wells. Periods of consistent response and the corresponding precipitation during each period were delineated. A linear relationship between precipitation and water level change was determined. The threshold precipitation under which there is a positive response in the hydraulic head was established. No observable changes were apparent between pre- and post-development conditions. The ambient drainage for the Qva was calculated using recessional periods on the hydrograph. The transmissivity of Qva varies with thickness of the overlying lodgment till and thickness of the Qva, itself. Water level fluctuations observed in the Qva are consistent with regional observations. Localized areas in the Qva display the large 10 foot fluctuations and these anomalies are likely due to a combination of the local variability in the storativity as well as the concentration and channeling of water due to geographical variations in the Qva and the overlying topography. All trends seen in the RRE area remained relatively constant through time. There was no evidence showing an effect of development on the hydraulic head at RRE. This implies that the style and distribution of infiltration has not changed as a result of development, and that any measures in place are properly mitigating the effects of development on the RRE region.